Mawonekedwe a chipangizocho ndi maubwino amafuta a Rail Rail

Mu magalimoto amakono, makina opangira mafuta amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati kale kusinthidwa kumeneku kunali kokha mu magetsi a dizilo, lero injini zambiri zamagetsi zimalandira mtundu umodzi wa jekeseni. Iwo amafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu ndemanga ina.

Tsopano tiwona za chitukuko, chomwe chidatchedwa Common Rail. Tiyeni tiwone momwe adawonekera, mawonekedwe ake apadera, komanso zabwino ndi zovuta zake.

Kodi Common Rail Fuel System ndi chiyani?

Mtanthauzira mawu amatanthauzira lingaliro la Common Rail ngati "mafuta osungira". Peculiarity ake ndi kuti mafuta dizilo gawo anatengedwa kuchokera mosungiramo kumene mafuta ndi pansi kuthamanga. Njirayo ili pakati pa jekeseni wa jekeseni ndi ma jakisoni. Jekeseniyo imachitika ndi injector kutsegula valavu ndipo mafuta oponderezedwa amatulutsidwa mu silinda.

Mafuta amtundu uwu ndiye gawo laposachedwa kwambiri pakusintha kwa ma dizilo powertrains. Poyerekeza ndi mnzake wapamadzi, dizilo ndiwopanda ndalama zambiri, chifukwa mafuta amalowetsedwa mwachindunji mu silinda, osati muzambiri. Ndipo ndi kusinthaku, mphamvu yamagetsi imakula kwambiri.

Jekeseni wamafuta amtundu wa njanji yathandizira kuti magalimotowo ayende bwino ndi 15%, kutengera momwe makina oyatsira amkati amagwirira ntchito. Poterepa, nthawi zambiri zoyipa zamagalimoto zimachepetsa momwe amagwirira ntchito, koma pakadali pano, mphamvu yamaguluyo imakula.

Chifukwa cha ichi chagona pamtundu wamagwiritsidwe amafuta mkati mwa silinda. Aliyense amadziwa kuti kuyendetsa bwino kwa injini sikudalira kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe akubwera koma ndi mtundu wake wosakanikirana ndi mpweya. Popeza pomwe injini imagwira ntchito, jekeseni imachitika mu gawo lachiwiri, ndikofunikira kuti mafuta azisakanikirana ndi mpweya mwachangu momwe angathere.

Mafuta atomization amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti izi zitheke. Popeza mzere kuseli kwa mpope wamafuta uli ndi kuthamanga kwambiri, mafuta a dizilo amapopera kudzera m'ming'omoyi moyenera. Kuyaka kwa mafuta osakaniza ndi mpweya kumachitika bwino kwambiri, komwe injini imawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwachangu kangapo.

История

Kuyamba kwa izi kunali kukulitsa kwa miyezo yazachilengedwe kwa opanga magalimoto. Komabe, lingaliro lofunikira lidawonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 60 zapitazo. Zotengera zake zidapangidwa ndi mainjiniya aku Switzerland a Robert Huber.

Pambuyo pake, lingaliro ili linamalizidwa ndi wogwira ntchito ku Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Marco Ganser. Izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ogwira ntchito ku Denzo ndikupanga njanji yamafuta. Zachilendo zalandira dzina losavuta kuti Common Rail. M'zaka zapitazi za m'ma 1990, chitukukochi chinawonekera m'magalimoto ogulitsa pamagetsi a EDC-U2. Magalimoto a Hino (Rising Ranger model) adalandira mafuta.

M'chaka cha 95, izi zidapezekanso kwa opanga ena. Akatswiri amtundu uliwonse amasintha makinawo ndikuwasintha mogwirizana ndi zomwe amapanga. Komabe, Denzo amadziona ngati mpainiya wogwiritsa ntchito jakisoni wagalimoto.

Maganizo awa amatsutsana ndi mtundu wina, FIAT, womwe mu 1987 umakhala ndi mtundu wa injini ya dizilo (Chroma TDid). Chaka chomwecho, ogwira ntchito ku Italy anayamba kugwira ntchito yopanga jekeseni yamagetsi, yomwe imagwiranso ntchito njanji yofanana. Zowona, dongosololi lidatchedwa UNIJET 1900cc.

Mitundu yamakono ya jakisoni imagwira ntchito chimodzimodzi ndi kapangidwe kake koyambirira, mosasamala yemwe akuwoneka kuti ndiye adayambitsa.

Ntchito yomanga

Ganizirani za kusinthidwa kwa mafuta. Makina othamanga amakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Mzere wokhoza kulimbana ndi zipsinjo zazikulu, nthawi zambiri kuchuluka kwa injini. Amapangidwa mwa mawonekedwe amachubu omwe chidutswa chimodzi chomwe zinthu zonse zadongosolo zimalumikizidwa.
• Jekeseni wa pampu ndi pampu yomwe imapangitsa kuti pakhale mavuto ambiri (kutengera mtundu wa injini, chizindikirochi chitha kukhala kuposa 200 MPa). Njirayi ili ndi dongosolo lovuta. Mumapangidwe ake amakono, ntchito yake idakhazikitsidwa ndi ma plunger. Ikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu ndemanga ina... Chipangizo ndi magwiridwe antchito a pampu yamafuta amafotokozedwanso payokha.
• Sitima yamafuta (njanji kapena batire) ndi nkhokwe yaying'ono yolimba yomwe mafuta amasonkhana. Ma nozzles okhala ndi opopera ndi zida zina amalumikizidwa ndi iyo pogwiritsa ntchito mizere yamafuta. Ntchito yowonjezeranso ya rampu ndikutulutsa kusinthasintha kwa mafuta komwe kumachitika pakagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mpope.
• Mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi ndi zowongolera. Zinthu izi zimakulolani kuwongolera ndikusungabe zomwe mukufuna mu dongosolo. Popeza kuti pampu imagwira ntchito nthawi zonse pamene injini ikuyenda, imapopa mafuta a dizilo mosalekeza. Pofuna kuti isaphulike, wowongolera amatulutsa sing'anga yochulukirapo pamzere wobwerera, womwe umalumikizidwa ndi thankiyo. Kuti mumve zambiri za momwe owongolera anzawo amagwirira ntchito, onani apa.
• Majakisoni amapereka gawo lofunikira lamafuta kuzipangizo zamagulu. Opanga injini za dizilo adasankha kuyika zinthu izi molunjika mutu wamphamvu. Njira yolimbikitsayi idapangitsa kuti nthawi yomweyo athe kuthana ndi mavuto angapo. Choyamba, imachepetsa kutayika kwa mafuta: pakudya mobwerezabwereza kwa jakisoni wa multipoint, gawo laling'ono la mafuta limatsalira pamakoma osiyanasiyana. Kachiwiri, injini ya dizilo imayatsa osati kuchokera pakuni yowala osati pamoto, monga mu injini yamafuta - nambala yake ya octane siyilola kugwiritsa ntchito poyatsira (kodi nambala ya octane ndi chiani, werengani apa). Pisitoni imapanikiza mpweya mwamphamvu pamene kupsinjika kwamphamvu kumachitika (ma valve onse atsekedwa), ndikupangitsa kutentha kwa sing'anga kukwera mpaka madigiri mazana angapo. Mpweyawo ukangotulutsa mafutawo, umangoyaka zokha kuchokera kutentha kwambiri. Popeza kuti izi zimafunikira kulondola, zida zimakhala ndi ma valve amagetsi. Amayambitsidwa ndi chizindikiro chochokera ku ECU.
• Masensa amayang'anira momwe dongosololi likugwirira ntchito ndikutumiza zizindikiritso zoyenera kulamulira.
• Gawo lapakati pa Common Rail ndi ECU, lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi ubongo wa dongosolo lonse loyenda. Mu mitundu ina yamagalimoto, imaphatikizidwa mgulu loyang'anira. Zamagetsi zitha kujambula osati magwiridwe antchito a injini, komanso zinthu zina mgalimoto, chifukwa momwe kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi mafuta, komanso mphindi yopopera mbewu, zimawerengedwa molondola. Zamagetsi zimapangidwa ndi fakitale. ECU ikangolandira chidziwitso chofunikira kuchokera ku masensa, ma algorithm omwe adatchulidwa adayambitsidwa, ndipo othandizira onse amalandila lamulo loyenera.
• Mafuta aliwonse ali ndi fyuluta pamzere wake. Imaikidwa patsogolo pa pampu yamafuta.

Injini ya dizilo yokhala ndi mafuta amtunduwu imagwira ntchito molingana ndi mfundo yapadera. Mumtundu wakale, gawo lonse lamafuta limayikidwa. Kukhalapo kwa chophatikizira mafuta kumathandizira kugawa gawo limodzi m'magawo angapo pomwe mota ikuyenda mozungulira. Njirayi imatchedwa jekeseni wambiri.

Chofunika chake chimafikira ku mfundo yakuti asanapereke mafuta ambiri a dizilo, jekeseni woyamba amapangidwa, womwe umatenthetsa chipinda chogwirira ntchito, komanso umawonjezera kukakamizidwa. Mafuta ena onse akapopera, amawayatsa bwino kwambiri, ndikupatsa mphamvu yanjanji ya ICE yayikulu ngakhale RPM ikakhala yotsika.

Kutengera mtundu wa opareshoni, gawo lamafuta limaperekedwa kamodzi kapena kawiri. Injini ikakhala idle, yamphamvu imafunditsidwa ndi jakisoni wachiwiri. Katundu akawonjezeka, jakisoni asanachitike amachitidwa, zomwe zimasiya mafuta ochulukirapo. Injini ikamayendetsa kwambiri, palibe jakisoni woyamba yemwe amachitidwa, koma mafuta onse amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zolinga za chitukuko

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti mafutawa asintha chifukwa champhamvu zamagetsi zikuwonjezeka. Lero, eni magalimoto amapatsidwa m'badwo wachinayi wa Common Rail. Momwemo, mafuta akukakamizidwa ndi 4 MPa. Kusinthaku kwakhazikika pamagalimoto kuyambira 220.

Mibadwo itatu yapitayi inali ndi zovuta zotsatirazi:

1. Kuyambira 1999, kuthamanga kwa njanji kwakhala 140MPa;
2. Mu 2001, chiwerengerochi chinawonjezeka ndi 20MPa;
3. Pambuyo pa zaka 4 (2005), magalimoto adayamba kukhala ndi zida zamagetsi zamagetsi, zomwe zimatha kupanga kukakamiza kwa MPA 180.

Kuwonjezeka kwapanikizika pamzere kumalola jekeseni wamafuta ambiri a dizilo munthawi yomweyo monga momwe zidalili m'mbuyomu. Chifukwa chake, izi zimakulitsa kususuka kwa galimoto, koma kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu kukuwonjezeka kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, mitundu ina yopumuliranso imalandira magalimoto ofanana ndi am'mbuyomu, koma ndi magawo owonjezera (momwe restyling imasiyanirana ndi mtundu wam'badwo wotsatira wafotokozedwa. payokha).

Kupititsa patsogolo kusintha kwa kusinthaku kumachitika chifukwa cha zamagetsi zolondola kwambiri. Izi zikuyankha bwino kuti m'badwo wachinayi sunakhalebe pachimake pa ungwiro. Komabe, kuwonjezeka kwa magwiridwe antchito amafuta sikuti kumangokhalira kukhumba kwa opanga makina kuti akwaniritse zosowa za oyendetsa galimoto, koma makamaka pokweza miyezo yazachilengedwe. Kusinthaku kumapereka kuyaka kwabwino kwa injini ya dizilo, chifukwa chake galimoto imatha kupitiliza kuwongolera bwino asanachoke pamsonkhano.

Ubwino wamba wama njanji

Kusintha kwamakono kwa dongosololi kwathandizira kuwonjezera mphamvu ya chipindacho mwa kupopera mafuta ambiri. Popeza opanga magalimoto amakono amakhazikitsa mitundu yambiri yamasensa, zamagetsi zidayamba kuzindikira molondola kuchuluka kwa mafuta a dizilo oyenera kuyendetsa injini yoyaka mkati mwanjira inayake.

Uwu ndiye mwayi waukulu njanji yodziwika bwino pakusintha kwamagalimoto akale ndi ma jakisoni a unit. Kuphatikiza kwina potengera njira yatsopano ndikuti ndikosavuta kukonza, chifukwa ili ndi chida chosavuta.

Zoyipazo ndizophatikizira mtengo wokwera. Imafunanso mafuta apamwamba kwambiri. Chosavuta china ndikuti ma jakisoni ali ndi kapangidwe kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa chake amakhala ndi moyo wofupikitsa. Ngati zina mwa izo zilephera, valavu mkati mwake idzakhala yotseguka nthawi zonse, yomwe imaphwanya kulimba kwa dongosololi ndipo dongosolo lidzatseka.

Kuti mumve zambiri za chipangizocho komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagetsi othamanga kwambiri, onani vidiyo iyi:

Mfundo yogwirira ntchito yamagawo azigawo zamagawo a Common Rail. Gawo 2

Mafunso ndi Mayankho:

Kodi Common Rail ikuvutitsidwa bwanji? Mu njanji yamafuta (chubu la accumulator), mafuta amaperekedwa pansi pa kupanikizika kochepa (kuchokera ku vacuum mpaka 6 atm.)

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa Common Rail ndi pampu yamafuta? M'makina amafuta omwe ali ndi pampu yothamanga kwambiri, mpope nthawi yomweyo amagawira mafuta kwa majekeseni. Mu dongosolo la Common Rail, mafuta amaponyedwa mu accumulator (chubu), ndipo kuchokera pamenepo amagawidwa kwa majekeseni.

Ndani anayambitsa Common Rail? Njira yodziwika bwino yamafuta a njanji idawonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1960. Idapangidwa ndi Swiss Robert Huber. Pambuyo pake, lusoli linapangidwa ndi Marco Ganser.