Galimoto yamagetsi ya Nikola Tesla

Magalimoto amagetsi amagwira ntchito bwino kuposa ma injini oyaka mkati. Chifukwa komanso liti

Chowonadi chachikulu ndi chakuti mavuto a magalimoto amagetsi amagwirizana ndi gwero la mphamvu, koma akhoza kuwonedwa mosiyana. Monga zinthu zambiri m'moyo zomwe timazitenga mopepuka, makina oyendetsa magetsi ndi makina oyendetsa magalimoto amagetsi amaonedwa kuti ndi chipangizo chothandiza kwambiri komanso chodalirika pamagalimoto awa. Komabe, kuti akwaniritse izi, abwera kutali ndi chisinthiko - kuchokera pakupeza kugwirizana pakati pa magetsi ndi maginito mpaka kusintha kwake kukhala mphamvu yamakina. Mutuwu nthawi zambiri umakhala wocheperako pofotokoza za chitukuko chaukadaulo cha injini yoyaka moto mkati, koma kumafunikanso kuyankhula zambiri za makina otchedwa mota yamagetsi.

Motors imodzi kapena ziwiri

Ngati muyang'ana chithunzithunzi cha injini yamagetsi, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wake, mudzawona kuti imagwira ntchito bwino pa 85 peresenti, nthawi zambiri imakhala yoposa 90 peresenti, ndipo imakhala yogwira mtima kwambiri pa 75 peresenti ya katundu. pazipita. Pamene mphamvu ndi kukula kwa galimoto yamagetsi ikuwonjezeka, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kumakula moyenerera, komwe kumatha kufika pamtunda wake ngakhale kale - nthawi zina pa 20 peresenti katundu. Komabe, pali mbali ina yandalama - ngakhale kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito apamwamba, kugwiritsa ntchito ma mota amphamvu kwambiri okhala ndi katundu wochepa kwambiri kungayambitsenso kulowa pafupipafupi m'dera lotsika. Choncho, zisankho za kukula, mphamvu, nambala (imodzi kapena ziwiri) ndi ntchito (imodzi kapena ziwiri malinga ndi katundu) wa magalimoto amagetsi ndi njira zomwe ndi mbali ya mapangidwe ntchito pomanga galimoto. M'nkhaniyi, ndizomveka chifukwa chake kuli bwino kukhala ndi magalimoto awiri m'malo mwa mphamvu kwambiri, kotero kuti nthawi zambiri samalowa m'madera otsika kwambiri, komanso chifukwa chotheka kutseka katundu wochepa. Choncho, pa katundu pang'ono, mwachitsanzo, mu "Tesla Model 3 Performance" ndi injini yokhayo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. M'matembenuzidwe amphamvu kwambiri, ndi amodzi okha, ndipo m'matembenuzidwe amphamvu kwambiri, asynchronous amalumikizidwa ndi ekseli yakutsogolo. Uwu ndi mwayi wina wamagalimoto amagetsi - mphamvu imatha kuonjezedwa mosavuta, mitundu imagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi zofunikira, ndipo magetsi apawiri ndi othandiza. Komabe, kutsika kocheperako pa katundu wochepa sikulepheretsa kuti, mosiyana ndi injini yoyaka mkati, injini yamagetsi imatulutsa kuthamanga kwa zero chifukwa cha mfundo yake yosiyana kwambiri yogwirira ntchito komanso kulumikizana pakati pa maginito ngakhale pamikhalidwe yotere. Zomwe tatchulazi zakuchita bwino ndizomwe zili pakatikati pa kapangidwe ka injini ndi njira zogwirira ntchito - monga tanenera, injini yokulirapo yomwe ikuyenda mosalekeza ndi yotsika kwambiri ingakhale yosakwanira.

Ndi chitukuko chofulumira cha kuyenda kwamagetsi, kusiyanasiyana kwa magalimoto kumakula. Mapangano ochulukirachulukira ndi makonzedwe akupangidwa, pomwe opanga ena monga BMW ndi VW amapangira ndikupanga magalimoto awoawo, ena amagula magawo m'makampani okhudzana ndi bizinesiyi, pomwe ena amapereka kwa ogulitsa monga Bosch. Nthawi zambiri, mukamawerenga za mtundu wamagetsi, mupeza kuti galimoto yake ndi "AC permanent magnet synchronous". Komabe, mpainiya wa Tesla amagwiritsa ntchito mayankho ena mbali iyi - ma asynchronous motors mumitundu yonse yam'mbuyomu komanso kuphatikiza kwa asynchronous ndi otchedwa. "Resistance switching motor ngati drive axle yakumbuyo mumtundu wa 3 Performance. M'mitundu yotsika mtengo yokhala ndi magudumu akumbuyo okha, ndi imodzi yokha. Audi ikugwiritsanso ntchito ma induction motors a q-tron model komanso kuphatikiza ma synchronous and asynchronous motors pa e-tron Q4 yomwe ikubwera. Kodi kwenikweni ndi chiyani?

Galimoto yamagetsi ya Nikola Tesla

Mfundo yoti Nikola Tesla adapanga makina osakanikirana kapena, mwa kuyankhula kwina, mota wamagetsi "wopatsa chidwi" (kumapeto chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19) ulibe kulumikizana kwachidziwikire kuti mitundu ya Tesla Motors ndi imodzi mwamagalimoto ochepa opangidwa ndi makina oterewa ... M'malo mwake, magwiridwe antchito amtundu wa Tesla mota adadziwika kwambiri mzaka za m'ma 60, pomwe zida zama semiconductor zimayamba pang'onopang'ono pansi pa dzuwa, ndipo mainjiniya aku America Alan Coconi adapanga ma inverters osunthika omwe amatha kusintha mabatire amakono (DC) kukhala ma alternating current (AC ) momwe amafunira kuyendetsa, komanso mosemphanitsa (pakuchira). Kuphatikiza kwa inverter (yemwenso amadziwika kuti transanger engineering) ndi mota yamagetsi yopangidwa ndi Coconi idakhala maziko a GM EV1 yotchuka ndipo, mwanjira yoyera kwambiri, sporty tZERO. Mwa kufanana ndi kusaka akatswiri aku Japan aku Toyota pomwe kukhazikitsidwa kwa Prius ndikupeza patent ya TRW, omwe amapanga Tesla adapeza galimoto ya tZERO. Pambuyo pake, adagula layisensi ya tZero ndikuigwiritsa ntchito pomanga roadster.
Ubwino waukulu wamagalimoto olowetsa ndikuti sagwiritsa ntchito maginito okhazikika ndipo safuna zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kapena zosowa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa m'migwirizano yomwe imabweretsa zovuta kwa ogula. Komabe, maginito opanga maginito osakanikirana komanso osatha amagwiritsa ntchito bwino kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo pazida zama semiconductor, komanso pakupanga ma MOSFET okhala ndi gawo logwiritsa ntchito transistor ndipo pambuyo pake ma bipolar isolation transistors (IGBTs). Ndikubwera kumeneku komwe kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kupanga zida zamagetsi zomwe zatchulidwazi komanso zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi. Zitha kuwoneka zazing'ono kuti kuthekera kosintha bwino ma batri a DC kukhala atatu-AC komanso mosemphana makamaka chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo woyang'anira, koma ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zimafika milingo yayitali kwambiri kuposa nthawi zonse mnyumba netiweki yamagetsi, ndipo nthawi zambiri mitengoyo imadutsa ma amperes 150. Izi zimatulutsa kutentha kwakukulu komwe zamagetsi zamagetsi zimayenera kuthana nazo.

Koma kubwerera pankhani yamagalimoto amagetsi. Monga injini zoyaka zamkati, zitha kugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana, ndipo "nthawi" ndi imodzi mwazo. M'malo mwake, izi ndi zotsatira za njira ina yofunikira kwambiri yothandiza popanga mibadwo yamaginito. Ngakhale magetsi ali ndi gwero lamakono lamakono, opanga makina amagetsi saganiziranso zogwiritsa ntchito ma mota a DC. Poganizira zotayika zakutembenuka, mayunitsi a AC makamaka mayunitsi ofanana amaposa mpikisano ndi zinthu za DC. Ndiye mota wama synchronous kapena asynchronous amatanthauzanji?

Kampani yamagalimoto yamagetsi

Magalimoto onse awiri ogwirizana komanso osakanikirana ndi amtundu wamagetsi amagetsi omwe amakhala ndi mphamvu yayitali. Mwambiri, malekezero ozungulira amakhala ndimapepala olimba, ndodo zachitsulo zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu kapena mkuwa (zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posachedwa) ndi ma coil otsekedwa. Zomwe zikuyenda pakadali pano pa stator mozungulira mozungulira, pakadali pano kuchokera pagawo limodzi mwamagawo atatuwo. Popeza aliyense wa iwo ndi ankatembenukira mu gawo ndi madigiri 120 poyerekeza ndi ena, otchedwa onsewo maginito. Kudutsa kwa makina ozungulira ozungulira ndi mizere yamagetsi kuchokera kumunda wopangidwa ndi stator kumabweretsa kuyenda kwamakono mu rotor, kofanana ndi kulumikizana kwa chosinthira.
Maginito omwe amachititsa kuti agwirizane ndi "kusinthasintha" mu stator, komwe kumapangitsa kuti makina ozungulirawo azigwira ndikusinthasintha pambuyo pake. Komabe, ndimayendedwe amagetsi amtunduwu, ozungulira nthawi zonse amakhala kumbuyo kwa munda, chifukwa ngati palibe zoyenda pakati pa mundawo ndi ozungulira, palibe maginito omwe angapangidwe mu ozungulira. Chifukwa chake, mulingo wothamanga kwambiri umatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwakanthawi komanso katundu. Komabe, chifukwa cha magwiridwe antchito amtundu wamagetsi, opanga ambiri amamatira, koma pazifukwa zina pamwambapa, Tesla amakhalabe woimira ma asynchronous motors.

Inde, makinawa ndi otchipa, koma ali ndi zovuta zawo, ndipo anthu onse omwe ayesa kuthamanga motsatizana motsatizana ndi Model S adzakuuzani momwe ntchito imatsikira kwambiri ndi kubwereza kulikonse. Njira zopangira ma induction ndi kutuluka kwazomwe zimatsogolera ku kutentha, ndipo makinawo akapanda kukhazikika pansi pa katundu wambiri, kutentha kumachulukana ndipo mphamvu zake zimachepetsedwa kwambiri. Pazifukwa zodzitchinjiriza, zamagetsi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zomwe zikuchitika ndipo magwiridwe antchito amawonongeka. Ndipo chinthu chinanso - kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati jenereta, injini yolowera iyenera kukhala ndi maginito - ndiko kuti, "kudutsa" pakali pano kudzera pa stator, yomwe imapanga munda ndi zamakono mu rotor kuti ayambe ndondomekoyi. Ndiye akhoza kudzidyetsa yekha.

Magalimoto osinthitsa kapena ofanana

Ma unit ofananirana amakhala ndi magwiridwe antchito kwambiri komanso mphamvu zamagetsi. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa mota wa induction ndikuti maginito omwe ali mu rotor samayambitsidwa chifukwa cholumikizana ndi stator, koma ndi zotsatira zakomwe kukuyenda kupyola ma windings owonjezera omwe adayikidwamo, kapena maginito okhazikika. Chifukwa chake, gawo lomwe lili mu rotor ndi gawo la stator limafanana, koma kuthamanga kwambiri kwa mota kumadalira kutembenuka kwa mundawo, motsatana ndi pafupipafupi ndi katundu. Pofuna kupewa kufunika kowonjezera magetsi ku windings, komwe kumawonjezera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamagetsi ndikusokoneza kayendetsedwe kake, ma mota amagetsi omwe amatchedwa kukokomeza kosagwiritsidwa ntchito amagwiritsidwa ntchito mgalimoto zamagetsi zamakono ndi mitundu yophatikiza. ndi maginito okhazikika. Monga tanenera kale, pafupifupi onse opanga magalimoto oterewa amagwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi amtunduwu, chifukwa chake, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, padzakhalabe vuto ndi kuchepa kwa ma Earth osowa okwera mtengo a neodymium ndi dysprosium. Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ndi gawo limodzi lazofunikira kuchokera kwa akatswiri pamunda uno.

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Kapangidwe kazitsulo kazungulira kamapereka mwayi waukulu wopititsa patsogolo makina amagetsi.
Pali mayankho osiyanasiyana aukadaulo okhala ndi maginito okwera pamwamba, rotor yooneka ngati disk, yokhala ndi maginito omangika mkati. Chochititsa chidwi apa ndi yankho la Tesla, lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo womwe watchulidwa pamwambapa wotchedwa Switched Reluctance Motor kuyendetsa ekseli yakumbuyo ya Model 3. "Kukana", kapena kukana maginito, ndi mawu otsutsana ndi maginito maginito, ofanana ndi kukana kwa magetsi ndi magetsi a zipangizo. Ma motors amtunduwu amagwiritsa ntchito chodabwitsa kuti maginito flux amatha kudutsa gawo lazinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi maginito ochepa. Zotsatira zake, zimachotsa zinthu zomwe zikudutsamo kuti zidutse gawolo mopanda kukana. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mumagetsi amagetsi kuti apange kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake - chifukwa cha izi, zipangizo zokhala ndi maginito osiyanasiyana zimasinthana mu rotor: zolimba (monga ma disks a ferrite neodymium) ndi zofewa (ma disks achitsulo). Poyesera kudutsa m'zinthu zochepetsera, mphamvu ya maginito kuchokera ku stator imazungulira rotor mpaka itayikidwa kuti itero. Ndi ulamuliro wamakono, munda umasinthasintha nthawi zonse rotor pamalo abwino. Ndiko kuti, kusinthasintha sikunayambitsidwe motere mwa kuyanjana kwa maginito a maginito monga chizolowezi chamunda kuti chidutse muzinthu ndi kukana kochepa komanso zotsatira za kuzungulira kwa rotor. Posinthana zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa zigawo zamtengo wapatali kumachepetsedwa.

Kutengera kapangidwe kake, ma curve achangu ndi ma torque amasintha ndi liwiro la injini. Poyambirira, injini yolowetsamo imakhala yotsika kwambiri, ndipo yapamwamba kwambiri imakhala ndi maginito, koma pamapeto pake imachepa kwambiri ndi liwiro. Injini ya BMW i3 ili ndi mawonekedwe osakanizidwa apadera, chifukwa cha mapangidwe omwe amaphatikiza maginito osatha komanso "kusafuna" komwe tafotokozazi. Choncho, galimoto yamagetsi imakwaniritsa mphamvu zambiri zokhazikika ndi makokedwe omwe ali ndi makina omwe ali ndi rotor yothamanga kwambiri, koma ali ndi kulemera kochepa kwambiri kuposa iwo (otsirizirawo ndi othandiza m'zinthu zambiri, koma osati kulemera kwake). Pambuyo pa zonsezi, zikuwonekeratu kuti kuyendetsa bwino kukuchepa mofulumira, chifukwa chake opanga ambiri akunena kuti adzayang'ana pa maulendo awiri othamanga kwa magalimoto amagetsi.

Mafunso ndi Mayankho:

Kodi Tesla amagwiritsa ntchito injini ziti? Mitundu yonse ya Tesla ndi magalimoto amagetsi, motero amakhala ndi ma mota amagetsi okha. Pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse umakhala ndi 3-phase AC induction motor pansi pa hood.

Kodi injini ya Tesla imagwira ntchito bwanji? Galimoto yamagetsi ya asynchronous imagwira ntchito chifukwa cha kuchitika kwa EMF chifukwa cha kuzungulira kwa stator yoyima ya maginito. Kuyenda mobwerera kumbuyo kumaperekedwa ndi kusintha kwa polarity pamakoyilo oyambira.

Kodi injini ya Tesla ili kuti? Magalimoto a Tesla ndi oyendetsa kumbuyo. Chifukwa chake, injiniyo ili pakati pa zitsulo zam'mbuyo zam'mwamba. Galimoto imakhala ndi rotor ndi stator, zomwe zimangolumikizana wina ndi mnzake kudzera mumayendedwe.

Kodi injini ya Tesla imalemera bwanji? Kulemera kwa injini yamagetsi yosonkhanitsidwa yamitundu ya Tesla ndi ma kilogalamu 240. Kwenikweni kusinthidwa kwa injini imodzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.