Yesani kuyendetsa magalimoto amagetsi: nthawi ino mpaka kalekale
Mayeso Oyendetsa

Yesani kuyendetsa magalimoto amagetsi: nthawi ino mpaka kalekale

Yesani kuyendetsa magalimoto amagetsi: nthawi ino mpaka kalekale

Kuchokera ku Camilla Genasi kudzera pa GM EV1 mpaka Tesla Model X, kapena mbiri yamagalimoto amagetsi

Nkhani yamagalimoto amagetsi imatha kufotokozedwa ngati zochitika zitatu. Nkhani yayikulu mpaka lero ikadali pamalo omwe pamafunika zida zamagetsi zamagetsi kuti zitsimikizire kuti pali mphamvu zokwanira zofunika pamagetsi amagetsi.

Zaka zisanu Karl Benz asanatulutse njinga yake yodziyendetsa yekha mu 1886, Mfalansa Gustav Trouv adayendetsa galimoto yake yamagetsi yokhala ndi mawilo omwewo kudzera pa Exposition D'Electriccite ​​ku Paris. Komabe, aku America amakumbutsidwa kuti mnzake Thomas Davenport adapanga zinthu ngati izi zaka 47 m'mbuyomu. Ndipo izi zingakhale zoona, chifukwa mu 1837 wosula Davenport adapanga galimoto yamagetsi ndi "kuyendetsa" panja, koma izi zimatsagana ndi tsatanetsatane waung'ono - mulibe batire m'galimoto. Choncho, kunena mosamalitsa, m'mbiri, galimoto akhoza kuonedwa ngati kalambulabwalo wa sitima, osati galimoto magetsi.

Mfalansa wina, katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi Gaston Plante, adathandizira kwambiri kubadwa kwa galimoto yamagetsi yamagetsi: adapanga batri ya asidi-acid ndikuyambitsa mu 1859, chaka chomwechi chomwe chinayamba kupanga mafuta ku United States. Zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri pambuyo pake, pakati pa mayina a golide omwe adalimbikitsa kupanga makina amagetsi, dzina la German Werner von Siemens linalembedwa. Zinali ntchito yake yamalonda yomwe inachititsa kuti galimoto yamagetsi ikhale yopambana, yomwe, pamodzi ndi batri, inakhala chilimbikitso champhamvu cha chitukuko cha galimoto yamagetsi. Mu 1882, galimoto yamagetsi inkawoneka m'misewu ya Berlin, ndipo chochitika ichi chinali chiyambi cha chitukuko chofulumira cha magalimoto amagetsi ku Ulaya ndi United States, kumene zitsanzo zambiri zatsopano zinayamba kuonekera. Choncho, chinsalucho chinakwezedwa pa ntchito yoyamba ya electromobility, yomwe tsogolo lake linkawoneka lowala panthawiyo. Chilichonse chofunikira komanso chofunikira pa izi chapangidwa kale, ndipo chiyembekezo cha injini yoyaka mkati mwaphokoso ndi fungo chikukulirakulira. Ngakhale pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20 mphamvu ya mabatire a lead-acid anali ndi mawati asanu ndi anayi okha pa kilogalamu imodzi (pafupifupi nthawi 80 kuposa mabatire a lithiamu-ion), magalimoto amagetsi ali ndi utali wokwanira wofikira makilomita 30. Uwu ndi mtunda waukulu panthawi yomwe maulendo a tsiku amayezedwa ndi kuyenda, ndipo akhoza kuphimbidwa chifukwa cha mphamvu yochepa kwambiri yamagetsi amagetsi. M'malo mwake, ndi magalimoto ochepa olemera amagetsi omwe amatha kuthamanga kwambiri kuposa XNUMX km / h.

Potengera izi, nkhani ya waku Camilla Genazi waku Belgian wopsa mtima imabweretsa mavuto pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku wamagalimoto amagetsi. Mu 1898, "mdierekezi wofiira" adatsutsa a French Count Gaston de Chasseloup-Laub ndi galimoto yake, Jeanto, kuti ayambe kuthamanga kwambiri. Galimoto yamagetsi ya Genasi ili ndi dzina lodziwika bwino kwambiri "La jamais contente", kutanthauza kuti, "Kusakhutira nthawi zonse." Pambuyo pamipikisano yambiri komanso nthawi zina yochititsa chidwi, mu 1899 galimoto yonga ndudu, yomwe mozungulira imayenda pa 900 rpm, idathamangira kumapeto kwa mpikisano wotsatira, kujambula liwiro lopitilira 100 km / h (ndendende 105,88 km / h). Pomwepo ndi pomwe Genasi ndi galimoto yake ali osangalala ...

Choncho, pofika m'chaka cha 1900, galimoto yamagetsi, ngakhale kuti inalibe zipangizo zamakono, iyenera kukhala yopambana kuposa magalimoto oyendetsa mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, panthawiyo ku America, magalimoto oyendera magetsi anali owirikiza kawiri kuposa mafuta. Palinso kuyesa kuphatikiza zabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi - mwachitsanzo, chitsanzo chopangidwa ndi wojambula wachinyamata wa ku Austria Ferdinand Porsche, yemwe sakudziwikabe kwa anthu wamba. Ndi iye amene poyamba analumikiza injini likulu ndi injini kuyaka mkati, kupanga woyamba hybrid galimoto.

Galimoto yamagetsi ngati mdani wamagalimoto amagetsi

Komano china chake chosangalatsa komanso chodabwitsa chimachitika, chifukwa ndimagetsi omwe amawononga ana ake omwe. Mu 1912, Charles Kettering adayambitsa zoyambira zamagetsi zomwe zidapangitsa kuti makinawo azikhala opanda ntchito, ndikuphwanya mafupa a oyendetsa ambiri. Chifukwa chake, chimodzi mwazolephera zazikulu kwambiri zamagalimoto panthawiyo chinali m'mbuyomu. Mitengo yotsika yamafuta ndi Nkhondo Yadziko I idafooketsa galimoto yamagetsi, ndipo mu 1931 mtundu womaliza wamagetsi, Typ 99, adachoka pamsonkhano ku Detroit.

Patapita zaka theka kenako anayamba nthawi yachiwiri ndi kubwezeretsedwa mu chitukuko cha magalimoto magetsi. Nkhondo ya Iran-Iraq kwa nthawi yoyamba ikuwonetsa kusatetezeka kwa mafuta, mizinda yokhala ndi anthu miliyoni ikumira muutsi, ndipo mutu woteteza chilengedwe ukukula kwambiri. California yakhazikitsa lamulo loti magalimoto 2003 pa 1602 aliwonse azikhala opanda mpweya pofika chaka cha 1972. Opanga magalimoto, kumbali yawo, amadabwa ndi zonsezi, popeza galimoto yamagetsi yakhala ikuyang'anitsitsa pang'ono kwa zaka zambiri. Kupitirizabe kukhalapo kwake muzochita zachitukuko ndi masewera achilendo kuposa kufunikira, ndipo zitsanzo zenizeni zochepa, monga zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula oyendetsa mafilimu pa mpikisano wa Olympic marathon (BMW 10 mu XNUMX ku Munich), sizinawonekere. Chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi cha kutengeka kwa matekinoloje amenewa ndi ndege yopita kumwezi yodutsa mwezi yokhala ndi ma injini okwera kwambiri omwe amawononga ndalama zoposa $XNUMX miliyoni.

Ngakhale kuti pafupifupi palibe chomwe chachitidwa kuti apange teknoloji ya batri, ndipo mabatire a lead-acid akadali chizindikiro m'derali, madipatimenti a chitukuko cha makampani akuyambanso kupanga magalimoto osiyanasiyana amagetsi. GM ili patsogolo pa izi, ndi Sunraycer yoyesera yomwe inakwaniritsa mbiri yayitali kwambiri ya dzuwa, ndipo mayunitsi 1000 a GM EV1 avant-garde yapambuyo pake yokhala ndi chiwongoladzanja cha 0,19 adabwerekedwa ku gulu losankhidwa la ogula. . Poyamba amakhala ndi mabatire otsogolera ndipo kuyambira 1999 ndi mabatire a nickel-metal hydride, amafika pamtunda wodabwitsa wa makilomita 100. Chifukwa cha mabatire a Conecta Ford a sodium-sulphur, imatha kuyenda mpaka 320 km.

Europe ikusangalatsanso. Makampani aku Germany akusintha chilumba cha Rügen ku Baltic Sea kukhala malo oyesera magalimoto awo amagetsi ndi mitundu monga VW Golf Citystromer, Mercedes 190E ndi Opel Astra Impuls (yokhala ndi batri ya Zebra 270-degree) amayendetsa 1,3 makilomita oyesa miliyoni. Njira zatsopano zamatekinoloje zikuwonekera zomwe zimangowona mwachangu thambo lamagetsi, lofanana ndi batire ya sodium-sulfure yomwe idayatsa BMW E1.

Panthawiyo, ziyembekezo zazikulu zosiyanitsidwa ndi mabatire a lead-lead-acid zinayikidwa pa mabatire a nickel-metal hydride. Komabe, mu 1991, Sony idatsegula njira yatsopano mderali potulutsa batire yoyamba ya lithiamu-ion. Mwadzidzidzi, kutentha kwa magetsi kukukulirakuliranso—mwachitsanzo, andale aku Germany akulosera za 2000 peresenti ya msika wa magalimoto amagetsi pofika chaka cha 10, ndipo Calstart wa ku California akulosera magalimoto 825 amagetsi onse pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino. .

Komabe, chowotcha chamagetsi ichi chikuwotcha mwachangu kwambiri. Zikuwonekeratu kuti mabatire sangakwaniritse magwiridwe antchito, ndipo chozizwitsacho sichingachitike, ndipo California ikukakamizidwa kuti isinthe momwe ikufunira utsi. GM imatenga ma EV1 ake onse ndikuwawononga mopanda chifundo. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, ndi pomwe mainjiniya a Toyota adakwanitsa kumaliza bwino ntchito yolimbikira ya Prius hybrid. Chifukwa chake, chitukuko chaukadaulo chikutenga njira yatsopano.

Act 3: Palibe Kubwerera

Mu 2006, chinthu chomaliza chawonetsero yamagetsi chidayamba. Zizindikiro zochulukirachulukira zakusintha kwanyengo komanso kukwera kwamitengo yamafuta kumapereka chilimbikitso champhamvu pakuyamba kwatsopano mu saga yamagetsi. Panthawiyi, anthu aku Asia omwe amapereka mabatire a lithiamu-ion amatsogolera pakukula kwaukadaulo, ndipo Mitsubishi iMiEV ndi Nissan Leaf akupanga nthawi yatsopano.

Germany ikudzukabe ku tulo ta magetsi, ku United States, GM ikupukutira zikalata za EV1, ndipo Tesla yaku California idagwedeza dziko lakale lamagalimoto ndi 6831bhp roadster yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pama laptops. Zoneneratu zikuyambiranso kukula.

Pakadali pano, Tesla anali atagwira kale ntchito yopanga Model S, yomwe sinangopatsa mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, komanso idapanga chithunzi chodziwika bwino cha chizindikirocho, ndikupangitsa kuti akhale mtsogoleri m'munda.

Pambuyo pake, kampani iliyonse yayikulu yamagalimoto iyamba kuyambitsa mitundu yamagetsi pamndandanda wake, ndipo zitatha zoyipa zomwe zimakhudzana ndi injini ya dizilo, malingaliro awo tsopano akuchita mwachangu kwambiri. Mitundu yamagetsi yama Renault ili patsogolo - Mitundu ya Nissan ndi BMW i, VW ikuyang'ana kwambiri pamtunduwu ndi pulatifomu ya MEB, mtundu wa Mercedes EQ, komanso apainiya a hybrid a Toyota ndi Honda kuti ayambe kuchita bwino pamagetsi amagetsi. Komabe, chitukuko chogwira ntchito komanso chopambana cha makampani a cell lithiamu-ion, makamaka Samsung SDI, ikupanga ma cell a 37 Ah osasunthika kale kuposa momwe amayembekezera, ndipo izi zathandiza opanga ena kuti awonjezere mileage yayikulu yama EV awo mzaka ziwiri zapitazi. Pakadali pano, makampani aku China nawonso akulowa mumasewerawa, ndipo zochulukirapo za mitundu yamagetsi zikukula kwambiri.

Tsoka ilo, vuto la mabatire lidatsalira. Ngakhale adasintha kwambiri, ngakhale mabatire amakono a lithiamu-ion akadali olemera, okwera mtengo kwambiri komanso osakwanira.

Zaka zoposa 100 zapitazo, mtolankhani wina wa ku France, dzina lake Baudrillard de Saunier, ananena kuti: “Moto wamagetsi wamagetsi umene umakhala wopanda mawu ndi wabwino kwambiri komanso wotha kupirira, ndipo mphamvu yake imafika pa 90 peresenti. Koma mabatire amafunikira kusintha kwakukulu. ”

Ngakhale lero sitingathe kuwonjezera chilichonse pankhaniyi. Pakadali pano, opanga akuyandikira magetsi ndi olimba, koma olimba mtima, pang'onopang'ono akuyenda modutsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya haibridi. Chifukwa chake, chisinthiko ndichowona komanso chokhazikika.

Lemba: Georgy Kolev, Alexander Blokh

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