Galimoto yamagetsi dzulo, lero, mawa: gawo 3
Chipangizo chagalimoto

Galimoto yamagetsi dzulo, lero, mawa: gawo 3

Mawu oti "mabatire a lithiamu-ion" amabisa matekinoloje osiyanasiyana.

Chinthu chimodzi ndi chotsimikizika - bola ngati lithiamu-ion electrochemistry ikadali yosasinthika pankhaniyi. Palibe ukadaulo wina wamagetsi osungira mphamvu zamagetsi womwe ungapikisane ndi lithiamu-ion. Mfundo, komabe, ndi yakuti pali mapangidwe osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za cathode, anode ndi electrolyte, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi ubwino wosiyana malinga ndi kukhazikika (chiwerengero cha malipiro ndi kutulutsa maulendo mpaka mphamvu yotsalira yotsalira ya magalimoto amagetsi. ya 80%), mphamvu yeniyeni kWh/kg, mtengo wa euro/kg kapena chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ku mphamvu.

Kubwerera nthawi

Kuthekera kuchita electrochemical njira mu otchedwa. Maselo a lithiamu-ion amachokera ku kulekanitsidwa kwa ma protoni a lithiamu ndi ma electron kuchokera pamgwirizano wa lithiamu pa cathode panthawi yolipira. Lifiyamu atomu mosavuta donates imodzi mwa ma elekitironi atatu, koma pa chifukwa chomwecho ndi zotakasika kwambiri ndipo ayenera kukhala olekanitsidwa mpweya ndi madzi. Mu gwero lamagetsi, ma elekitironi amayamba kuyenda mozungulira dera lawo, ndipo ma ion amapita ku anode ya carbon-lithium ndipo, kudutsa nembanemba, amalumikizidwa nayo. Pakutulutsa, kusuntha kosinthika kumachitika - ma ions amabwerera ku cathode, ndipo ma electron amadutsa kunja kwa magetsi. Komabe, kulipiritsa kwanthawi yayitali komanso kutulutsa kwathunthu kumapangitsa kuti pakhale maulumikizidwe atsopano okhazikika, omwe amachepetsa kapena kuyimitsa ntchito ya batri. Lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito lithiamu ngati wopereka tinthu tating'onoting'ono timachokera ku chitsulo chopepuka kwambiri ndipo chimatha kumasula ma protoni ndi ma elekitironi mosavuta pamikhalidwe yoyenera. Komabe, asayansi akusiya msanga kugwiritsa ntchito lithiamu yoyera chifukwa cha kusakhazikika kwake, kuthekera kwake kolumikizana ndi mpweya, komanso chifukwa cha chitetezo.

Batire yoyamba ya lithiamu-ion idapangidwa m'ma 1970 ndi Michael Whittingham, yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito lithiamu yoyera ndi titanium sulfide ngati maelekitirodi. Izi zamagetsi sizigwiritsidwanso ntchito, koma zimayala maziko a mabatire a lithiamu-ion. M'zaka za m'ma 1970, Samar Basu adawonetsa kuthekera kwa kuyamwa ma lithiamu ions kuchokera ku graphite, koma chifukwa chodziwa nthawiyo, mabatire amadziwononga mwachangu akawapatsa ndalama ndikutulutsa. M'zaka za m'ma 1980, kukula kwakukulu kunayamba kupeza mankhwala oyenera a lithiamu a cathode ndi anode a mabatire, ndipo kupambana kwenikweni kudabwera mu 1991.

NCA, NCM lithiamu cell ... kodi izi zikutanthauza chiyani?

Pambuyo poyesera mankhwala osiyanasiyana a lithiamu mu 1991, zoyesayesa za asayansi zidapambana bwino - Sony adayamba kupanga mabatire ambiri a lithiamu-ion. Pakalipano, mabatire amtunduwu ali ndi mphamvu zotulutsa mphamvu komanso mphamvu zambiri, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, ndi kuthekera kwakukulu kwachitukuko. Kutengera zofunikira za batri, makampani akutembenukira kumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya lithiamu ngati zinthu za cathode. Izi ndi lithiamu cobalt oxide (LCO), mankhwala okhala ndi faifi tambala, cobalt ndi aluminium (NCA) kapena faifi tambala, cobalt ndi manganese (NCM), lithiamu iron phosphate (LFP), lithiamu manganese spinel (LMS), lithiamu titanium oxide (LTO) ndi ena. The electrolyte ndi chisakanizo cha mchere lithiamu ndi zosungunulira organic ndipo n'kofunika kwambiri kwa "kuyenda" wa ayoni lithiamu, ndi olekanitsa, amene ali ndi udindo kuteteza madera yochepa ndi permeable kuti ayoni lithiamu, kawirikawiri polyethylene kapena polypropylene.

Mphamvu yotulutsa, mphamvu, kapena zonse ziwiri

Makhalidwe ofunikira kwambiri mabatire ndi mphamvu zamagetsi, kudalirika komanso chitetezo. Mabatire omwe amapangidwa pakali pano amakhala ndi mikhalidwe iyi ndipo, kutengera zida zomwe agwiritsa ntchito, ali ndi mphamvu zamagetsi 100 mpaka 265 W / kg (komanso mphamvu yamagetsi ya 400 mpaka 700 W / L). Zabwino kwambiri pankhaniyi ndi mabatire a NCA komanso ma LFP oyipitsitsa. Komabe, zinthuzo ndi mbali imodzi ya ndalama. Kuchulukitsa mphamvu zamagetsi ndi mphamvu, ma nanostructures osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyamwa zinthu zambiri ndikupereka mayendedwe apamwamba a mtsinje wa ion. Mitundu yambiri ya ayoni, "yosungidwa" mu khola lokhazikika, ndipo madutsidwe ndizofunikira kuti azipiritsa mwachangu, ndipo chitukuko chimayendetsedwa m'njira izi. Nthawi yomweyo, kapangidwe ka batriyo kamayenera kupereka mphamvu zofunikira kutengera mtundu wa drive. Mwachitsanzo, ma plug-in a hybrids amafunika kukhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri pazifukwa zomveka. Zomwe zachitika lero zikuyang'ana pa mabatire monga NCA (LiNiCoAlO2 yokhala ndi cathode ndi graphite anode) ndi NMC 811 (LiNiMnCoO2 yokhala ndi cathode ndi graphite anode). Zoyambayo zimakhala (kunja kwa lithiamu) pafupifupi 80% ya faifi tambala, 15% ya cobalt ndi 5% ya aluminiyamu ndipo ali ndi mphamvu yapadera ya 200-250 W / kg, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amagwiritsa ntchito kocalt yovuta kwambiri komanso amakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 1500. Mabatire amenewa apangidwa ndi Tesla ku Gigafactory yake ku Nevada. Akafika pachimake (mu 2020 kapena 2021, kutengera momwe zinthu zilili), chomeracho chatulutsa mabatire a 35 GWh, okwanira kuyendetsa magalimoto 500. Izi zichepetsanso mtengo wama mabatire.

Mabatire a NMC 811 ali ndi mphamvu yocheperako pang'ono (140-200W/kg) koma amakhala ndi moyo wautali, kufika 2000 kuzungulira, ndipo ndi 80% nickel, 10% manganese ndi 10% cobalt. Pakalipano, opanga mabatire onse amagwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwa mitundu iwiriyi. Chokhacho ndi kampani yaku China BYD, yomwe imapanga mabatire a LFP. Magalimoto okhala ndi iwo ndi olemera, koma safuna cobalt. Mabatire a NCA amakondedwa pamagalimoto amagetsi ndi NMC ya ma hybrids a plug-in chifukwa cha ubwino wawo malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Zitsanzo ndi e-Gofu yamagetsi yokhala ndi chiyerekezo cha mphamvu/chiwerengero cha 2,8 ndi pulagi-mu hybrid Golf GTE yokhala ndi chiŵerengero cha 8,5. M'dzina lotsitsa mtengo, VW ikufuna kugwiritsa ntchito maselo omwewo pamitundu yonse ya mabatire. Ndipo chinthu chinanso - kukula kwa batri, kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zotulutsa zonse ndi zolipiritsa, ndipo izi zimawonjezera moyo wake wautumiki, chifukwa chake - batire yayikulu, ndiyabwinoko. Yachiwiri ikukhudza ma hybrids ngati vuto.

Zochitika pamsika

Pakalipano, kufunikira kwa mabatire pazifukwa zoyendera kumaposa kale kufunikira kwa zinthu zamagetsi. Zikuyembekezekabe kuti magalimoto amagetsi okwana 2020 miliyoni pachaka azigulitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi pofika 1,5, zomwe zithandizire kutsitsa mtengo wa mabatire. Mu 2010, mtengo wa 1 kWh wa selo la lithiamu-ion unali pafupifupi 900 euro, ndipo tsopano ndi osachepera 200 euro. 25% ya mtengo wa batri yonse ndi cathode, 8% ya anode, separator ndi electrolyte, 16% ya maselo ena onse a batri ndi 35% ya mapangidwe onse a batri. Mwanjira ina, maselo a lithiamu-ion amathandizira 65 peresenti pamtengo wa batri. Mitengo yoyerekeza ya Tesla ya 2020 Gigafactory 1 ikayamba kugwira ntchito imakhala pafupifupi 300€/kWh ya mabatire a NCA ndipo mtengo wake ukuphatikiza chinthu chomalizidwa chokhala ndi VAT wapakati komanso chitsimikizo. Komabe mtengo wokwera kwambiri, womwe udzapitirirabe kutsika pakapita nthawi.

Malo osungira kwambiri a lithiamu amapezeka ku Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, China, USA, Australia, Canada, Russia, Congo ndi Serbia, pomwe ambiri akupangidwa kuchokera kunyanja zowuma. Mabatire akuchulukirachulukira, msika wa zinthu zobwezerezedwanso m'mabatire akale udzawonjezeka. Chofunika kwambiri, komabe, ndi vuto la cobalt, yomwe, ngakhale ilipo yambiri, imayendetsedwa ngati chinthu chopangidwa ndi faifi tambala ndi mkuwa. Cobalt imayendetsedwa, ngakhale kuti nthaka imakhala yochepa kwambiri, ku Congo (yomwe ili ndi malo osungiramo malo ambiri), koma pansi pazifukwa zomwe zimatsutsana ndi chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe.

Ukadaulo wapamwamba

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti matekinoloje omwe amavomerezedwa ngati chiyembekezo chamtsogolo posachedwa kwenikweni siatsopano, koma ndi njira za lithiamu-ion. Mwachitsanzo, awa ndi mabatire olimba, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma electrolyte olimba m'malo mwa madzi (kapena gel mu mabatire a lithiamu polymer). Njirayi imapereka mawonekedwe okhazikika a ma elekitirodi, omwe amaphwanya kukhulupirika kwawo akaimbidwa mlandu wapamwamba kwambiri, motsatana. kutentha kwakukulu ndi katundu wambiri. Izi zitha kukulitsa kulipiritsa kwamakono, kuchuluka kwa ma elekitirodi ndi ma capacitance. Mabatire olimba aboma akadali pachiyambi kwambiri cha chitukuko ndipo sangayike kugunda mpaka zaka khumi.

Chimodzi mwazoyambira zopambana pamipikisano ya BMW Innovation Technology ku Amsterdam ku 2017 inali kampani yoyendetsa batire yomwe silicon anode imathandizira mphamvu zamagetsi. Akatswiri akugwira ntchito zama nanotechnologies osiyanasiyana kuti apereke mphamvu ndi mphamvu kuzinthu zonse za anode ndi cathode, ndipo yankho limodzi ndikugwiritsa ntchito graphene. Magalasi a graphite ocheperako okhala ndi makulidwe amtundu umodzi wa atomu komanso mawonekedwe amtundu wa hexagonal ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri. "Mpira wa graphene" wopangidwa ndi wopanga ma cell a batri Samsung SDI, yolumikizidwa ndi cathode ndi anode kapangidwe, imapereka mphamvu yayikulu, kuloleza ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthuzo ndikuwonjezeka kofananira kwa pafupifupi 45% komanso nthawi yachangu mwachangu kasanu. atha kulandira chidwi champhamvu kuchokera kumagalimoto a Fomula E, omwe atha kukhala oyamba kukhala ndi mabatire otere.

Osewera panthawiyi

Osewera akuluakulu monga ogulitsa Tier 123 ndi Tier 2020, mwachitsanzo opanga ma cell ndi mabatire, ndi Japan (Panasonic, Sony, GS Yuasa ndi Hitachi Vehicle Energy), Korea (LG Chem, Samsung, Kokam ndi SK Innovation), China (BYD Company) . , ATL ndi Lishen) ndi USA (Tesla, Johnson Controls, A30 Systems, EnerDel ndi Valence Technology). Akuluakulu ogulitsa mafoni am'manja ndi LG Chem, Panasonic, Samsung SDI (Korea), AESC (Japan), BYD (China) ndi CATL (China), omwe ali ndi gawo la msika wa magawo awiri mwa atatu. Pakadali pano ku Europe, amangotsutsidwa ndi BMZ Gulu yaku Germany ndi Northvolth yaku Sweden. Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Gigafactory ya Tesla mu XNUMX, gawoli lidzasintha - kampani ya ku America idzawerengera XNUMX% ya dziko lapansi kupanga maselo a lithiamu-ion. Makampani monga Daimler ndi BMW asayina kale mapangano ndi ena mwa makampaniwa, monga CATL, yomwe ikumanga fakitale ku Europe.

Kuwonjezera ndemanga