Kodi chidule ndi chiyani?

M'zaka zaposachedwa, European Basin yakhala yocheperako pazonse zomwe anthu wamba amakumana nazo. Izi zikugwira ntchito makamaka pamalipiro enieni, mafoni am'manja, ma laputopu, mtengo wamakampani kapena kukula kwa injini ndi mpweya. Tsoka ilo, kuchepa kwa ogwira ntchito sikunakhudze kuwonongeka kwa boma kapena boma. Komabe, tanthauzo la mawu oti "kuchepetsedwa" pamakampani opanga magalimoto siatsopano monga momwe angawonekere poyamba. Kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazi, injini za dizilo zinayambanso kuchepa panthawi yoyamba, yomwe, chifukwa chazowonjezera komanso jekeseni wamakono wamakono, idasunga kapena kuchepetsa voliyumu yawo, koma ndikuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwamphamvu za injini.

Nyengo yamakono ya "kucha" injini za petulo inayamba ndi kubwera kwa unit 1,4 TSi. Poyang'ana koyamba, izi mwazokha sizikuwoneka ngati kutsika, zomwe zinatsimikiziridwa ndi kuphatikizidwa kwake mu Golf, Leon kapena Octavia. Kusintha kwa kawonedwe sikunachitike mpaka Škoda atayamba kusonkhanitsa injini ya 1,4kW 90 TSi kukhala mtundu wake waukulu kwambiri wa Superb. Komabe, yojambula kwenikweni anali unsembe wa 1,2 kW 77 TSi injini mu magalimoto ndi lalikulu monga Octavia, Leon ndipo ngakhale VW Caddy. Pokhapokha m'pamene zenizeni ndipo, monga nthawi zonse, zisudzo zanzeru kwambiri zopezeka m'mabukhu zidayamba. Mawu ngati: "sikukoka, sikukhalitsa, palibe choloweza m'malo mwa voliyumu, octagon ili ndi injini ya nsalu, mwamva zimenezo?" Zinali zochulukirapo osati pamtengo wachinayi wa zida, komanso pazokambirana zapaintaneti. Kuchepetsa kumafuna khama lomveka bwino lochokera kwa opanga magalimoto kuti athane ndi chitsenderezo chosalekeza chofuna kuchepetsa kumwa komanso kutulutsa mpweya womwe amadedwa kwambiri. Inde, palibe chomwe chili chaulere, ndipo ngakhale kutsitsa sikungobweretsa phindu. Choncho, m'mizere yotsatirayi, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane zomwe zimatchedwa kuchepetsa, momwe zimagwirira ntchito komanso ubwino wake kapena zovuta zake.

Kodi chidule ndi zifukwa ndi chiyani

Kutsitsa kumatanthauza kuchepetsa kusuntha kwa injini yoyaka mkati ndikusunga mphamvu yofanana kapena yokulirapo. Mofanana ndi kuchepetsa voliyumu, supercharging ikuchitika ntchito turbocharger kapena makina kompresa, kapena osakaniza njira zonse (VW 1,4 TSi - 125 kW). Komanso jekeseni wamafuta mwachindunji, nthawi ya valve yosinthika, kukweza valve, etc. Ndi matekinoloje owonjezerawa, mpweya wochuluka (oksijeni) woyaka moto umalowa m'masilinda, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe amaperekedwa akhoza kuwonjezeka molingana. Inde, kusakaniza koteroko kwa mpweya ndi mafuta kumakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Jakisoni wachindunji, wophatikizidwa ndi nthawi yosinthika komanso kukweza ma valve, nawonso amakulitsa jakisoni wamafuta ndi kuzungulira, zomwe zimawonjezera mphamvu yakuyaka. Kawirikawiri, voliyumu yaying'ono ya silinda ndi yokwanira kumasula mphamvu zofanana ndi injini zazikulu komanso zofanana popanda kuchepetsa.

Monga tawonera kale kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi, kuwonekera kwa kuchepetsedwa kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kukhwimitsa malamulo aku Europe. Makamaka ndizokhudza kuchepetsa mpweya, pomwe chowonekera kwambiri ndi njira yochepetsera mpweya wa CO kudera lonse.₂... Komabe, padziko lonse lapansi, malire azinthu akutulutsa pang'onopang'ono. Malinga ndi lamulo la European Commission, ma automaker aku Europe adadzipereka kukwaniritsa malire a 2015 g CO pofika 130.₂ pa km, mtengowu umawerengedwa ngati mtengo wapakati pazombo zamagalimoto zomwe zidayikidwa pamsika chaka chimodzi. Ma injini a petrol amatenga nawo gawo pochepetsa anthu ngakhale, potengera magwiridwe antchito, atha kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito (mwachitsanzo CO₂) kuposa dizilo. Komabe, izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta osati pamtengo wokwera, komanso kuchotseratu zovuta komanso zokwera mtengo zochotsa mpweya woipa mumipweya yotulutsa mpweya, monga ma nitrogen oxides - NO._x, carbon monoxide - CO, ma hydrocarbons - HC kapena mpweya wakuda, kuti achotsepo pomwe fyuluta ya DPF (FAP) yodula komanso yovuta kwambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Choncho, ma dizilo ang'onoang'ono akukhala ovuta kwambiri, ndipo magalimoto ang'onoang'ono amaseweredwa ndi violin ang'onoang'ono. Magalimoto a Hybrid ndi magetsi akupikisananso ndikuchepetsa. Ngakhale luso limeneli likulonjeza, ndilovuta kwambiri kusiyana ndi kutsika kosavuta, komabe ndi lokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa nzika wamba.

Chiphunzitso china

Kupambana kwa kutsitsa kumadalira mphamvu ya injini, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta komanso kutonthozedwa kwagalimoto. Mphamvu ndi torque zimabwera poyamba. Kuchita bwino ndi ntchito yomwe imachitika pakapita nthawi. Ntchito yomwe imaperekedwa panthawi imodzi ya injini yoyaka moto yamkati imatsimikiziridwa ndi otchedwa Otto Cycle.

Mzere woyima ndi kukakamiza pamwamba pa pisitoni, ndipo opingasa opingasa ndi kuchuluka kwa silinda. Ntchitoyi imaperekedwa ndi dera lomangidwa ndi ma curve. Chithunzichi ndi choyenera chifukwa sitiganizira za kutentha kwa kutentha ndi chilengedwe, inertia ya mpweya wolowa mu silinda, ndi zotayika zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kudya (kupanikizika pang'ono koipa poyerekeza ndi kuthamanga kwa mlengalenga) kapena kutulutsa mpweya (kupanikizika pang'ono). Ndipo tsopano kufotokoza kwa nkhani yokha, yosonyezedwa mu chithunzi (V). Pakati pa mfundo 1-2, buluni imadzazidwa ndi kusakaniza - voliyumu imawonjezeka. Pakati pa mfundo 2-3, kupanikizana kumachitika, pisitoni imagwira ntchito ndikukakamiza kusakaniza kwa mpweya. Pakati pa mfundo 3-4, kuyaka kumachitika, voliyumu imakhala yosasintha (pistoni ili pamwamba pakufa), ndipo mafuta osakaniza amayaka. Mphamvu yamankhwala amafuta amasinthidwa kukhala kutentha. Pakati pa mfundo 4-5, kusakaniza kowotchedwa kwa mafuta ndi mpweya kumagwira ntchito - kukulitsa ndi kukakamiza pisitoni. M'ndime 5-6-1, kutuluka kwa m'mbuyo kumachitika, ndiko kuti, kutuluka.

Tikamayamwa kwambiri muzosakaniza zamafuta-mpweya, mphamvu zamagetsi zimatulutsidwa, ndipo malo omwe ali pansi pamphepete amawonjezeka. Izi zitha kutheka m'njira zingapo. Njira yoyamba ndikuwonjezera mokwanira kuchuluka kwa silinda, motsatana. injini yonse, yomwe pansi pamikhalidwe yomweyi timapeza mphamvu zambiri - pamapindikira adzawonjezeka kumanja. Njira zina zosinthira kukwera kwa ma curve mmwamba ndi, mwachitsanzo, kukulitsa chiŵerengero cha kuponderezana kapena kuonjezera mphamvu yogwira ntchito pakapita nthawi ndikuchita maulendo angapo ang'onoang'ono panthawi imodzi, ndiko kuti, kuwonjezera liwiro la injini. Njira zonse ziwiri zomwe zafotokozedwazi zili ndi zovuta zambiri (kudziwotcha, mphamvu yayikulu ya mutu wa silinda ndi zisindikizo zake, kukangana kowonjezereka pa liwiro lapamwamba - tifotokoza mtsogolomo, kutulutsa kwakukulu, mphamvu pa pistoni idakali yofanana), pomwe galimotoyo ili nayo. kupindula kwakukulu kwamphamvu pamapepala, koma torque sikusintha kwambiri. Posachedwapa, ngakhale Japanese Mazda anakwanitsa misa-kupanga injini mafuta ndi psinjika chiŵerengero zachilendo mkulu (14,0: 1) wotchedwa Skyactive-G, amene amanyadira magawo zabwino kwambiri zazikulu ndi mafuta abwino, komabe opanga ambiri akugwiritsabe ntchito mwayi umodzi. kuonjezera voliyumu ya dera pansi pa chipikacho. Ndipo izi ndikukakamiza mpweya musanalowe mu silinda ndikusunga voliyumu - kusefukira.

Kenako chithunzi cha p (V) cha kuzungulira kwa Otto chikuwoneka motere:

Popeza kulipira kwa 7-1 kumachitika pakapanikizika kosiyana (kopitilira) kuposa kubwerekera kwa 5-6, kukhotera kwina kotsekedwa kumapangidwa, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ntchito yowonjezerapo imagwiridwa ndi sitiroko ya pistoni yosagwira. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chomwe chimapanikiza mpweya chikuyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yochulukirapo, yomwe kwa ife ndi mphamvu yamphamvu yamafuta otulutsa utsi. Chida chotere ndi turbocharger. Makina opanga kompresa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito, koma m'pofunika kukumbukira kuchuluka kwake (15-20%) komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito (nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa ndi crankshaft), chifukwa chake gawo lina lakumtunda limasunthira kumunsi imodzi popanda chilichonse.

Tibwera kwakanthawi, tili okhumudwa. Turbocharging injini yamafuta yakhalapo kwanthawi yayitali, koma cholinga chachikulu chinali kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito, pomwe kumwa sikunaganiziridwe kwenikweni. Chifukwa chake makina amafuta amawakoka kuti apulumutse moyo wawo, komanso amadya udzu m'mbali mwa msewu, akukanikiza mpweya. Panali zifukwa zingapo za izi. Choyamba, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa makinawa kuti athetse kuyaka kwa kugogoda. Panalinso vuto lozizira la turbo. Katundu wambiri, osakanikirayo amayenera kuthiridwa ndi mafuta kuti atenthe mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kuti ateteze turbocharger ku kutentha kwa mpweya wa flue. Zowonjezerapo, mphamvu zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi turbocharger kuti zizitsitsimutsa mpweya zimasochera pang'ono pang'ono chifukwa chobedwa kwa mpweya wapa valavu. Mwamwayi, ukadaulo wapano ukuthandizira kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ngakhale injini ikasinthidwa, chomwe ndi chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu zochepetsera anthu ntchito.

Okonza ma injini amakono a petulo akuyesera kulimbikitsa injini za dizilo zomwe zimagwira ntchito mopsinja kwambiri komanso pazigawo zina, mpweya umayenda kudzera munjira zambiri zolowera sikungokhala ndi phokoso. Kuopsa kwa kugogoda-kugogoda chifukwa cha chiŵerengero chapamwamba cha kuponderezana, chomwe chingawononge injini mofulumira kwambiri, chimachotsedwa ndi zamagetsi zamakono, zomwe zimayendetsa nthawi yoyatsira molondola kwambiri kuposa momwe zinalili mpaka posachedwapa. Ubwino waukulu ndikugwiritsanso ntchito jekeseni wamafuta mwachindunji, momwe mafuta amawukira mwachindunji mu silinda. Choncho, mafuta osakaniza amakhazikika bwino, ndipo malire odziwotcha amawonjezedwa. Kutchulidwanso kuyenera kunenedwa za dongosolo lomwe likufalikira pakali pano la ma valve osinthika, omwe amakulolani kukhudza chiŵerengero chenicheni cha kuponderezedwa pamlingo wina. Zomwe zimatchedwa Miller cycle (kutsika kotalika kosagwirizana ndi kufalikira kwa sitiroko). Kuphatikiza pa kusinthasintha kwa nthawi ya valve, kukweza kwa valve kumathandizanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsira ntchito, komwe kungalowe m'malo mwa throttle control ndipo motero kuchepetsa kutayika kwa mpweya - pochepetsa kuthamanga kwa mpweya kupyolera mu throttle (mwachitsanzo Valvetronic kuchokera ku BMW).

Kuchulukitsa, kusintha kwakanthawi kwa valavu, kukweza kwa valavu kapena kuchuluka kwa psinjika si njira yothetsera vutoli, kotero opanga ayenera kulingalira zina zomwe, makamaka, zimakhudza kutuluka komaliza. Izi zikuphatikizapo, makamaka, kuchepetsa mikangano, komanso kukonzekera ndi kuyaka kwa chisakanizo chokha.

Okonza akhala akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri kuti achepetse kukangana kwa magawo a injini yosuntha. Ayenera kuvomereza kuti apita patsogolo kwambiri pazachuma ndi zokutira, zomwe pakadali pano zili ndi mikangano yabwino kwambiri. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi mafuta ndi mafuta. Kukonzekera kwa injini sikunasiyidwe popanda chidwi, kumene miyeso ya magawo osuntha, mayendedwe amakongoletsedwa, mawonekedwe a mphete za pistoni ndipo, ndithudi, chiwerengero cha silinda sichinasinthe. Mwinanso ma injini odziwika bwino omwe ali ndi masilinda "otsika" pakali pano ndi injini za Ford za EcoBoost zamasilinda atatu kuchokera ku Ford kapena TwinAir ma silinda awiri ochokera ku Fiat. Masilinda ochepa amatanthawuza ma pistoni ochepa, ndodo zolumikizira, ma bearing, kapena ma valve, motero kugundana kwathunthu. Pali zolephera zina m'derali. Yoyamba ndi mikangano yomwe imasungidwa pa silinda yomwe ikusowa, koma imachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi mikangano yowonjezereka muzitsulo za shaft. Kuchepetsa kwina kumakhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa masilindala kapena chikhalidwe chogwirira ntchito, chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri kusankha gulu lagalimoto yomwe injiniyo idzayendetsa. Pakali pano, mwachitsanzo, BMW, yomwe imadziwika ndi injini zamakono, inali ndi injini yopumira yamapasa. Koma ndani akudziwa zomwe zidzachitike m'zaka zingapo. Popeza kukangana kumawonjezeka ndi liwiro lalikulu, opanga samangochepetsa mikangano yokha, komanso amayesa kupanga injini kuti apereke mphamvu zokwanira pa liwiro lotsika kwambiri. Popeza kuti mlengalenga wa injini yaying'ono sungathe kuthana ndi ntchitoyi, turbocharger kapena turbocharger pamodzi ndi makina opangira makina amabweranso kudzapulumutsa. Komabe, pankhani ya supercharging kokha ndi turbocharger, iyi si ntchito yophweka. Tikumbukenso kuti turbocharger kwambiri turbine rotational inertia, amene amalenga otchedwa turbodiera. Turbocharger turbine imayendetsedwa ndi mpweya wotulutsa mpweya, womwe umayenera kupangidwa koyamba ndi injini, kuti pakhale kuchedwa kwina kuyambira pomwe chopondapo chowongolera chikuvutitsidwa mpaka kuyambika kwa injini. Zachidziwikire, makina osiyanasiyana amakono a turbocharging amayesa kubwezeranso bwino matendawa, ndipo kukonza kwatsopano kwa ma turbocharging kumathandizira. Chifukwa chake ma turbocharger ndi ocheperako komanso opepuka, amayankha mwachangu komanso mwachangu pama liwiro apamwamba. Madalaivala okonda masewera, omwe amaleredwa ndi injini zothamanga kwambiri, amaimba mlandu injini yothamanga "yothamanga" yotereyi chifukwa cha kusayankha bwino. palibe gradation mphamvu pamene liwiro likuwonjezeka. Chifukwa chake injini imakoka m'malingaliro pang'onopang'ono, pakati ndi ma revs apamwamba, mwatsoka popanda mphamvu yayikulu.

Kupangidwa kwa chisakanizo choyaka moto sikunayime pambali. Monga mukudziwa, injini ya petulo imawotcha otchedwa homogeneous stoichiometric osakaniza mpweya ndi mafuta. Izi zikutanthauza kuti 14,7 makilogalamu mafuta - petulo pali 1 makilogalamu mpweya. Chiŵerengerochi chimatchedwanso lambda = 1. Anati kusakaniza kwa petulo ndi mpweya kungathenso kuwotchedwa mumagulu ena. Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa mpweya kuchokera ku 14,5 mpaka 22: 1, ndiye kuti pali mpweya wambiri - tikukamba za zomwe zimatchedwa zosakaniza zowonda. Ngati chiŵerengerocho chikutembenuzidwa, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumakhala kochepa kuposa stoichiometric ndipo kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi kwakukulu (chiŵerengero cha mpweya ndi petulo chili mu 14 mpaka 7: 1), kusakaniza kumeneku kumatchedwa otchedwa. wolemera osakaniza. Zina zakunja kwamtunduwu zimakhala zovuta kuziwotcha chifukwa ndizochepa kwambiri kapena zimakhala ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri. Mulimonsemo, malire onsewa amakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pakuchita, kumwa komanso kutulutsa mpweya. Pankhani ya mpweya, pankhani ya kusakaniza kolemera, kupangika kwakukulu kwa CO ndi HC kumachitika._x, yopanga NO_x otsika pang'ono chifukwa cha kutentha kotsika poyatsa chisakanizo chambiri. Kumbali inayi, POPANDA kupanga ndiwokwera kwambiri ndi kuyaka kotsika kowonda._xchifukwa cha kutentha kwakukulu kwa kuyaka. Sitiyenera kuiwala za kuchuluka kwa moto, komwe kumakhala kosiyana pamtundu uliwonse wa osakaniza. Kuwotcha ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri, koma n'kovuta kuchilamulira. Kutentha kwa chisakanizo kumakhudzidwanso ndi kutentha, digiri ya swirl (yosungidwa ndi liwiro la injini), chinyezi ndi mafuta. Chilichonse mwazinthu izi chimakhudzidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, ndi kuzungulira ndi kudzaza kwa osakaniza kumakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu. Chisakanizo cholemera chimayaka mofulumira kuposa chowonda, koma ngati chisakanizocho chili cholemera kwambiri, kutentha kwake kumachepa kwambiri. Pamene kusakaniza kumayatsidwa, kuyaka kumakhala pang'onopang'ono poyamba, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu ndi kutentha, kutentha kwa moto kumawonjezeka, komwe kumathandizidwanso ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kusakaniza kwa kusakaniza. Kuwotcha kwapang'onopang'ono kumathandizira kuwonjezereka kwa kuyaka bwino mpaka 20%, pomwe, malinga ndi luso lapano, ndikokwanira pamlingo wa 16,7 mpaka 17,3: 1. kuwotcha mlingo, kuchepetsa dzuwa, ndi zokolola, opanga abwera ndi otchedwa layering osakaniza. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, chisakanizo choyaka moto chimayikidwa pamalo oyatsira moto, kotero kuti chiŵerengero chozungulira kandulo ndi stoichiometric, ndiko kuti, chimayatsidwa mosavuta, ndipo m'madera ena onse, mosiyana, mapangidwe a osakaniza ndi osakanikirana. apamwamba kwambiri. Tekinoloje iyi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kale (TSi, JTS, BMW), mwatsoka, mpaka pano mpaka liwiro linalake kapena. mu light load mode. Komabe, chitukuko ndi sitepe yofulumira.

Ubwino wakuchepetsa

• Makina otere samangokhala ocheperako komanso kukula, kotero amatha kupanga ndi zinthu zochepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa.
• Popeza injini zimagwiritsa ntchito zofananira, ngati sizomwezo, injiniyo imapepuka chifukwa chochepa. Makina onse agalimoto sangakhale olimba motero kupepuka komanso kutsika mtengo. ndi injini yocheperako, katundu wochepa kwambiri. Poterepa, kuyendetsa bwino kumathandizanso, popeza samakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi injini yolemera.
• Injini yotereyi ndi yaying'ono komanso yamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa chake sizikhala zovuta kupanga galimoto yaying'ono komanso yamphamvu, yomwe nthawi zina sinkagwira ntchito chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa injini.
• Magalimoto ang'onoang'ono amakhalanso ndi ma inertial mass ochepa, chifukwa chake sagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochuluka zosunthira pakusintha kwamagetsi ngati mota yayikuluyo.

Zoyipa zochepetsera

• Galimoto yotereyi imapanikizika kwambiri chifukwa cha matenthedwe komanso makina.
• Ngakhale injini ndiyopepuka mphamvu komanso kulemera kwake, chifukwa chakupezeka kwa magawo ena owonjezera monga turbocharger, intercooler kapena jekeseni wama petulo, kulemera konse kwa injini kumawonjezeka, mtengo wa injini ukuwonjezeka, ndipo zida zonse zimafunikira kuchulukitsa kukonzanso. ndipo chiopsezo cholephera ndichachikulu, makamaka kwa turbocharger yomwe imatha kukhala ndi nkhawa yayikulu komanso yamagetsi.
• Makina ena othandizira amawononga mphamvu mu injini (mwachitsanzo, pump pump injection ya injini za TSI).
• Kupanga ndi kupanga kwa injini yotere kumakhala kovuta kwambiri komanso kovuta kuposa momwe kumakhalira injini yodzaza mlengalenga.
• Kugwiritsa ntchito komaliza kumadalirabe kwambiri poyendetsa.
• Mkangano wamkati. Kumbukirani kuti kukangana kwa injini kumadalira kuthamanga. Izi ndizosafunikira kwenikweni pampu yamadzi kapena chosinthira pomwe mkangano ukuwonjezeka molingana ndi liwiro. Komabe, kukangana kwa makamu kapena mphete za pisitoni kumawonjezeka molingana ndi mizu yaying'ono, yomwe imatha kuyambitsa galimoto yaying'ono yothamanga kwambiri kuwonetsa mkangano wamkati wamkati kuposa voliyumu yayikulu yomwe imathamanga kwambiri. Komabe, monga tanenera kale, zambiri zimatengera kapangidwe ndi kagwiridwe ka injini.

Ndiye kodi pali tsogolo lochepetsa antchito? Ngakhale zolakwa zina, ndikuganiza choncho. Ma injini okonzedwa mwachilengedwe samatha nthawi yomweyo, komabe, chifukwa chongopanga ndalama, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo (Mazda Skyactive-G), chidwi, kapena chizolowezi. Kwa omwe siopikisana nawo omwe samakhulupirira mphamvu ya injini yaying'ono, ndikupangira kuti ndikutsitsa galimoto yotereyi ndi anthu anayi odyetsedwa bwino, kenako ndikuyang'ana pamwamba pa phirilo, ndikupyola ndikuyesa. Kudalirika kumakhalabe nkhani yovuta kwambiri. Pali yankho la omwe amagula matikiti, ngakhale zitenge nthawi yayitali kuposa yoyeserera. Dikirani zaka zingapo kuti injini iwonekere ndikusankha. Ponseponse, komabe zoopsa zitha kufotokozedwa mwachidule motere. Poyerekeza ndi injini yamphamvu yamphamvu yofananira yamphamvu yomweyo, injini yaying'ono yama turbo imadzaza kwambiri ndimphamvu yama silinda komanso kutentha. Choncho, injini amenewa ali ndi mayendedwe kwambiri yodzaza, crankshaft, mutu yamphamvu, switchgear, etc. Komabe, chiopsezo cholephera ntchito yomwe idakonzedweratu isanathe ndiyotsika, popeza opanga makina opanga motowo. Komabe, padzakhala zolakwika, ndikuwona, mwachitsanzo, mavuto okhala ndi nthawi yolumpha mu injini za TSi. Ponseponse, zitha kunenedwa kuti kutalika kwa kutalika kwa mainjini awa mwina sikudzakhala kutalika kwa injini zokhumba mwachilengedwe. Izi zimakhudzanso magalimoto omwe ali ndi mtunda wokwera. Kuwonjezeka chidwi kuyeneranso kulipidwa pakumwa. Poyerekeza ndi injini zamafuta zakale zama turbo, ma turbocharger amakono amatha kugwira ntchito zachuma kwambiri, pomwe zabwino kwambiri zimafanana ndi kugwiritsira ntchito dizilo wamphamvu kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Choyipa chake ndikudalira kosalekeza pamayendedwe oyendetsa, kotero ngati mukufuna kuyendetsa galimoto mwachuma, muyenera kusamala ndi zoyatsira mafuta. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi injini za dizilo, injini zamafuta zopangira mafuta zimathandizira izi chifukwa chakuwongolera bwino, phokoso locheperako, liwiro logwiritsika ntchito, kapena kusowa kwa DPF yotsutsidwa kwambiri.