Mayeso a injini ya Audi - Gawo 2: 4.0 TFSI
Kupitiliza kwa mndandanda wamagalimoto oyendetsa mtunduwo
Audi ndi Bentley's eyiti-silinda 4.0 TFSI ndiye chithunzithunzi cha kutsika kwa magulu apamwamba. Inalowa m'malo mwa injini ya 4,2-lita yofunidwa mwachilengedwe ndi 5,2-lita V10 unit ya S6, S7 ndi S8 ndipo inalipo mumagulu amphamvu kuyambira 420 mpaka 520bhp. mpaka 605 hp kutengera chitsanzo. Pa ziwerengero izi, injini Audi ndi mpikisano mwachindunji BMW a 4,4-lita N63 biturbo injini ndi Baibulo ake S63 kwa M-zitsanzo. Mofanana ndi BMW, ma turbocharger awiri amaikidwa mkati mwa mabanki a silinda, omwe ali pa madigiri 90 monga momwe analili ndi 4,2-lita yapitayi. Ndi dongosololi, kuphatikizika kowonjezereka kumatheka ndipo njira ya mpweya wotulutsa mpweya imafupikitsidwa. Kukonzekera kwamapasa-mpukutu (mu BMW kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha mu S-version) kumalola kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa ma pulsations kuchokera kumasilinda osiyanasiyana ndikuchotsa gawo lalikulu la mphamvu yawo ya kinetic, ndipo ikuchitika ndi kuphatikiza kovutirapo. njira zochokera ku masilindala a mizere yosiyana. Mfundo iyi yogwiritsira ntchito imapereka malo osungiramo ma torque pamene ikukwera ngakhale mumayendedwe pang'ono pamwamba pa liwiro lopanda ntchito. Ngakhale pa 1000 rpm, 4.0 TFSI ili kale ndi 400 Nm. Mtundu wamphamvu kwambiri ndi wokonzeka kupereka makokedwe ake pazipita 650 Nm (700 pa 560 ndi 605 hp Mabaibulo) mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 1750 mpaka 5000 rpm, pamene muyezo wa 550 Nm likupezeka ngakhale kale - kuchokera 1400 kuti 5250 rpm. Chotchinga cha injini chimapangidwa ndi ma aluminiyamu opangidwa ndi aluminiyamu yotayirira pamagetsi otsika, ndipo m'matembenuzidwe amphamvu amathandizidwanso ndi kutentha. Kuti alimbikitse chipikacho, zoyikapo zitsulo zisanu za ductile zimaphatikizidwa m'munsi mwake. Monga gawo laling'ono la EA888, pampu yamafuta imakhala yosinthika, ndipo potsika rpm ndi katundu, ma pistoni ozizira pansi amazimitsidwa. Lingaliro la kuziziritsa kwa injini ndi lofanana, pomwe gawo lowongolera limasinthira kutentha munthawi yeniyeni, ndipo kufalikira kumasungidwa mpaka kutentha kwa ntchito kufikire. Zikakhalapo, madziwo amayamba kusuntha kuchokera mkati mwa ma cylinders kupita kumutu wa silinda, ndipo ngati kutentha kuli kofunika, pampu yamagetsi imatsogolera madzi kuchokera kumutu kupita ku kanyumba. Apanso, kuti pafupifupi kuthetseratu kusefukira kwa pisitoni, majekeseni angapo abwino amafuta pamayendedwe amachitidwa injini ikazizira.
Chotsani mbali ya zonenepa
Makina oyimitsira katundu pang'ono si njira yatsopano yochepetsera mafuta, koma ndi injini yamagetsi ya Audi, njirayi yakwaniritsidwa. Lingaliro la matekinoloje oterewa ndikukulitsa zomwe zimatchedwa. malo ogwiritsira ntchito - injini ikafuna mulingo wamagetsi womwe ungakwaniritse zonenepa zinayi zisanu ndi zitatu, zomalizirazo zimagwira ntchito modabwitsa kwambiri ndi kupindika. Malire apamwamba ogwira ntchito ndikuchepetsa kwa zonenepa ali pakati pa 25 ndi 40 peresenti yamakokedwe apamwamba (pakati pa 120 ndi 250 Nm), ndipo munjira imeneyi kupsyinjika kwapakati pazitsulo kumakulirakulira. Kutentha kozizira kumayenera kukhala kuti kwafika madigiri osachepera 30, kufalitsa kuyenera kukhala kwachitatu kapena kupitilira apo, ndipo injini iyenera kuti ikuyenda pakati pa 960 ndi 3500 rpm. Ngati zinthuzi zakwaniritsidwa, dongosololi limatseka mavavu olowera ndi kutulutsa a masilinda awiri amizere iliyonse yamphamvu, momwe gawo la V8 limapitilirabe ngati V4.
Kutsekedwa kwa ma valve oyenera pama camshafts anayi kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi mtundu watsopano wowongolera magawo ndi kukwapula kwa ma valavu dongosolo la Audi valvelift. Zitsamba zokhala ndi ma cams omwe ali pamwamba pake zotsegulira ma valve awiri ndi njira zimasunthira kumbali ndi zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zokhala ndi zikhomo, ndipo mu mtundu watsopanowu alinso ndi makamu a "zero stroke". Zomalizazi sizikhudza okwera ma valve ndipo akasupe amawatseka. Pa nthawi yomweyo, dongosolo kulamulira injini mabasi jekeseni mafuta ndi poyatsira. Komabe, ma valve asanatseke, zipinda zoyaka zimadzazidwa ndi mpweya wabwino - kusinthitsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kumachepetsa kukakamiza kwamphamvu ndi mphamvu zoyendetsera ma pistoni.
Nthawi yomwe dalaivala amasindikizira cholembera mwamphamvu kwambiri, zonenepa zomwe zatsekedwa zimayambiranso kugwira ntchito. Kubwereranso ku ntchito yamphamvu yamphamvu zisanu ndi zitatu, komanso njira zosinthira, ndizolondola kwambiri komanso mwachangu, ndipo sizowoneka. Kusintha konseku kumachitika mu 300 milliseconds okha, ndipo kusintha kwamachitidwe kumabweretsa kuchepa kwakanthawi kogwira ntchito, kotero kuti kuchepa kwenikweni kwa mafuta kumayamba pafupifupi masekondi atatu kutsegulira kwa zonenepa.
Malinga ndi Audi, anthu ochokera ku Bentley, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito 4.0 TFSI yapamwamba pa Continental GT (2012 koyamba), nawonso atenga nawo gawo pachitukuko chaukadaulo uwu. Makina oterewa siachilendo pakampaniyo ndipo amagwira ntchito mu gawo la 6,75-lita V8.
Ma injini a V8 amadziwika osati kokha chifukwa cha kutulutsa kwawo komanso kuyanjana kwawo bwino, komanso chifukwa chogwira ntchito bwino - ndipo izi zimagwira ntchito mwamphamvu ku 4.0 TFSI. Komabe, injini ya V8 ikamagwira ntchito ngati V4, kutengera kuchuluka kwa liwiro komanso kuthamanga kwake, chopingasa chake ndi zinthu zomwe zimabwezeretsanso zimayamba kupanga kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kwambiri. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale phokoso linalake lomwe limalowera mkati mwa galimoto. Ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu, makina otulutsa utsi amapanganso mawu ena ovuta kupondereza, ngakhale makina anzeru amagetsi amayendera ma valve. Pofunafuna njira zochepetsera kugwedezeka ndi phokoso, opanga a Audi agwiritsa ntchito njira yachilendo yaukadaulo, ndikupanga makina awiri apadera - njira zotsutsana ndi phokoso komanso kupewetsa kugwedera.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma vortex pakudzaza komanso kuchuluka kwa kutentha, kuchuluka kwa kupanikizika kumatha kukulitsidwa mosasamala kanthu za kupezeka kwa turbocharging popanda chiopsezo choyambitsa kuphulika pakayaka. Palinso kusiyana kwamatekinoloje pakati pamitundu yamagetsi yama 4.0 TFSI, monga kugwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi kapena iwiri yozungulira, magawo osiyanasiyana opangira ma turbocharger komanso kupezeka kwa mafuta ozizira owonjezera pazinthu zamphamvu kwambiri. Palinso zosiyana pamapangidwe azinyalala ndi zimbalangondo zawo zazikulu, kuchuluka kwa kupanikizika, magawo ogawa kwamagesi ndi ma jakisoni ndizosiyana.
Yogwira phokoso kulamulira ndi kugwedera damping
Active Noise Control (ANC) imalimbana ndi phokoso losafunikira popanga "anti-sound". Mfundo imeneyi imadziwika kuti kusokoneza kowononga: ngati mafunde awiri amawu ofanana pafupipafupi, matalikidwe awo amatha "kupangika" kotero kuti azimitsana wina ndi mnzake. Pachifukwa ichi, ma amplitudes awo ayenera kukhala ofanana, koma ayenera kukhala osadutsa pa madigiri 180 poyerekeza wina ndi mnzake, mwachitsanzo, ayenera kukhala antiphase. Akatswiri amatchulanso izi "kuchotseratu phokoso". Mitundu ya Audi, yomwe ipereke gawo latsopano la 4.0 TFSI, ili ndi maikolofoni anayi ang'onoang'ono ophatikizidwa padenga. Iliyonse ya iwo imalembetsa phokoso lonse m'dera loyandikana nalo. Kutengera ndi ma siginolo, gawo lowongolera la ANC limapanga chithunzi chosiyananso cha malo, pomwe nthawi yomweyo cholumikizira cha liwiro la crankshaft chimapereka chidziwitso chazomwezi. M'madera onse omwe sanatchulidwepo pomwe dongosololi limazindikira phokoso losokoneza, limapanga molondola mawu omasulira. Kuwongolera phokoso kwamphamvu kumakhala kokonzeka kugwira ntchito nthawi iliyonse - kaya pulogalamu ya audio ndiyotseka kapena kutseka komanso ngati mawu akumveketsedwa, amachepetsedwa, ndi zina zambiri. Njirayi imagwiranso ntchito mosasamala kachitidwe komwe galimoto ili ndi zida.
Njira yochepetsera kugwedezeka ndiyofanana kwambiri ndi lingaliro. Momwemonso, Audi imagwiritsa ntchito makina okhwima, othamanga. Kwa 4.0 TFSI, mainjiniya apanga ma bulaketi okhathamira kapena mapadi omwe amayesetsa kuthetsa kugwedezeka kwamagalimoto ndi kusintha kosunthika kosunthika. Chofunika kwambiri m'dongosolo lamagetsi lamagetsi lomwe limapangitsa kugwedezeka. Ili ndi maginito okhazikika komanso koyilo yothamanga kwambiri, komwe kayendedwe kake kamafalikira kudzera pachimake chosinthika kupita kuchipinda chokhala ndi madzi. Timadzimadzi timeneti timanjenjemera chifukwa cha njinga ndi zina zomwe zimalimbana nazo. Nthawi yomweyo, zinthuzi zimachepetsa kugwedezeka, osati munjira zoyeserera monga V4, komanso mumayendedwe abwinobwino a V8, mosamala kwambiri kuti idling.
(kutsatira)
Zolemba: Georgy Kolev
2020-08-30
