Komwe mungayang'ane moyo ndi momwe mungawuzindikire

Tikayang'ana zamoyo mumlengalenga, timamva chododometsa cha Fermi chikusinthana ndi Drake equation. Onse amakamba za moyo wanzeru mitundu. Koma bwanji ngati moyo wachilendo suli wanzeru? Kupatula apo, izi sizipangitsa kukhala kosangalatsa kwenikweni mwasayansi. Kapena mwina safuna kulankhula nafe nkomwe - kapena akubisala kapena kupitilira zomwe tingaganizire?

Onse Zodabwitsa za Fermi ("Ali kuti?!" - popeza mwayi wa moyo m'mlengalenga si wochepa) ndi Drake equation, kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa zitukuko zapamwamba zaukadaulo, ndi mbewa pang'ono. Pakalipano, nkhani zenizeni monga chiwerengero cha mapulaneti apadziko lapansi omwe amatchedwa zone ya moyo kuzungulira nyenyezi.

Malinga ndi a Planetary Habitability Laboratory ku Arecibo, Puerto Rico, Mpaka pano, mayiko opitilira makumi asanu omwe angathe kukhalamo apezeka. Kupatula kuti sitikudziwa ngati ali m'njira iliyonse, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala kutali kwambiri kuti titha kusonkhanitsa zomwe tikufuna ndi njira zomwe tikudziwa. Komabe, popeza tangoyang'ana gawo laling'ono la Milky Way mpaka pano, zikuwoneka kuti tikudziwa kale zambiri. Komabe, kusowa kwa chidziwitso kumatikhumudwitsabe.

Komwe mungayang'ane

Mmodzi mwa maiko omwe angakhale ochezeka ndi pafupifupi 24 kuwala zaka kutali ndipo ali mkati nyenyezi scorpio, exoplanet Gliese 667 Cc yozungulira wofiira wofiira. Pokhala ndi unyinji wowirikiza 3,7 wa Dziko Lapansi ndi avereji ya pamwamba pa kutentha pamwamba pa 0°C, ngati pulanetili likanakhala ndi mpweya woyenerera, akanakhala malo abwino kuyang’ana zamoyo. Ndizowona kuti Gliese 667 Cc mwina simazungulira ngati dziko lapansi - mbali imodzi yake nthawi zonse imayang'anizana ndi Dzuwa ndipo ina imakhala mumthunzi, koma mlengalenga wokhuthala ukhoza kusamutsa kutentha kokwanira ku mbali ya mthunzi komanso kusunga. kutentha kokhazikika pamalire a kuwala ndi mthunzi.

Malinga ndi asayansi, ndizotheka kukhala ndi zinthu zotere zozungulira zofiira zofiira, mitundu yodziwika bwino ya nyenyezi mu Galaxy yathu, koma mumangofunika kupanga malingaliro osiyana pang'ono za chisinthiko chawo kuposa Dziko Lapansi, zomwe tidzalemba pambuyo pake.

Pulaneti lina losankhidwa, Kepler 186f (1), lili kutali ndi zaka mazana asanu za kuwala. Zikuoneka kuti ndi 10% yaikulu kwambiri kuposa Dziko lapansi komanso yozizira kwambiri ngati Mars. Popeza tatsimikizira kale kukhalapo kwa ayezi wamadzi ku Mars ndipo tikudziwa kuti kutentha kwake sikuzizira kwambiri kuti tipewe kupulumuka kwa mabakiteriya olimba kwambiri omwe amadziwika padziko lapansi, dziko lino likhoza kukhala limodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimalonjeza kwambiri zomwe tikufuna.

Wina phungu wamphamvu Mtengo wa 442b, yomwe ili zaka zopitilira 1100 kuchokera ku Earth, ili mugulu la nyenyezi la Lyra. Komabe, iye ndi Gliese 667 Cc wotchulidwa pamwambapa amataya mfundo kuchokera ku mphepo zamphamvu za dzuwa, zamphamvu kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi dzuwa lathu. Zoonadi, izi sizikutanthauza kuchotsedwa kwa kukhalapo kwa moyo kumeneko, koma mikhalidwe yowonjezera iyenera kukumana, mwachitsanzo, zochita za chitetezo cha maginito.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopano zomwe akatswiri a zakuthambo apeza ngati Earth ndi pulaneti lomwe lili pamtunda wa zaka 41, lolembedwa ngati Zithunzi za LHS1140b. Pa kukula kwa 1,4 kukula kwa Dziko lapansi komanso kuwirikiza kawiri, ili kudera lanyumba la nyenyezi yakunyumba.

“Ichi ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri chimene ndachiwonapo m’zaka khumi zapitazi,” Jason Dittmann wa pa Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics anatero mosangalala m’nkhani yofotokoza za kupezedwaku. “Zotsatira za m'tsogolo zingazindikire malo omwe mungathe kukhalamo kwa nthawi yoyamba. Tikukonzekera kukasaka madzi kumeneko, ndipo pamapeto pake mpweya wa molekyulu.”

Palinso dongosolo lonse la nyenyezi lomwe limagwira ntchito ngati nyenyezi m'gulu la ma exoplanets omwe atha kukhala otheka padziko lapansi. Ichi ndi TRAPPIST-1 mu kuwundana kwa Aquarius, 39 kuwala zaka kutali. Zoona zasonyeza kukhalapo kwa mapulaneti ang’onoang’ono osachepera asanu ndi aŵiri ozungulira nyenyezi yapakati. Atatu mwa iwo ali m'malo okhalamo.

“Izi ndi mapulaneti odabwitsa. Osati kokha chifukwa tinapeza mapulaneti ambiri mmenemo, komanso chifukwa chakuti onse ndi ofanana kwambiri kukula kwa Dziko Lapansi, "anatero Mikael Gillon wa ku yunivesite ya Liege ku Belgium, yemwe adachita kafukufuku wa dongosololi mu 2016, m'nkhani yofalitsa. . Awiri mwa mapulaneti awa TRAPPIST-1b Oraz TRAPPIST-1syang'anitsitsani pansi pa galasi lokulitsa. Zinakhala zinthu zamiyala ngati Dziko Lapansi, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala oyenera moyo wawo wonse.

TRAPPIST-1 ndi nyenyezi yofiira, nyenyezi ina osati Dzuwa, ndipo mafanizidwe ambiri angatilepheretse. Bwanji ngati tikufunafuna kufanana kwakukulu ndi nyenyezi ya makolo athu? Kenako nyenyezi imazungulira m’gulu la nyenyezi la Cygnus, lofanana kwambiri ndi Dzuwa. Ndilokulirapo ndi 60% kuposa Dziko Lapansi, koma ziyenera kudziwidwa ngati pulaneti lamiyala komanso ngati lili ndi madzi amadzimadzi.

“Dziko lino lakhala zaka 6 biliyoni lili m’dera limene nyenyezi yake inakhala. Ndiutali kwambiri kuposa Dziko Lapansi, "anatero a John Jenkins a Ames Research Center ku NASA potulutsa atolankhani. "Zikutanthauza kuti mwayi wochuluka wa moyo ubwere, makamaka ngati zofunikira zonse ndi mikhalidwe ilipo."

Zowonadi, posachedwa, mu 2017, mu Astronomical Journal, ofufuza adalengeza zomwe zapezeka. mlengalenga woyamba kuzungulira pulaneti kukula kwa Dziko lapansi. Mothandizidwa ndi telesikopu ya ku Southern European Observatory ku Chile, asayansi anaona mmene paulendowo inasinthira mbali ya kuwala kwa nyenyezi imene inakhalako. Dziko ili lodziwika ngati Mtengo wa 1132b (2), ndi ukulu kuŵirikiza ka 1,4 kukula kwa pulaneti lathu ndipo liri kutali ndi zaka 39 za kuwala.

2. Mawonedwe aluso amlengalenga mozungulira exoplanet GJ 1132b.

Zomwe aona zikusonyeza kuti "Super-Earth" ili ndi mpweya wochuluka, mpweya wamadzi kapena methane, kapena kusakaniza zonse ziwiri. Nyenyezi yomwe GJ 1132b imazungulira ndi yaying'ono, yozizira komanso yakuda kuposa Dzuwa lathu. Komabe, zikuwoneka kuti sizingatheke kuti chinthuchi chikhoza kukhalamo - kutentha kwake pamtunda ndi 370 ° C.

Momwe mungafufuzire

Njira yokhayo yotsimikiziridwa mwasayansi yomwe ingatithandize pakusaka kwathu zamoyo pa mapulaneti ena (3) ndi chilengedwe cha Dziko Lapansi. Titha kupanga mndandanda waukulu wamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachilengedwe yomwe dziko lathu limapereka.kuphatikizapo: mpweya wotentha wa hydrothermal pansi pa nyanja, mapanga a ayezi a Antarctic, maiwe ophulika, madzi ozizira a methane kuchokera pansi pa nyanja, mapanga odzaza ndi sulfuric acid, migodi ndi malo ena ambiri kapena zochitika zochokera ku stratosphere kupita ku chovala. Chilichonse chomwe timadziwa chokhudza zamoyo m'mikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi pano chimakulitsa kwambiri gawo la kafukufuku wamumlengalenga.

3. Masomphenya aluso a exoplanet

Akatswiri nthawi zina amatchula Dziko Lapansi kuti Fr. biosphere mtundu 1. Dziko lathu limasonyeza zizindikiro zambiri za moyo pamwamba pake, makamaka kuchokera ku mphamvu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ilipo pa Dziko Lapansi lokha. biosphere mtundu 2zambiri zobisika. Zitsanzo zake mumlengalenga ndi monga mapulaneti monga Mars wamakono ndi mwezi woundana wa chimphona cha gasi, pakati pa zinthu zina zambiri.

Zakhazikitsidwa posachedwa Transit satellite yowunikira ma exoplanet (TESS) kuti apitirize kugwira ntchito, ndiko kuti, kupeza ndikuwonetsa mfundo zosangalatsa mu Chilengedwe. Tikukhulupirira kuti maphunziro atsatanetsatane a ma exoplanets omwe adapezeka achitika. James Webb Space Telescope, ikugwira ntchito mumtundu wa infrared - ngati ikupita ku orbit. Pankhani ya ntchito yolingalira, palinso mishoni zina - Malo ochezera a exoplanet (HabEx), osiyanasiyana Large UV Optical Infrared Inspector (LUVUAR) kapena Origins Space Telescope infrared (OST), cholinga chake ndi kupereka zambiri zambiri pamlengalenga wa exoplanet ndi zigawo zake, molunjika pakufufuza. biosignatures za moyo.

4. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukhalapo kwa moyo

Chomaliza ndi sayansi ya zakuthambo. Ma biosignatures ndi zinthu, zinthu kapena zochitika zobwera chifukwa cha kukhalapo ndi zochita za zamoyo. (4). Nthawi zambiri, mishoni imayang'ana zizindikiro zapadziko lapansi, monga mpweya wina wa mumlengalenga ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, komanso zithunzi zapadziko lapansi zazachilengedwe. Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri a National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM), mogwirizana ndi NASA, m'pofunika kuchoka ku geocentrism iyi.

- zolemba Prof. Barbara Lollar.

The generic tag ikhoza kukhala shuga. Kafukufuku watsopano akuwonetsa kuti molekyulu ya shuga ndi gawo la DNA 2-deoxyribose zitha kukhala m'makona akutali a chilengedwe. Gulu la akatswiri a zakuthambo a NASA linakwanitsa kuzipanga mu labotale zomwe zimatsanzira mlengalenga wa nyenyezi. M’buku la Nature Communications, asayansi asonyeza kuti mankhwalawo akhoza kufalitsidwa kwambiri m’chilengedwe chonse.

Mu 2016, gulu lina la ofufuza ku France linapezanso zofanana ndi ribose, shuga wa RNA womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thupi kupanga mapuloteni ndipo amaganiziridwa kuti ndi njira yothekera ya DNA pa moyo wapadziko lapansi. Mashuga ovuta onjezerani pamndandanda womwe ukukulirakulira wa zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka pa meteorites ndikupangidwa mu labotale yomwe imatengera malo. Izi zimaphatikizapo ma amino acid, zomanga za mapuloteni, maziko a nayitrogeni, magawo oyambira a genetic code, ndi gulu la mamolekyu omwe moyo umagwiritsa ntchito kupanga nembanemba kuzungulira ma cell.

Dziko lapansi loyambirira liyenera kuti linadzazidwa ndi zinthu zoterezi ndi meteoroids ndi comets zomwe zimakhudza pamwamba pake. Zochokera ku shuga zimatha kusintha kukhala shuga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu DNA ndi RNA pamaso pamadzi, ndikutsegula mwayi watsopano wophunzirira chemistry yaubwana.

"Kwa zaka zopitirira makumi awiri, takhala tikudzifunsa ngati chemistry yomwe timapeza m'mlengalenga ingapange zinthu zofunika pamoyo," analemba motero Scott Sandford wa NASA's Ames Laboratory of Astrophysics and Astrochemistry, wolemba nawo kafukufukuyu. “Chilengedwe ndi organic chemist. Lili ndi ziwiya zazikulu ndi nthawi yochuluka, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhala zambiri zakuthupi, zina zomwe zimakhala zothandiza kwa moyo.

Pakadali pano, palibe chida chosavuta chodziwira moyo. Mpaka kamera itajambula chikhalidwe cha bakiteriya chomwe chikukula pamwala wa Martian kapena plankton akusambira pansi pa ayezi wa Enceladus, asayansi ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi deta kuti ayang'ane zizindikiro zamoyo kapena zizindikiro za moyo.

5. CO2-wolemera mu labotale mpweya wokhala ndi plasma zotuluka

Kumbali ina, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana njira zina ndi ma biosignatures. Akatswiri amazindikira mwamwambo, mwachitsanzo, kukhalapo kwa oxygen mumlengalenga dziko lapansi ngati chizindikiro chotsimikizika kuti moyo ukhoza kukhalapo pamenepo. Komabe, kafukufuku watsopano wa yunivesite ya Johns Hopkins yomwe idasindikizidwa mu Disembala 2018 mu ACS Earth ndi Space Chemistry imalimbikitsa kuwunikanso malingaliro ofanana.

Gulu lofufuzalo lidachita zoyeserera zoyeserera m'chipinda cha labotale chopangidwa ndi Sarah Hirst (5). Asayansi adayesa mitundu isanu ndi inayi yosiyanasiyana ya gasi yomwe inganenedweratu mumlengalenga, monga super-Earth ndi minineptunium, mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mapulaneti. njira yamkaka. Iwo anavumbula zosakanizazo ku imodzi mwa mitundu iŵiri ya mphamvu, yofanana ndi imene imayambitsa kusintha kwa makemikolo mumlengalenga wa pulaneti. Anapeza zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapanga mpweya ndi mamolekyu omwe amatha kupanga shuga ndi amino acid. 

Komabe, panalibe kugwirizana pakati pa mpweya ndi zigawo za moyo. Kotero zikuwoneka kuti mpweya ukhoza bwino kupanga njira za abiotic, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, mosemphanitsa - dziko limene palibe mpweya wodziwika bwino amatha kuvomereza moyo, zomwe zinachitika ngakhale pa ... Earth, isanayambe cyanobacteria. kutulutsa mpweya wambiri.

Malo owonera zakuthambo, kuphatikizapo zakuthambo, amatha kusamalira kusanthula kwa mapulaneti a mapulaneti kuyang'ana ma biosignature omwe tawatchulawa. Kuwala kowonekera kuchokera ku zomera, makamaka pa mapulaneti akale, otentha, kungakhale chizindikiro champhamvu cha moyo, kafukufuku watsopano wochokera kwa asayansi ku yunivesite ya Cornell amasonyeza.

Zomera zimatenga kuwala kowoneka, pogwiritsa ntchito photosynthesis kuti ikhale mphamvu, koma osatenga mbali yobiriwira ya sipekitiramu, chifukwa chake timaiona ngati yobiriwira. Nthawi zambiri kuwala kwa infrared kumawonekeranso, koma sitingathenso kukuwona. Kuwala kowoneka bwino kwa infrared kumapanga chiwongola dzanja chakuthwa mu graph spectrum, yotchedwa "red Edge" yamasamba. Sizikudziwika bwino chifukwa chake zomera zimawonetsa kuwala kwa infrared, ngakhale kafukufuku wina akusonyeza kuti izi zimachitidwa pofuna kupewa kuwonongeka kwa kutentha.

Choncho n’zotheka kuti kutulukira m’mbali mwa zomera zofiira pa mapulaneti ena kukatumikira monga umboni wakuti kuli zamoyo kumeneko. Olemba mapepala a Astrobiology a Jack O'Malley-James ndi Lisa Kaltenegger a ku Cornell University afotokoza momwe m'mphepete mwa zobiriwira zasinthira m'mbiri ya Dziko Lapansi (6). Zomera zapansi monga mosses zidayamba kuoneka Padziko Lapansi pakati pa zaka 725 ndi 500 miliyoni zapitazo. Zomera zamasiku ano zamaluwa ndi mitengo zidawoneka zaka pafupifupi 130 miliyoni zapitazo. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera imawonetsa kuwala kwa infrared mosiyana pang'ono, ndi nsonga ndi mafunde osiyanasiyana. Mosses oyambirira ndi ofooka kwambiri kuwala poyerekeza ndi zomera zamakono. Kawirikawiri, chizindikiro cha zomera mu sipekitiramu chimawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono pakapita nthawi.

6. Kuwala konyezimira kochokera Padziko Lapansi kutengera mtundu wa mmera

Kafukufuku wina, wofalitsidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Science Advances mu Januware 2018 ndi gulu la David Catling, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo ku yunivesite ya Washington ku Seattle, akuyang'ana mozama m'mbiri ya dziko lapansi kuti apange njira yatsopano yodziwira moyo wa selo limodzi mu zinthu zakutali. posachedwapa. . Pazaka mabiliyoni anayi a mbiri ya dziko lapansi, ziwiri zoyambirira zitha kufotokozedwa ngati "dziko lochepa" lolamulidwa ndi ma microorganisms opangidwa ndi methanekwa amene mpweya sunali mpweya wopatsa moyo, koma poizoni wakupha. The zikamera wa cyanobacteria, mwachitsanzo photosynthetic wobiriwira cyanobacteria anachokera ku chlorophyll, anatsimikiza zaka mabiliyoni awiri otsatirawa, kusamutsa "methanogenic" tizilombo mu nooks ndi crannies kumene mpweya sakanakhoza kupeza, mwachitsanzo m'mapanga, zivomezi, etc. Cyanobacteria pang'onopang'ono anatembenuza dziko lathu wobiriwira, kudzaza ndi kudzaza dziko lapansi. mlengalenga ndi mpweya ndi kupanga maziko a dziko lamakono lodziwika.

Osati zatsopano ndi zonena kuti moyo woyamba Padziko Lapansi ukanakhala wofiirira, kotero kuti moyo wongopeka wachilendo pa exoplanets ukhozanso kukhala wofiirira.

Shiladitya Dassarma wa Microbiologist wa ku University of Maryland School of Medicine komanso wophunzira womaliza maphunziro a Edward Schwiterman wa pa Yunivesite ya California, Riverside ndi omwe adalemba kafukufuku pankhaniyi, lofalitsidwa mu Okutobala 2018 mu International Journal of Astrobiology. Osati Dassarma ndi Schwiterman okha, komanso akatswiri ena ambiri a zakuthambo amakhulupirira kuti mmodzi mwa anthu oyambirira kukhala padziko lapansili halobacteria. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti timatenga kuwala kobiriwira kobiriwira ndikusintha kukhala mphamvu. Zinkasonyeza kuwala kwa kuwala komwe kunachititsa kuti dziko lathu lizioneka motere tikaliona kuchokera mumlengalenga.

Kuti amwe kuwala kobiriwira, halobacteria ankagwiritsa ntchito retina, mtundu wabuluu wooneka m’maso mwa zamoyo zamsana. Patapita nthawi, dziko lathu linayamba kulamulidwa ndi mabakiteriya omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chlorophyll, yomwe imayatsa kuwala kwa violet ndi kuwala kobiriwira. N’chifukwa chake dziko lapansi limaoneka mmene limaonekera. Komabe, akatswiri a zakuthambo amakayikira kuti ma halobacteria amatha kusinthika kwambiri m'mapulaneti ena, motero amati pali zamoyo pa mapulaneti ofiirira (7).

Biosignatures ndi chinthu chimodzi. Komabe, asayansi akuyang'anabe njira zodziwira technosignatures, i.e. zizindikiro za kukhalapo kwa moyo wapamwamba ndi chitukuko chaukadaulo.

NASA idalengeza mu 2018 kuti ikukulitsa kufunafuna kwawo moyo wachilendo pogwiritsa ntchito "siginecha zaukadaulo," zomwe, monga momwe bungweli likulembera patsamba lake, "ndizizindikiro kapena zizindikilo zomwe zimatilola kutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa moyo waukadaulo kwinakwake m'chilengedwe chonse. .” . Njira yotchuka kwambiri yomwe ingapezeke ndi ma wailesi. Komabe, timadziwanso ena ambiri, ngakhale zotsalira za zomangamanga ndi ntchito za megastructures zongopeka, monga zomwe zimatchedwa. Dyson spheres (zisanu). Mndandanda wawo udapangidwa pamsonkhano womwe NASA idachitika mu Novembala 8 (onani bokosi moyang'ana).

- Pulojekiti ya ophunzira a UC Santa Barbara - amagwiritsa ntchito makina oonera zakuthambo omwe amalunjika ku mlalang'amba wapafupi wa Andromeda, komanso milalang'amba ina, kuphatikizapo yathuyi, kuti azindikire luso lamakono. Ofufuza achichepere akuyang'ana chitukuko chofanana ndi chathu kapena chapamwamba kuposa chathu, kuyesera kuwonetsa kupezeka kwake ndi kuwala kofanana ndi ma lasers kapena masers.

Kufufuza kwachikhalidwe—mwachitsanzo, ndi ma telesikopu a wailesi a SETI—ali ndi malire awiri. Choyamba, zimaganiziridwa kuti alendo anzeru (ngati alipo) akuyesera kulankhula nafe mwachindunji. Kachiwiri, tidzazindikira mauthengawa tikawapeza.

Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa mu (AI) kumatsegula mwayi wosangalatsa wowunikiranso zonse zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa pazosagwirizana zobisika zomwe sizinanyalanyazidwe mpaka pano. Lingaliro ili lili pamtima pa njira yatsopano ya SETI. jambulani zolakwikazomwe siziri zizindikiro zoyankhulirana, koma zopangidwa ndi chitukuko chapamwamba. Cholinga ndikukulitsa chidziwitso chokwanira komanso chanzeru "injini yachilendo"wotha kudziwa kuti ndi ma data ati omwe amalumikizana nawo ndi achilendo.

Technosignature

Kutengera lipoti la Novembara 28, 2018 NASA workshop, titha kusiyanitsa mitundu ingapo yaukadaulo.

Kulankhulana

"Mauthenga mu botolo" ndi zinthu zachilendo. Tinatumiza mauthenga ameneŵa tokha m’ngalawa ya Pioneer ndi Voyager. Zonsezi ndi zinthu zakuthupi komanso ma radiation omwe amatsagana nawo.

Nzeru zochita kupanga. Pamene tikuphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito AI kuti tipindule, timakulitsa luso lathu lozindikira zizindikiro za AI zachilendo. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti palinso kuthekera kuti mgwirizano udzakhazikitsidwa pakati pa dongosolo la dziko lapansi ndi luntha lochita kupanga ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi mlengalenga a nzeru zopangira posachedwapa. Kugwiritsa ntchito AI pofufuza matekinoloje achilendo, komanso kuthandizira pakusanthula kwakukulu kwa data ndi kuzindikira mawonekedwe, kumawoneka kolimbikitsa, ngakhale sizotsimikizika konse kuti AI idzakhala yopanda tsankho la anthu.

Mumlengalenga

Imodzi mwa njira zodziwikiratu zopanga zosinthira zinthu zomwe zimawonedwa ndi anthu padziko lapansi ndikuipitsa mpweya. Chifukwa chake kaya izi ndi zinthu zopanga zakuthambo zomwe zimapangidwa ngati zinthu zosafunikira zamakampani kapena mtundu wadala wa geoengineering, kuzindikira kukhalapo kwa moyo kuchokera muubwenzi wotere kungakhale imodzi mwamakina amphamvu kwambiri komanso osadziwika bwino.

Zomangamanga

Zopangira megastructures. Sayenera kukhala magawo a Dyson mozungulira nyenyezi ya makolo. Athanso kukhala ang'onoang'ono kuposa makontinenti, monga zonyezimira kwambiri kapena zotengera kwambiri ma photovoltaic (majenereta amagetsi) omwe ali pamwamba pamadzi kapena malo ozungulira pamwamba pa mitambo.

Zilumba zotentha. Kukhalapo kwawo kumachokera ku lingaliro lakuti zitukuko zokwanira zotukuka zikugwira ntchito mwakhama kutentha kwa zinyalala.

kuyatsa kochita kupanga. Pamene njira zowonera zikukula, magwero owunikira opangira amayenera kupezeka pausiku wa exoplanets.

Pa mlingo wa mapulaneti

Kutaya mphamvu. Kwa biosignatures, zitsanzo za mphamvu zotulutsidwa ndi njira zamoyo pa exoplanets zapangidwa. Kumene kuli umboni wa kukhalapo kwa teknoloji iliyonse, kulengedwa kwa zitsanzo zoterezi kutengera chitukuko chathu n'kotheka, ngakhale kuti kungakhale kosadalirika. 

Kukhazikika kwanyengo kapena kusakhazikika. Ma technosignatures amphamvu amatha kugwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhazikika, pamene palibe zovomerezeka za izo, kapena ndi kusakhazikika. 

Geoengineering. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti anthu otukuka kwambiri angafune kupanga mikhalidwe yofanana ndi imene amadziŵa pa dziko lawo, pa mapulaneti amene akukula. Chimodzi mwazinthu zamakono zomwe zingatheke, mwachitsanzo, kupezeka kwa mapulaneti angapo mu dongosolo limodzi lokhala ndi nyengo yokayikitsa yofanana.

Kodi mungadziwe bwanji moyo?

Maphunziro amakono a chikhalidwe, i.e. zolemba ndi mafilimu, malingaliro okhudza maonekedwe a Aliens makamaka anachokera kwa munthu mmodzi yekha - Herbert George Wells. Kalelo m’zaka za m’ma 1895, m’nkhani yakuti “The Million Man of the Year,” iye anaoneratu kuti patapita zaka miliyoni imodzi, mu 1898, m’buku lake lakuti The Time Machine, iye analenga lingaliro la chisinthiko chamtsogolo cha munthu. Chitsanzo cha alendo chinaperekedwa ndi wolemba The War of the Worlds (1901), akukulitsa lingaliro lake la Selenite pamasamba a buku lakuti The First Men in the Moon (XNUMX).

Komabe, akatswiri ambiri a zakuthambo amakhulupirira kuti moyo wambiri womwe tidzakhala nawo padziko lapansi udzakhalapo zamoyo unicellular. Amalingalira izi kuchokera ku nkhanza za maiko ambiri omwe tawapeza mpaka pano kumalo otchedwa malo, komanso kuti zamoyo Padziko Lapansi zinalipo mu unicellular state kwa zaka pafupifupi 3 biliyoni zisanasinthe kukhala mitundu yambirimbiri.

Mlalang'ambawu ukhoza kukhala wodzaza ndi zamoyo, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosawoneka bwino.

Kumapeto kwa 2017, asayansi ochokera ku yunivesite ya Oxford ku UK adafalitsa nkhani yakuti "Darwin's Aliens" mu International Journal of Astrobiology. M’menemo, iwo ankatsutsa kuti zamoyo zonse zachilendo zimene zingathe kukhalapo zili pansi pa malamulo ofunikira a kudzisankhira kwachilengedwe monga momwe ife tirili.

Sam Levin wa ku Oxford Department of Zoology anati: “Mu mlalang’amba wathu wokha, muli mapulaneti otheka kukhalamo zikwi mazanamazana. "Koma tili ndi chitsanzo chimodzi chokha cha moyo, chomwe titha kupanga masomphenya ndi zolosera zathu, ndipo ndi zochokera ku Dziko Lapansi."

Levin ndi gulu lake amanena kuti ndi bwino kulosera mmene moyo udzakhalire pa mapulaneti ena. chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. Ayeneradi kukula pang’onopang’ono kuti akhale wamphamvu pakapita nthawi polimbana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana.

"Popanda kusankhidwa kwachilengedwe, moyo sungapeze ntchito zomwe zimafunikira kuti ukhale ndi moyo, monga kagayidwe kachakudya, kusuntha kapena kukhala ndi ziwalo zomveka," ikutero nkhaniyo. "Sichingathe kusinthira ku chilengedwe chake, kusinthika muzochitikazo kukhala zovuta, zowonekera komanso zosangalatsa."

Kulikonse kumene izi zingachitike, moyo nthawi zonse umakumana ndi mavuto omwewo - kuyambira pakupeza njira yogwiritsira ntchito bwino kutentha kwadzuwa mpaka kufunikira koyendetsa zinthu m'malo ake.

Ofufuza a Oxford ati pakhala kuyesayesa kwakukulu m'mbuyomu kutulutsa dziko lathu komanso chidziwitso chaumunthu cha chemistry, geology ndi physics kuti chikhale chachilendo.

Levin akuti. -.

Ofufuza a Oxford apita mpaka kupanga zitsanzo zingapo zongopeka zawo. mitundu ya moyo wakunja (9).

9 Alendo Owoneka Ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Oxford

Levine akufotokoza. -

Maplaneti ambiri omwe timakhala nawo masiku ano amayenda mozungulira ma dwarfs ofiira. Amatsekedwa ndi mafunde, ndiko kuti, mbali imodzi imayang'ana nthawi zonse ndi nyenyezi yofunda, ndipo mbali inayo ikuyang'ana mlengalenga.

Akutero Prof. Graziella Caprelli wochokera ku yunivesite ya South Australia.

Kutengera chiphunzitsochi, akatswiri aku Australia apanga zithunzi zochititsa chidwi za zolengedwa zongoyerekeza zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi mozungulira nyenyezi yofiira (10).

10. Kuwona cholengedwa chongoyerekeza papulaneti lozungulira nyenyezi yofiira.

Malingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe adalongosola kuti moyo udzakhazikitsidwa pa carbon kapena silicon, wofala m'chilengedwe chonse, komanso pa mfundo za chilengedwe chonse, komabe, zikhoza kutsutsana ndi chikhalidwe chathu komanso tsankho kulephera kuzindikira "zina". Zinali zosangalatsa zomwe zinafotokozedwa ndi Stanislav Lem mu "Fiasco" yake, omwe maonekedwe awo amayang'ana alendo, koma patapita nthawi amazindikira kuti ndi alendo. Kuti awonetse kufooka kwaumunthu pozindikira chinthu chodabwitsa komanso "chachilendo", asayansi aku Spain posachedwapa adachita kuyesa kolimbikitsidwa ndi kafukufuku wotchuka wamaganizo wa 1999.

Kumbukirani kuti m'mabuku oyambirira, asayansi adapempha ophunzirawo kuti amalize ntchito poyang'ana zochitika zomwe zinali zodabwitsa - monga munthu wovala gorilla - ntchito (monga kuwerengera chiwerengero cha masewera a basketball). . Zinapezeka kuti ambiri owona chidwi ndi zochita zawo ... sanazindikire gorilla.

Panthawiyi, ofufuza a ku yunivesite ya Cadiz anapempha anthu 137 kuti ayang'ane zithunzi zapamlengalenga za zithunzi zapakati pa mapulaneti ndikupeza zomangidwa ndi zolengedwa zanzeru zomwe zimawoneka ngati zachilendo. Pachithunzi chimodzi, ofufuzawo adaphatikiza chithunzi chaching'ono chamunthu wodzibisa ngati gorila. Ndi anthu 45 okha mwa 137 omwe adatenga nawo gawo, kapena 32,8% mwa omwe adatenga nawo gawo, adawona gorilla, ngakhale anali "mlendo" yemwe adawona bwino pamaso pawo.

Komabe, kuimira ndi kuzindikira Mlendo kumakhalabe ntchito yovuta kwa ife anthu, chikhulupiriro chakuti "Ali Pano" ndi chakale monga chitukuko ndi chikhalidwe.

Zaka zoposa 2500 zapitazo, wafilosofi wina dzina lake Anaxagoras ankakhulupirira kuti padziko lapansi pali moyo chifukwa cha “mbewu” zimene zinamwazikana m’chilengedwe chonse. Pafupifupi zaka zana pambuyo pake, Epicurus adawona kuti Dziko Lapansi likhoza kukhala limodzi mwa maiko ambiri okhalamo, ndipo zaka mazana asanu pambuyo pake, woganiza wina wachi Greek, Plutarch, adanenanso kuti Mwezi ukhoza kukhalidwa ndi zakuthambo.

Monga mukuwonera, lingaliro la moyo wapadziko lapansi silikhala lamakono. Masiku ano, komabe, tili ndi malo osangalatsa oti tiwone, komanso njira zotsatsira zosangalatsa, komanso kufunitsitsa kopeza zinthu zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe tikudziwa kale.

Komabe, pali tsatanetsatane yaying'ono.

Ngakhale titakwanitsa kupeza njira zosatsutsika za moyo kwinakwake, kodi mitima yathu sidzamva bwino chifukwa cholephera kufika pamalo ano mwachangu?

Malo abwino okhala

Planet in ecosphere/ecozone/habitable zone,

ndiko kuti, m’dera lozungulira nyenyezi lofanana ndi mpangidwe wozungulira. M'dera loterolo, zinthu zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala zitha kukhalapo zomwe zimatsimikizira kutuluka, kukonza ndi chitukuko cha zamoyo. Kukhalapo kwa madzi amadzimadzi kumaonedwa kuti ndikofunikira kwambiri. Mikhalidwe yabwino yozungulira nyenyezi imatchedwanso "Goldilocks Zone" - kuchokera ku nthano zodziwika bwino za ana mu dziko la Anglo-Saxon.

Kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi. Mkhalidwe wa chinthu chofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Unyinjiwo sungakhale waukulu kwambiri, chifukwa mphamvu yokoka yamphamvu simakuyenererani. Zochepa kwambiri, komabe, sizidzasunga mlengalenga, kukhalapo kwake, kuchokera ku malingaliro athu, ndi chikhalidwe chofunikira pa moyo.

Atmosphere + greenhouse effect. Izi ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimaganizira momwe timaonera moyo. Mpweya wa m’mlengalenga umatentha pamene mpweya wa mumlengalenga umayenderana ndi kuwala kwa nyenyeziyo. Kwa moyo monga tikudziwira, kusungidwa kwa mphamvu zotentha mumlengalenga ndikofunikira kwambiri. Choipa kwambiri, ngati wowonjezera kutentha kwenikweni ndi wamphamvu kwambiri. Kuti mukhale "chabwino", muyenera zikhalidwe za "Goldilocks" zone.

Mphamvu ya maginito. Imateteza dziko lapansi ku radiation yolimba ya ionizing ya nyenyezi yapafupi.