Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito
Magalimoto,  nkhani,  Chipangizo chagalimoto

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Mu injini zoyaka mkati, pali njira ziwiri zomwe zimathandizira kusuntha magalimoto. Ndikugawana kwa gasi komanso kupindika. Tiyeni tiwone cholinga cha KShM ndi kapangidwe kake.

Ndi injini tiyipukuse limagwirira ndi chiyani

KShM amatanthauza gulu la zida zopumira zomwe zimapanga gawo limodzi. Mmenemo, chisakanizo cha mafuta ndi mpweya mu gawo lina zimawotcha ndi kutulutsa mphamvu. Makinawa amakhala ndimagulu awiri azigawo zosunthira:

  • Kuchita mayendedwe olowera - pisitoni imasunthira mmwamba / pansi mu silinda;
  • Kuchita kusuntha kozungulira - crankshaft ndi ziwalo zomwe zidakwera.
Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Node yomwe imagwirizanitsa mitundu yonse iwiri ya magawo imatha kusintha mtundu wina wamphamvu kukhala ina. Galimoto ikamagwira ntchito yodziyimira payokha, kugawa mphamvu kumachokera ku injini yoyaka yamkati kupita pagalimoto. Magalimoto ena amalola kuti mphamvu ibwererenso kuchokera kumawilo kupita pagalimoto. Kufunika kwa izi kumatha kuchitika, mwachitsanzo, ngati kuli kosatheka kuyambitsa injini kuchokera pa batri. Mawotchi opatsirana amakulolani kuyambitsa galimoto kuchokera pa pusher.

Kodi makina opangira injini ndi otani?

KShM imayambitsa njira zina, popanda izi sizingatheke kuti galimoto ipite. M'magalimoto amagetsi, mota wamagetsi, chifukwa cha mphamvu yomwe imalandira kuchokera ku batri, nthawi yomweyo imapanga kasinthasintha kamene kamapita ku shaft yotumiza.

Kuipa kwamagetsi ndikuti ali ndi nkhokwe yamagetsi yaying'ono. Ngakhale otsogola opanga magalimoto amagetsi akweza bala ili mpaka ma kilometre mazana angapo, oyendetsa magalimoto ambiri alibe mwayi wopeza magalimoto otere chifukwa chokwera mtengo.

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Njira yokhayo yotsika mtengo, chifukwa chake ndimotheka kuyenda maulendo ataliatali komanso kuthamanga kwambiri, ndi galimoto yokhala ndi injini yoyaka mkati. Imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya kuphulika (kapena m'malo mwake ikukula pambuyo pake) kuyambitsa ziwalo za silinda-piston.

Cholinga cha KShM ndikuwonetsetsa kusinthasintha kwa crankshaft pakuyenda kwamapisitoni. Kusinthasintha kwabwino sikunakwaniritsidwe, koma pali zosintha pazinthu zomwe zimachepetsa kugwedezeka komwe kumabwera chifukwa chazipolopolo zadzidzidzi zama pistoni. Mitundu 12 yamphamvu ndi chitsanzo cha izi. Makina osunthira a cranks omwe ali mmenemo ndi ochepa, ndipo kuyendetsa kwa gulu lonse lama cylinders kumagawidwa kwakanthawi kochepa.

Mfundo yogwiritsira ntchito makina opangira

Ngati mungafotokozere momwe magwiridwe antchito amagwirira ntchito, ndiye kuti titha kuyerekezera ndi zomwe zimachitika mukakwera njinga. Woyendetsa njinga amasinthana ndi ma pedal, kuyendetsa galimotoyo ndikuzungulira.

Kuyenda kwazitali kwa pisitoni kumaperekedwa ndi kuyaka kwa BTC mu silinda. Pakuchulukirachulukira (HTS imapanikizika kwambiri pakadali pano kuthetheka, chifukwa chake kukankhira kwakuthwa kumapangidwa), mpweya umakulanso, ndikukankhira gawolo pamalo otsika kwambiri.

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Ndodo yolumikizira imalumikizidwa pachidutswa chapadera pampandapo. Inertia, komanso njira yofananira ndi masilindala oyandikana nawo, zimawonetsetsa kuti crankshaft izungulira. Pisitoni siimaundana kumapeto kwenikweni komanso kumtunda.

Crankshaft yokhotakhota imalumikizidwa ndi flywheel yomwe malo opatsirana opatsirana amalumikizidwa.

Pambuyo pakumapeto kwa sitiroko yogwira ntchito, pofuna kupha zikwapu zina zamagalimoto, pisitoni yayamba kale chifukwa chakusintha kwa shaft ya makinawo. N`zotheka chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa sitiroko ntchito mu zonenepa pafupi. Pofuna kuchepetsa kugwedezeka, magazini opukutidwa amachokerana wina ndi mnzake (pali zosintha ndimakalata apa intaneti).

KShM chipangizo

Makina oyendetsa akuphatikizapo mbali zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, amatha kukhala m'magulu awiri: omwe amayenda limodzi ndi omwe amakhazikika pamalo amodzi nthawi zonse. Ena amachita mayendedwe osiyanasiyana (kumasulira kapena kusinthasintha), pomwe ena amakhala ngati njira yopezera mphamvu zofunikira kapena zothandizira pazinthu izi.

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Izi ndi ntchito zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi zinthu zonse zofananira.

Dulani crankcase

Chipilala chopangidwa ndi chitsulo cholimba (mumagalimoto oyendetsera ndalama - chitsulo chosungunuka, ndi magalimoto okwera mtengo kwambiri - zotayidwa kapena aloyi ena). Mabowo ndi njira zofunikira zimapangidwira. Mafuta ozizira ndi injini amayenda kudzera mumadoko. Mabowo aukadaulo amalola kuti zinthu zazikuluzikulu zamagalimoto zizilumikizidwe mu kapangidwe kamodzi.

Mabowo akulu kwambiri ndi masilindala omwe. Pisitoni amaikidwa mmenemo. Komanso kapangidwe kamatabwato kamakhala ndi zothandizila pama crankshaft mayendedwe othandizira. Makina ogawira mpweya amapezeka pamutu wamphamvu.

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosungunula kapena aloyi ya aluminiyamu kumachitika chifukwa chakuti chinthuchi chimayenera kupirira katundu wambiri wamafuta ndi wotentha.

Pansi pa crankcase pali sump momwe mafuta amadzipezera zinthu zonse zitakhala mafuta. Pofuna kupewa mpweya wochuluka kuti usamangidwe m'nyumbamo, nyumbayi ili ndi ngalande zampweya.

Pali magalimoto okhala ndi sump yonyowa kapena youma. Mbali yoyamba, mafuta amatengedwa mu sump ndipo amakhala mmenemo. Izi ndizosungiramo kusonkhanitsa ndi kusunga mafuta. Kachiwiri, mafutawo amalowa mu sump, koma pampu imayiponyera mu thanki ina. Kapangidwe kameneka kamaletsa kutayika kwathunthu kwamafuta pakutha kwa sump - gawo lochepa la mafuta ndi omwe amatuluka injini ikazimitsidwa.

Silinda

Cylinder ndi chinthu china chokhazikika cha mota. M'malo mwake, ili ndi dzenje lokhala ndi ma geometry okhwima (pisitoni iyenera kukwana bwino). Amakhalanso mgulu la silinda-pisitoni. Komabe, pamakina opendekera, zonenepa zimakhala ngati malangizo. Amapereka mayendedwe otsimikizika a ma pistoni.

Kukula kwa chinthu ichi kumadalira mawonekedwe a mota ndi kukula kwa ma piston. Makoma omwe ali pamwamba pake akuyang'ana kutentha kwakukulu komwe kumatha kuchitika mu injini. Komanso, m'chipinda chotchedwa kuyaka moto (pamwamba pa malo a pisitoni), kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mpweya kumachitika pambuyo poyatsira VTS.

Pofuna kupewa mipanda yamphamvu kwambiri pamatentha otentha (nthawi zina imatha kukwera mpaka madigiri 2) ndi kuthamanga kwake, amafewetsedwa. Kanema wocheperako wamafuta amafuta pakati pa mphete za O ndi silinda kuti ateteze kukhudzana kwachitsulo ndi chitsulo. Pofuna kuchepetsa kukangana, mkatikati mwa zonenepa mumathandizidwa ndi kaphatikizidwe kapadera ndikupukutidwa bwino (chifukwa chake, pamwamba pake amatchedwa kalilole).

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Pali mitundu iwiri ya masilindala:

  • Mtundu wouma. Zonenepa Izi zimagwiritsa ntchito makina. Ndi gawo la malowo ndipo amawoneka ngati mabowo opangidwa pamlanduwo. Kuziziritsa chitsulo, njira zimapangidwa kunja kwa masilindala kuti azizungulira oziziritsa (mkati jekete la injini yoyaka);
  • Mtundu wonyowa. Pachifukwa ichi, masilindala azipangidwa malaya osiyana omwe amalowetsedwa m'mabowo. Zimasindikizidwa mosadukiza kotero kuti kunjenjemera kowonjezera sikungapangike panthawi yogwirira ntchito, chifukwa chake magawo a KShM adzalephera mwachangu kwambiri. Zoyala zotere zimalumikizidwa ndi chozizira kuchokera kunja. Kapangidwe kofananako ka mota kumatha kukonzedwa (mwachitsanzo, zikwapu zakuya zikapangidwa, malaya amangosinthidwa, osatopetsa ndipo mabowo a chipindacho amapera panthawi yamagalimoto).

Mu injini zopangidwa ndi V, zonenepa nthawi zambiri sizimayenderana. Izi ndichifukwa choti ndodo yolumikizira imodzi imagwiritsa ntchito silinda imodzi, ndipo ili ndi malo osiyana pakhomopo. Komabe, palinso zosintha ndi ndodo ziwiri zolumikizira pagazini imodzi yolumikizira ndodo.

Cylinder chipika

Ili ndiye gawo lalikulu kwambiri pakupanga magalimoto. Pamwamba pa chinthu ichi, mutu wamphamvu waikidwa, ndipo pakati pawo pali gasket (chifukwa chiyani ikufunika komanso momwe mungadziwire kusokonekera kwake, werengani mu ndemanga yapadera).

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Zingwe zimapangidwa pamutu wamphamvu, zomwe zimapanga mphako yapadera. Mmenemo, chisakanizo cha mafuta opanikizika chimayatsidwa (nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa chipinda choyaka). Zosintha zamagalimoto otentha ndi madzi zizikhala ndi mutu wokhala ndi njira zoyendera madzimadzi.

Mafupa a injini

Magawo onse okhazikika a KShM, olumikizidwa mu kapangidwe kamodzi, amatchedwa mafupa. Gawoli lazindikira mphamvu yayikulu yamagetsi pakugwiritsa ntchito kosunthika kwa makinawo. Kutengera momwe injini imayikidwira mchipinda cha injini, mafupawo amatengera katundu m'thupi kapena chimango. Pochita kuyenda, gawoli limagundananso ndikuthandizira kufalitsa ndi chassis cha makina.

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Pofuna kuti injini yoyaka yamkati isasunthike pakathamanga, braking kapena kuyendetsa, chimango chimamangirizidwa ku gawo lothandizira lagalimoto. Kuti muchepetse kugwedezeka palimodzi, makina oyikapo injini amapangidwa ndi mphira. Maonekedwe awo amatengera kusinthidwa kwa injini.

Makina akamayendetsedwa pamsewu wosagwirizana, thupi limapanikizika ndi torsional. Pofuna kupewa kuti motowo usatenge katundu wotere, nthawi zambiri umamangiriridwa pamalo atatu.

Mbali zina zonse za makinawa ndizotheka.

pisitoni

Ndi gawo la gulu la pisitoni la KShM. Maonekedwe a ma piston amathanso kusiyanasiyana, koma chofunikira ndikuti amapangidwa ngati galasi. Pamwamba pa pisitoni amatchedwa mutu ndipo pansi pake amatchedwa siketi.

Mutu wa pisitoni ndiye gawo lokulirapo, chifukwa umatengera kupsinjika kwamatenthedwe ndi makina pomwe mafuta ayatsidwa. Mapeto a chinthucho (pansi) atha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana - mosabisa, motakasuka kapena concave. Gawo ili limapanga kukula kwa chipinda choyaka. Zosintha zokhala ndi mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana zimakumana nthawi zambiri. Zigawo zonsezi zimadalira mtundu wa ICE, kuchuluka kwa mafuta, ndi zina zambiri.

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Kumbali ya pisitoni ndi grooves amapangidwa kukhazikitsa O-mphete. Pansi pamiyala iyi pali malo okumbirako mafuta ngalandeyo. Msiketi nthawi zambiri amakhala wozungulira, ndipo gawo lake lalikulu ndi chitsogozo chomwe chimalepheretsa kuti pisitoni isakwatire chifukwa chakukula kwamatenthedwe.

Pofuna kulipirira mphamvu ya inertia, ma pistoni amapangidwa ndi zida zopepuka. Chifukwa cha izi, ndiopepuka. Pansi pake, komanso makoma a chipinda choyaka moto, amakumana ndi kutentha kwakukulu. Komabe, gawo ili silizirala pozungulira chozizira mu jekete. Chifukwa cha ichi, chinthu cha aluminium chimakulitsa kwambiri.

Pisitoni ndi wamafuta kuti apewe kugwidwa. M'mitundu yambiri yamagalimoto, mafuta amaperekedwa mwachilengedwe - nkhungu yamafuta imakhazikika kumtunda ndikubwerera ku sump. Komabe, pali injini momwe mafuta amaperekedwera mokakamizidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kutentha bwino kutenthe pang'ono.

Mphete za pisitoni

Mphete ya pisitoni imagwira ntchito kutengera gawo liti lamutu wa pisitoni lomwe imayikidwapo:

  • Kuponderezana - pamwamba kwambiri. Amapereka chisindikizo pakati pamiyala yamphamvu ndi pisitoni. Cholinga chawo ndikuteteza mpweya kuchokera pamalo amtundu wa pisitoni kuti usalowe mu crankcase. Kuwongolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa gawolo, kudula kumapangidwa mmenemo;
  • Chotsitsa mafuta - onetsetsani kuti mafuta ochulukirapo amachotsedwa pamakoma amiyala, komanso kupewa malowedwe amafuta mu pisitoni. Mphetezi zimakhala ndi mayendedwe apadera othandizira magalasi amafuta kupita kumalo osungira pisitoni.
Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Kutalika kwa mphete nthawi zonse kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa silinda. Chifukwa cha ichi, iwo amapereka chisindikizo mu gulu la silinda-pisitoni. Kuti mpweya kapena mafuta zisadutse pamalowo, mphetezo zimayikidwa m'malo mwawo ndi mipata yolumikizana.

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mphetezo zimatengera momwe akugwiritsira ntchito. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zopanikizika nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi chitsulo champhamvu kwambiri komanso zosafunika zochepa, komanso zinthu zopangira mafuta ndizopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosalala kwambiri.

Pisitoni pini

Gawoli limalola kuti pisitoni ilumikizidwe ndi ndodo yolumikizira. Zikuwoneka ngati chubu lopanda pake, lomwe limayikidwa pansi pamutu wa pisitoni mwa mabwana ndipo nthawi yomweyo kudutsa pabowo pamutu wolumikizira ndodo. Pofuna kuteteza chala kuti chisasunthike, chimakhala chokhazikika ndi mphete mbali zonse.

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Kukonzekera uku kumapangitsa kuti pini izizungulira momasuka, zomwe zimachepetsa kukana kwa kuyenda kwa pisitoni. Izi zimalepheretsanso kupangika kwa malo ogwiritsira ntchito kokha pamalo ophatikirapo mu pisitoni kapena ndodo yolumikizira, yomwe imafutukula moyo wa gawolo.

Pofuna kupewa kuvala chifukwa cha kukangana, gawolo limapangidwa ndi chitsulo. Ndipo polimbana kwambiri ndi matenthedwe, imayamba kuumitsidwa.

Kulumikiza ndodo

Ndodo yolumikizira ndi ndodo yolimba yokhala ndi nthiti zolimba. Kumbali imodzi, ili ndi mutu wa pisitoni (una womwe pini ya pisitoni imalowetsedwa), ndi mbali inayo, mutu woluka. Gawo lachiwiri limatha kugwa kuti gawolo lichotsedwe kapena kuyikidwapo pagazini ya crankshaft crank. Ili ndi chivundikiro chomwe chimamangiriridwa pamutu ndi ma bolts, ndikupewa kuvala msanga kwa ziwalo, chikhomo chokhala ndi mabowo amtundu wamafuta chimayikidwapo.

Mutu wotsika wam'mutu umatchedwa ndodo yolumikizira. Amapangidwa ndi mbale ziwiri zazitsulo zokhala ndi ma tendril okhota pamutu.

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Pofuna kuchepetsa kukangana kwamkati mwamutu wam'mwamba, chitsamba chamkuwa chimakanikizidwa mmenemo. Ngati yatopa, ndodo yonse yolumikizira sidzafunika kusintha ina. Chitsalacho chili ndi mabowo opangira mafuta pini.

Pali zosintha zingapo zazingwe zolumikizira:

  • Ma injini a petroli nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ndodo zolumikizira ndi cholumikizira mutu pamakona oyenera olumikizira ndodo;
  • Ma injini oyaka amkati a dizilo ali ndi ndodo zolumikizira ndi cholumikizira chamutu cha oblique;
  • V-injini nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mapasa olumikizira. Chingwe chachiwiri cholumikizira mzere wachiwiri chimakhazikika pachimake ndi pini molingana ndi pisitoni.

Crankshaft

Chipangizochi chimakhala ndi mapangidwe angapo okhala ndi ndodo zolumikizira zokhudzana ndi olamulira amamagazini akulu. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yaziphuphu ndi mawonekedwe ake osiyana review.

Cholinga cha gawoli ndikutembenuza mayendedwe omasulira kuchokera pisitoniyo kukhala ozungulira. Chikhomo chachitsulo chimalumikizidwa ndi mutu wapansi wolumikizira ndodo. Pali zimbalangondo zazikulu m'malo awiri kapena kupitilira apo pa crankshaft kuti muteteze kugwedera chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kosagwirizana kwa cranks.

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Ma crankshafts ambiri amakhala ndi zida zotsutsana kuti atenge mphamvu za centrifugal zomwe zikuyenda bwino. Gawolo limapangidwa ndikuponyera kapena kutembenuka kuchoka pachimodzi pa ma lathes.

Cholumikiza chimalumikizidwa chala chakumapazi kwa crankshaft, chomwe chimayendetsa magawidwe amagetsi ndi zida zina, monga pampu, jenereta ndi zoyendetsa mpweya. Pali flange pa shank. Chingwe chowuluka chimamangiriridwa nacho.

Flywheel

Chimbale woboola pakati gawo. Mitundu ndi mitundu yamagetsi oyenda mosiyanasiyana komanso kusiyanasiyana kwawo kumapangidwanso nkhani yosiyana... Ndikofunika kuthana ndi kukanika kwazitsulo m'miyendo pomwe pisitoni ili pakhungu. Izi ndichifukwa choti inertia yazitsulo zosunthira zachitsulo.

Makina opanga injini: chida, cholinga, momwe imagwirira ntchito

Mphete yazida imakhazikika kumapeto kwa gawolo. Sitata ya bendix yoyambira imalumikizidwa nayo pomwe injini iyamba. Kumbali moyang'anizana ndi flange, mawonekedwe a flywheel amalumikizana ndi clutch disc ya basiketi yotumiza. Mphamvu yayikulu yotsutsana pakati pazinthuzi imathandizira kupititsa kwa torque ku shaft gearbox.

Monga mukuwonera, makina opindikawa ali ndi mawonekedwe ovuta, chifukwa chake kukonzanso kwa mayunitsi kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi akatswiri okha. Kuti muwonjeze moyo wa injini, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti muzitsatira momwe galimoto imayendera nthawi zonse.

Kuphatikiza apo, yang'anani kuwonera kanema za KShM:

Crank limagwirira (KShM). Zowona

Mafunso ndi Mayankho:

Ndi mbali ziti zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mu makina a crank? Zigawo zoyima: cylinder block, block head, cylinder liners, liners ndi main bearings. Zigawo zosuntha: pisitoni yokhala ndi mphete, piston pin, ndodo yolumikizira, crankshaft ndi flywheel.

Dzina la gawoli la KShM ndi chiyani? Ichi ndi ndondomeko ya crank. Imatembenuza mayendedwe obwerezabwereza a ma pistoni mu masilindala kukhala mayendedwe ozungulira a crankshaft.

Kodi magawo okhazikika a KShM amagwira ntchito bwanji? Zigawozi zimakhala ndi udindo wowongolera bwino magawo osuntha (mwachitsanzo, kusuntha kwa pistoni) ndikuzikonza bwino kuti zizizungulira (mwachitsanzo, mayendedwe akuluakulu).

Kuwonjezera ndemanga