Galimoto yamagetsi dzulo, lero, mawa: gawo 1

Mavuto Akubwera E-Mobility

Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero ndikukonzekera kwamaphunziro ndi sayansi yovuta kwambiri, ndipo momwe moyo uliri pakadali pano, momwe ndale zilili mdziko lapansi zikutsimikizira izi. Pakadali pano, palibe amene anganene zomwe zichitike mliriwo utatha malinga ndi bizinesi yamagalimoto, makamaka chifukwa sizikudziwika kuti zichitika liti. Kodi zofunikira pakatulutsidwe ka kaboni dayokisaidi ndi mafuta zimasintha padziko lapansi makamaka ku Europe? Momwe izi, kuphatikiza mitengo yotsika yamafuta komanso kuchepa kwa ndalama zandalama, zingakhudzire kuyenda. Kodi ma subsidi awo apitilirabe kukula, kapena zosiyanazi zichitika? Kodi ndalama ziperekedwa kuti zithandizire (ngati alipo) makampani agalimoto kuti agwiritse ntchito ukadaulo wobiriwira.

China, yomwe ikuchira kale pamavutowa, ipitilizabe kufunafuna njira yokhala mtsogoleri pazoyenda zatsopanozi, popeza sinakhale mtsogoleri wakale wakale. Ambiri opanga magalimoto masiku ano amagulitsabe magalimoto wamba, koma agwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pazaka zaposachedwa kotero amakhala okonzekera zochitika zosiyanasiyana pambuyo pamavuto. Zachidziwikire, ngakhale zochitika zoyipa kwambiri zamtsogolo sizimaphatikizira zinthu zazikulu monga zomwe zikuchitika. Koma, monga Nietzsche anena, "Zomwe sizimandipha zimandipangitsa kukhala wamphamvu." Momwe makampani amgalimoto ndi olembetsa asintha malingaliro awo ndi momwe thanzi lawo lidzakhalire sizikuwoneka. Padzakhala ntchito yopanga ma cell a lithiamu-ion. Ndipo tisanapitilize ndi ukadaulo wamagetsi wamagetsi wamagetsi ndi mabatire, tikukumbutsani mbali zina za nkhaniyi komanso mayankho apulatifomu.

China chonga chiyambi ...

Msewu ndi kopita. Lingaliro lowoneka ngati losavuta la Lao Tzu limapereka tanthauzo ku njira zamphamvu zomwe zikuchitika mumakampani amagalimoto pakadali pano. Ndizowona kuti nthawi zosiyanasiyana m'mbiri yake zimatchulidwanso kuti "zamphamvu" monga mavuto awiri a mafuta, koma zoona zake n'zakuti kusintha kwakukulu kukuchitikadi m'derali lero. Mwina chithunzithunzi chabwino kwambiri cha kupsinjika chidzachokera m'madipatimenti akukonzekera, chitukuko, kapena maubwenzi othandizira. Kodi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amagetsi pakupanga magalimoto onse pazaka zikubwerazi kudzakhala kotani? Momwe mungakhazikitsire magawo azinthu monga ma cell a lithiamu-ion a mabatire, ndi omwe adzakhale wopereka zida ndi zida zopangira ma mota amagetsi ndi zamagetsi zamagetsi. Ikani ndalama pazotukuka zanu kapena yikani ndalama, gulani magawo ndikulowa mapangano ndi ena ogulitsa opanga ma drive amagetsi. Ngati mapulaneti atsopano a thupi ayenera kupangidwa molingana ndi momwe galimoto ikugwiritsidwira ntchito, kodi mapulaneti omwe alipo padziko lonse ayenera kusinthidwa kapena kupangidwa kwatsopano kwapadziko lonse? Mafunso ambiri pamaziko omwe zisankho zofulumira ziyenera kupangidwa, koma pamaziko a kusanthula kwakukulu. Chifukwa zonse zimatengera ndalama zambiri zamakampani ndi kukonzanso, zomwe siziyenera kuwononga kukula kwa injini yachikale yokhala ndi injini zoyaka mkati (kuphatikiza injini ya dizilo). Komabe, kumapeto kwa tsiku, iwo ndi omwe amapanga phindu kwa makampani a galimoto ndipo ayenera kupereka ndalama zothandizira pa chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo zatsopano zamagetsi. Ndipo tsopano zovuta ...

Mafuta a dizilo

Kusanthula kozikidwa pa ziwerengero ndi zoneneratu ndi ntchito yovuta. Malinga ndi zoneneratu zambiri mu 2008, mtengo wamafuta uyenera kupitilira $250 pa mbiya. Kenako kunabwera mavuto azachuma, ndipo kugwirizana kulikonse kunagwa. Vutoli lidatha ndipo VW Bordeaux adalengeza injini ya dizilo ndipo adakhala wonyamula lingaliro la dizilo, ndi mapulogalamu otchedwa "Dizilo Tsiku" kapena D-Day mofananiza ndi Normandy D-Day. Malingaliro ake adayamba kumera pomwe zidadziwika kuti kutulutsa dizilo sikunachitike mwachilungamo komanso mwaukhondo. Ziwerengero sizimawerengera zochitika zakale ngati izi, koma moyo wamakampani kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi wosabala. Ndale ndi chikhalidwe TV anathamangira kuti anesthetize injini dizilo popanda maziko luso, ndi Volkswagen yokha anathira mafuta pa moto ndi, monga chipukuta misozi limagwirira, anaponya pa moto, ndipo monyadira anagwedeza mbendera ya kuyenda magetsi pamoto.

Ambiri opanga magalimoto agwera mumsampha uwu chifukwa cha chitukuko chofulumira. Chipembedzo cha D-Day chinakhala champatuko, ndikusinthidwa kukhala E-Day, ndipo aliyense adayamba kudzifunsa mafunso omwe ali pamwambawa. Zaka zinayi zokha kuchokera ku chisokonezo cha dizilo mu 2015 mpaka lero, ngakhale anthu omwe amakayikira kwambiri magetsi asiya kukana magalimoto amagetsi ndikuyamba kufunafuna njira zowamanga. Ngakhale Mazda, omwe amadzinenera kuti ndi "pamtima" ndi Toyota modzipereka kwambiri ku ma hybrids ake omwe adapereka mauthenga otsatsa opanda pake ngati "ma hybrids odzipangira okha", tsopano ali okonzeka ndi nsanja wamba yamagetsi.

Tsopano, popanda kuchotserapo, onse opanga magalimoto akuyamba kuphatikizapo magalimoto amagetsi kapena magetsi mumtundu wawo. Pano, sitingapite mwatsatanetsatane kuti ndi ndani ndendende zitsanzo zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zomwe zidzayambitsidwe m'zaka zikubwerazi, osati chifukwa chakuti ziwerengero zoterezi zimabwera ndikupita ngati masamba a autumn, komanso chifukwa vutoli lidzasintha malingaliro ambiri. Mapulani ndi ofunikira ku madipatimenti okonzekera kupanga, koma monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, "njira ndiyo cholinga." Mofanana ndi ngalawa yoyenda panyanja, maonekedwe a m’chizimezime amasintha ndipo mawonedwe atsopano amatseguka kumbuyo kwake. Mitengo ya mabatire ikutsika, komanso mitengo yamafuta ikutsika. Andale amasankha masiku ano, koma pakapita nthawi, izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ntchito, ndipo zisankho zatsopano zimabwezeretsa momwe zinthu ziliri. Kenako zonse zimayima mwadzidzidzi ...

Komabe, sitikuganiza kuti kuyenda kwamagetsi sikuchitika. Inde, "zikuchitika" ndipo zikuyenera kupitilirabe. Koma monga tidayankhulira za ife kangapo pamunda wa motorsport ndi masewera, chidziwitso ndichofunikira kwambiri, ndipo ndi mndandanda uno tikufuna kuthandizira kukulitsa chidziwitsochi.

Ndani adzachita chiyani - posachedwa?

Magnetism a Elon Musk ndikulowetsa komwe Tesla (monga kampani yogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri kapena kutulutsa ma motors) ikukhudza msika wamagalimoto ndizodabwitsa. Kupatula njira zopezera ndalama za kampani, sitingachitire mwina koma kusilira munthu yemwe wapeza mwayi wake pakampani yamagalimoto ndikulimbikitsa "kutsegulira" kwake pakati pa ma mastodon. Ndimakumbukira ndikuyendera chiwonetsero ku Detroit mchaka cha 2010, pomwe Tesla adawonetsa gawo la pulatifomu ya aluminium ya Model S yomwe ikubwera pa kanyumba kakang'ono. Zikuwoneka kuti anali ndi nkhawa kuti wopanga mahatchi sanapatsidwe ulemu ndikulandiridwa mwapadera ndi atolankhani ambiri. Palibe mtolankhani aliyense wa nthawiyo amene anaganiza kuti tsamba laling'ono ili m'mbiri ya Tesla lingakhale lofunikira pakukula kwake. Monga Toyota, yomwe inali kufunafuna mitundu yonse yamapangidwe ndi ma patent kuti apange maziko aukadaulo wosakanizidwa, opanga a Tesla panthawiyo anali kufunafuna njira zanzeru zopangira galimoto yamagetsi yamtengo wokwanira. Kufufuzaku kumagwiritsa ntchito ma motors osynchronous, kuphatikiza zinthu zapafoni zamtundu wa laputopu m'mabatire ndikuwongolera mozindikira, ndikugwiritsa ntchito nsanja yopanga yopepuka ya Lotus ngati maziko a Roadster yoyamba. Inde, makina omwewo omwe Musk adatumiza mumlengalenga ndi Falcon Heavy.

Mwachidziwitso, mu 2010 yemweyo m'nyanja, ndinali ndi mwayi wopita ku chochitika china chosangalatsa chokhudzana ndi magalimoto amagetsi - kuwonetsera kwa BMW MegaCity Vehicle. Ngakhale panthawi yomwe mitengo yamafuta ikugwa komanso kusowa kwathunthu kwa chidwi ndi magalimoto amagetsi, BMW yakhazikitsa chitsanzo chopangidwa molingana ndi zomwe zimayendetsa magetsi, ndi chimango cha aluminiyamu chomwe chimanyamula batri. Pofuna kuchepetsa kulemera kwa mabatire, omwe mu 2010 anali ndi maselo omwe anali ndi mphamvu zochepa chabe koma anali okwera mtengo kuwirikiza kasanu kuposa momwe alili panopa, akatswiri a BMW, pamodzi ndi angapo a subcontractors awo, anapanga dongosolo la carbon lomwe lingathe kupangidwa mokulirapo. zambiri.. Komanso mu 2010, Nissan adayambitsa zida zake zamagetsi ndi Leaf ndi GM adayambitsa Volt / Ampera yake. Izi zinali mbalame zoyamba za magetsi atsopano ...

Kubwerera nthawi

Ngati tibwerera ku mbiri ya galimoto, timapeza kuti kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 mpaka pamene nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inayamba, galimoto yamagetsi inkaonedwa kuti ndi yopikisana kwambiri ndi injini yoyaka moto yamkati. Ndizowona kuti mabatire anali osakwanira panthawiyo, koma ndizowona kuti injini yoyaka mkati inali itangoyamba kumene. Kupangidwa kwa choyambira chamagetsi mu 1912, kupezeka kwa minda yayikulu yamafuta ku Texas zisanachitike, komanso kupanga misewu yambiri ku United States, komanso kupangidwa kwa mzere wolumikizirana, injini yoyendetsedwa ndi injini inali ndi zabwino zake. pamwamba pa magetsi. Mabatire "olonjeza" a alkaline a Thomas Edison adawonetsa kuti sagwira ntchito komanso osadalirika ndipo amangowonjezera mafuta pamoto wagalimoto yamagetsi. Ubwino wonse udapitilira zaka zambiri za 20th, pomwe magalimoto amagetsi akampani adamangidwa chifukwa chaukadaulo. Ngakhale pamavuto omwe tatchulawa, sizinachitike kwa aliyense kuti galimoto yamagetsi ingakhale njira ina, ndipo ngakhale kuti electrochemistry ya maselo a lithiamu idadziwika, inali isanayeretsedwe. Kupambana koyamba pakupanga galimoto yamakono yamagetsi kunali GM EV1, cholengedwa chapadera chaumisiri chazaka za m'ma 1990, chomwe mbiri yake imafotokozedwa bwino mu kampani Yemwe Anapha Galimoto Yamagetsi.

Ngati tibwerera m'masiku athu, timapeza kuti zoyambirira zasintha kale. Zomwe zikuchitika ndimagalimoto amagetsi a BMW ndi chisonyezo chazomwe zikuchitika mwachangu m'munda, ndipo chemistry ikhala yomwe ikuyendetsa bwino ntchitoyi. Sikufunikanso kupanga ndikupanga zida zopepuka za kaboni kuti muchepetse kulemera kwa mabatire. Pakadali pano ndiudindo wamagetsi (zamagetsi) ochokera kumakampani monga Samsung, LG Chem, CATL, ndi ena, omwe m'madipatimenti a R&D akufuna njira zogwiritsa ntchito bwino ma cell awo a lithiamu-ion. Chifukwa onse mabatire "graphene" ndi "olimba" alidi mitundu ya lithiamu-ion. Koma tisadzipereke patsogolo.

Tesla ndi ena onse

Posachedwapa, poyankhulana, Elon Musk adanena kuti adzapeza kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri magalimoto amagetsi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ntchito yake monga mpainiya wosonkhezera ena yatha. Izi zikumveka ngati zopanda pake, koma ndikukhulupirira kuti zili choncho. M'nkhaniyi, zonena zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kulengedwa kwa anthu opha Tesla osiyanasiyana kapena mawu monga "ndife abwino kuposa Tesla" ndizopanda tanthauzo komanso zopanda tanthauzo. Zomwe kampaniyo yakwanitsa kuchita ndizosayerekezeka, ndipo izi ndi zoona - ngakhale opanga ambiri akuyamba kupereka zitsanzo zabwino kuposa Tesla.

Okonza magalimoto aku Germany ali pamphepete mwa kusintha kwakung'ono kwamagetsi, koma mdani woyamba woyenera wa Tesla wagwera pa Jaguar ndi I-Pace, yomwe ndi imodzi mwamagalimoto ochepa (omwe adakali) omangidwa papulatifomu yodzipereka. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha zomwe akatswiri amapanga kuchokera ku Jaguar / Land Rover ndi kampani ya kholo Tata pantchito zaukadaulo wa aloyi wa aluminiyamu, komanso kuti mitundu yambiri yamakampani ndi yotere, ndipo kupanga zinthu zochepa kumakupatsani mwayi wopeza mtengo wokwera. ,

Tisaiwale kuti opanga aku China akupanga mitundu yamagetsi yamagetsi yopangidwa mwapadera, yolimbikitsidwa ndi misonkho mdziko muno, koma mwina zopereka zofunikira kwambiri pagalimoto yotchuka kwambiri zichokera ku "galimoto ya anthu" ya VW.

Monga gawo pakusintha kwathunthu kwa malingaliro ake a moyo komanso mtunda kuchokera pamavuto a dizilo, VW ikupanga pulogalamu yake yotchuka potengera kapangidwe ka MEB, kamene kadzakhazikitsidwa ndi mitundu yambiri m'zaka zikubwerazi. Zonsezi zimayendetsedwa ndi miyezo yovuta ya mpweya wa CO2021 ku European Union, yomwe imafuna kuchuluka kwa CO2 pamtundu uliwonse kuchokera kwa wopanga aliyense kuti achepetsedwe mpaka 95 g / km pofika 3,6. Izi zikutanthauza kumwa kwapakati pa 4,1 malita a dizilo kapena malita XNUMX a mafuta. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwamagalimoto a dizilo komanso kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya ma SUV, izi sizingachitike popanda kuyambitsa mitundu yamagetsi, yomwe, ngakhale siyero kwenikweni, imachepetsa kwambiri avareji.