Galimoto yamagetsi dzulo, lero ndi mawa: Gawo 1

Mndandanda wazovuta zatsopano zamagetsi zamagetsi

Kusanthula kwa ziwerengero ndikukonzekera kwamaphunziro ndi masayansi ovuta kwambiri ndipo zomwe zikuchitika pakadali pano pazazaumoyo, zandale mdziko lapansi zikutsimikizira izi. Pakadali pano, palibe amene anganene zomwe zichitike mliriwo utatha kuchokera pomwe bizinesi yamagalimoto idawoneka, makamaka chifukwa sizikudziwika kuti zidzakhala liti. Kodi zofunikira zokhudzana ndi mpweya wa carbon dioxide komanso mafuta padziko lapansi komanso ku Europe zisintha makamaka? Momwe izi, kuphatikiza mitengo yotsika yamafuta ndikuchepetsa ndalama zachuma, zimakhudza kuyenda kwamagetsi. Kodi kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zawo kumathandizabe kapena izi zidzachitika? Kodi ndalama zothandizira (ngati zilipo) zamakampani agalimoto zingaperekedwe ndikofunikira pakuika ndalama mu matekinoloje "obiriwira".

China, yomwe ikugwedeza kale vutoli, ipitilizabe kufunafuna njira yokhala mtsogoleri pazoyenda zatsopanozi, popeza sinakhale mtsogoleri wakale wakale. Opanga magalimoto ambiri masiku ano amagulitsabe magalimoto oyendetsedwa mwamphamvu, koma agwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pamagetsi zamagetsi mzaka zaposachedwa, motero ali okonzekera zochitika zina pambuyo pamavuto. Zachidziwikire, ngakhale zochitika zoyipa kwambiri zamtsogolo sizimaphatikizira china chovuta monga zomwe zikuchitika. Koma monga Nietzsche anena, "Zomwe sizimandipha zimandipangitsa kukhala wamphamvu." Momwe makampani amgalimoto ndi omwe amagwirizira ntchito amasinthira nzeru zawo komanso zaumoyo wawo sizikudziwika. Padzakhala ntchito kwa opanga ma cell a lithiamu-ion. Ndipo tisanapitilize ndi mayankho amakono pamagetsi amagetsi ndi mabatire, tikukumbutsani mbali zina za mbiriyakale ndi mayankho awo papulatifomu.

China chonga chiyambi ...

Njira ndiye cholinga. Lingaliro lowoneka ngati losavuta la Lao Tzu limadzaza ndi zomwe zikuchitika mumakampani amagalimoto masiku ano. Ndizowona kuti nthawi zosiyanasiyana m'mbiri yake zatchulidwanso kuti "zamphamvu" - monga mavuto awiri a mafuta, koma ndizowona kuti lero palidi njira zazikulu zosinthira m'derali. Mwina chithunzithunzi chabwino kwambiri cha kupsinjika chingakhale m'madipatimenti akukonzekera, chitukuko, kapena kulumikizana ndi ogulitsa. Kodi ma voliyumu ndi gawo lanji la magalimoto amagetsi pakupanga magalimoto onse m'zaka zikubwerazi? Momwe mungapangire kuperekera kwa zigawo monga ma cell a lithiamu-ion a mabatire ndi omwe adzakhale omwe amapereka zida ndi zida zopangira ma mota amagetsi ndi zamagetsi zamagetsi. Kaya mukugulitsa zinthu zanu kapena kuyikapo ndalama, gulani masheya ndikulowa m'mapangano ndi ogulitsa ena opanga ma drive amagetsi. Ngati mapulaneti atsopano apangidwa motsatira ndondomeko ya galimoto yomwe ikufunsidwa, ngati yomwe ilipo panopa idzasinthidwa kapena ngati mapulatifomu atsopano apangidwa. Kuchuluka kwa nkhani pamaziko omwe zisankho zofulumira ziyenera kupangidwa, koma kutengera kusanthula kwakukulu. Chifukwa zonse zimaphatikizapo ndalama zambiri zamakampani ndi kukonzanso, zomwe siziyenera kuwononga ntchito yachitukuko pamayendedwe apamwamba ndi injini zoyatsira mkati (kuphatikiza injini za dizilo). Komabe, pambuyo pa zonse, ndi iwo omwe amabweretsa phindu la makampani a galimoto ndipo ayenera kupereka ndalama zothandizira chitukuko ndi kuyambitsa zitsanzo zatsopano zamagetsi. Ah, tsopano pali vuto ...

Matabwa a dizilo

Ziwerengero ndi zoneneratu zochokera kusanthula ndi ntchito yovuta. Malinga ndi zolosera zambiri kuyambira 2008, masiku ano mtengo wamafuta uyenera kupitilira $ 250 pa mbiya. Kenako kunabwera mavuto azachuma ndipo zolumikizana zonse zidagwa. Vutoli linali litatha kale, ndipo VW Bordeaux idalengeza za injini ya dizilo ndipo idakhala yonyamula lingaliro la dizilo ndi mapulogalamu otchedwa "Tsiku la Dizilo" kapena D-Day mofananiza ndi tsiku lofikira ku Normandy. Malingaliro ake adayamba kumera pomwe zidadziwika kuti kutulutsa dizilo sikunachitike mwachilungamo komanso mwaukhondo. Ziwerengero sizimawerengera zochitika zakale ngati izi, koma palibe moyo wamakampani kapena wamagulu omwe ndi wosabala. Ndale ndi chikhalidwe TV anafulumizitsa anathematize injini dizilo popanda maziko luso, ndi Volkswagen lokha anathira mafuta pa moto ndi ngati mawonekedwe a compensatory limagwirira anaponya pamtengo, ndi malawi ndi monyadira anagwedeza mbendera ya kuyenda magetsi.

Okonza magalimoto ambiri agwidwa mumsamphawu ndi zochitika zofulumira. Chipembedzo chokhazikitsidwa ndi D-Day mwachangu chidakhala chosakhulupirika, ndikusandulika E-day, ndipo aliyense mwachangu adayamba kudzifunsa mafunso omwe ali pamwambapa. Pazaka zopitilira zinayi - kuchokera pachisokonezo cha dizilo mu 2015 mpaka lero, ngakhale ma electrosceptics omveka kwambiri asiya kukana magalimoto amagetsi ndikuyamba kufunafuna njira zopangira magalimoto otere. Ngakhale Mazda, yomwe imati "mitima yawo ndiyofunda" ndi Toyota, modzipereka kwambiri pamtundu wawo kotero kuti adatulutsa mauthenga osamveka otsatsa malonda monga "omwe amadzipangira okha" tsopano ali okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi wamba.

Tsopano opanga magalimoto onse, popanda kuchotserapo, akuyamba kuphatikizira magalimoto amagetsi kapena magetsi m'magulu awo. Pano sitingapite mwatsatanetsatane yemwe adzadziwitse ndendende zitsanzo za magetsi ndi magetsi m'zaka zikubwerazi, osati chifukwa chakuti manambalawa amadutsa ndikupita ngati masamba a autumn, komanso chifukwa vutoli lidzasintha malingaliro ambiri. Mapulani ndi ofunikira pamadipatimenti okonzekera kupanga, koma monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, "njira ndiyo cholinga". Mofanana ndi ngalawa imene ikuyenda panyanja, kuona pachizimezime kumasintha ndiponso kuona zinthu zatsopano. Mitengo ya batri ikutsika, komabe mtengo wamafuta ukutsika. Andale akupanga chisankho lero, koma m'kupita kwanthawi zidapangitsa kuti ntchito zichepetse komanso zisankho zatsopano zibwererenso momwe zidalili. Kenako zonse zimayima mwadzidzidzi ...

Komabe, sitikuganiza kuti kuyenda kwamagetsi sikuchitika. Inde, "zikuchitika" ndipo mwina zipitilizabe kuchitika. Koma monga tanena mobwerezabwereza za ife mu auto motor und masewera, chidziwitso ndichofunikira kwambiri ndipo ndi mndandanda uno tikufuna kuthandizira kukulitsa chidziwitso ichi.

Ndani adzachite chiyani - posachedwa?

Magnetism a Elon Musk ndikulowetsedwa komwe Tesla (yofanana ndi kampani yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati ma mota osakanikirana kapena olowetsa) pamakampani opanga magalimoto ndizodabwitsa. Tikasiya njira zopezera ndalama ndi kampani, sitingachitire mwina koma kusilira munthu yemwe adapeza mwayi wake pamakampani opanga magalimoto ndikukankhira "kuyambitsa" kwake pakati pa ma mastodon. Ndimakumbukira ndikuyendera chiwonetsero cha Detroit mu 2010, pomwe poyimilira yaying'ono Tesla adawonetsa gawo la pulatifomu ya aluminiyamu yamtsogolo Model S. Zikuwoneka kuti ali ndi nkhawa, wopanga maimidwewo sanapatsidwe ulemu komanso chidwi ndi atolankhani ambiri. Palibe atolankhani aliyense panthawiyo amene anaganiza kuti tsamba laling'ono ili m'mbiri ya Tesla lingakhale lofunikira pakukula kwake. Monga Toyota, yomwe idafunafuna mitundu yonse ya mapangidwe ndi ma patent kuti apange maziko aukadaulo wosakanizidwa, omwe amapanga Tesla panthawiyo anali kufunafuna njira zanzeru zopangira galimoto yamagetsi pamtengo wokwanira. Monga gawo la kusaka uku ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma motors osynchronous, kuphatikiza kwama cell apakompyuta apakompyuta m'mabatire ndi kuwongolera kwawo moyenera, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nsanja yopanga yopepuka ya Lotus monga maziko a mtundu woyamba wa Roadster. Inde, galimoto yomweyo yomwe Musk adatumiza mumlengalenga ndi Falcon Heavy.

Mosayembekezereka, mchaka chomwecho 2010 kuchokera kutsidya la nyanja ndidakhala ndi mwayi wopezeka pamwambo wina wosangalatsa wokhudzana ndi magalimoto amagetsi - kuwonetsedwa kwa MegaCity Vehicle ya BMW. Ngakhale panthawi yomwe mitengo yamafuta ikugwa komanso kusakhudzidwa kwathunthu ndi magalimoto amagetsi, BMW idapereka mtundu wopangidwa kwathunthu kutengera mtundu wamagetsi, wokhala ndi chimango chonyamula mabatire a aluminium. Pofuna kulipirira kulemera kwa mabatire, omwe mu 2010 anali ndi maselo omwe samangokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa koma anali okwera mtengo kasanu kuposa momwe akuchitira pano, mainjiniya a BMW, limodzi ndi ena mwa omwe amagulitsa nawo ntchito, adapanga kapangidwe ka kaboni kamene zitha kupangidwa zambiri. Chaka chomwecho, 2010, Nissan idakhazikitsa magetsi ndi Leaf, ndipo GM idatulutsa Volt / Ampera. Izi zinali mbalame zoyambirira za magetsi atsopano…

Kubwerera nthawi

Tikabwerera m'mbiri yagalimotoyo tiona kuti kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 mpaka mozungulira Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse galimoto yamagetsi imawoneka kuti ikupikisana mokwanira ndi yoyendetsedwa ndi injini yoyaka yamkati. Ndizowona kuti mabatirewo anali osagwira ntchito panthawiyo, komanso ndizowona kuti injini yoyaka mkati inali yaying'ono. Kupangidwa kwa zoyambira zamagetsi mu 1912, kupezeka kwa minda yayikulu yamafuta ku Texas izi zisanachitike, ndikupanga misewu yochulukirapo ku United States, komanso kupangidwa kwa mizere yamisonkhano, galimoto yokhala ndi injini yoyaka mkati idapeza zabwino zowonekera kuposa magetsi. Mabatire amchere "olonjeza" a Thomas Edison adapezeka kuti ndi osagwira ntchito komanso osadalirika ndipo amangotsanulira mafuta m'nkhokwe zamagalimoto zamagetsi. Zabwino zonse zimasungidwa pafupifupi zaka za zana lonse la 20, pomwe makampani azamagalimoto amagetsi amangomanga chifukwa chaukadaulo. Ngakhale pamavuto amafuta omwe atchulidwawa, sizinachitikepo kwa aliyense kuti galimoto yamagetsi ikhoza kukhala njira ina, ndipo ngakhale makina amagetsi a ma lithiamu anali kudziwika, anali "asanayeretsedwe". Kupambana koyamba pakupanga galimoto yamakono yamagetsi inali GM EV1, yopanga ukadaulo wapadera kuyambira zaka za 90, mbiri yake ikufotokozedwa bwino mu kampani "Yemwe Adapha Galimoto yamagetsi."

Ngati tibwerera m'masiku athu, tidzapeza kuti zoyambirira zasintha kale. Zomwe zikuchitika ndimagalimoto amagetsi a BMW ndi chisonyezo cha zomwe zikuchitika mwachangu m'munda ndipo chemistry ikhala yoyendetsa kwambiri pantchitoyi. Sikufunikanso kupanga ndikupanga zida zopepuka za kaboni kuti zithetse kulemera kwa mabatire. Tsopano ndiudindo wamagetsi (zamagetsi) ochokera kumakampani monga Samsung, LG Chem, CATL, ndi ena, omwe mabungwe awo opanga ndi kupanga akufuna njira zogwiritsa ntchito bwino ma cell a lithiamu-ion. Chifukwa onse mabatire "graphene" ndi "olimba" alidi mitundu ya lithiamu-ion. Koma tiyeni tisapite patsogolo pa zochitika.

Tesla ndi ena onse

Posachedwa, poyankhulana, a Elon Musk adanenanso kuti angasangalale ndikulowerera kwamagalimoto amagetsi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti cholinga chake monga mpainiya wothandizira ena chakwaniritsidwa. Zikumveka zopanda pake, koma ndikukhulupirira ndizotheka. Poterepa, zonena zilizonse zokhudza kulengedwa kwa opha anthu osiyanasiyana a Tesla kapena zonena monga "ndife abwino kuposa Tesla" zilibe tanthauzo komanso ndizosowa. Zomwe kampani yakwanitsa kuchita ndizosafanana ndipo izi ndi zowona - ngakhale opanga ochulukirapo ayamba kupereka mitundu yabwino kuposa ya Tesla.

Opanga magalimoto aku Germany atsala pang'ono kusintha pang'ono zamagetsi, koma ulemu wa mdani woyamba wa Tesla adagwera Jaguar ndi I-Pace, yomwe ndi imodzi mwamagalimoto ochepa (omwe adakali) omangidwa papulatifomu yodzipereka. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha ukadaulo wa mainjiniya ochokera ku Jaguar / Land Rover komanso kampani ya kholo Tata pantchito ya matekinoloje a aluminium alloy komanso kuti mitundu yambiri yamakampani ndi yotere, ndipo kupanga zinthu zochepa kumapereka mwayi wokwera mtengo.

Tisaiwale kuchuluka kwa opanga aku China omwe akupanga mitundu yamagetsi yopangidwa mwapadera yolimbikitsidwa ndi misonkho mdziko muno, koma mwina gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakupanga galimoto yotchuka kwambiri lidzachokera ku "galimoto ya anthu" VW.

Monga gawo lakusintha kwathunthu kwa moyo wawo ndikudzipatula pamavuto a dizilo, VW ikupanga pulogalamu yake yayikulu kutengera mawonekedwe a MEB, pomwe mitundu yambiri izakhazikitsidwa m'zaka zikubwerazi. Miyezo yokhayokha yotulutsa mpweya woipa wa European Union, womwe umafuna kuti pofika 2021 kuchuluka kwa CO2 pamtundu uliwonse wa wopanga aliyense kuti utsike mpaka 95 g / km, ukhale ndi chilimbikitso pazonsezi. Izi zikutanthauza kumwa kwapakati pa 3,6 malita a dizilo kapena malita 4,1 a mafuta. Ndi kuchepa kwa kufunika kwa magalimoto a dizilo komanso kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya SUV, izi sizingachitike popanda kuyambitsa mitundu yamagetsi, yomwe, ngakhale siyendetsedwa ndi mpweya wathunthu, imachepetsa kwambiri mulingo wapakati.

(kutsatira)

Zolemba: Georgy Kolev