Pisitoni yolumikiza ndodo: cholinga, kapangidwe, zolakwika zazikulu

Pisitoni yolumikiza ndodo ndichimodzi mwazomwe zimapangidwira, chifukwa chake mphamvu imafalikira ku crankshaft pomwe chisakanizo cha mafuta-mpweya chimayatsidwa. Ndizofunikira kwambiri, popanda izi ndizosatheka kusintha mayendedwe abwezeretsedwe kukhala ozungulira.

Ganizirani momwe gawoli limakonzedwera, ndizovuta bwanji, komanso njira zina zokonzanso.

Kulumikiza kapangidwe ka ndodo

Ndodo yolumikizira imagwiranso ntchito panjinga, njinga yamiyendo mu injini imaseweredwa ndi pisitoni yoyenda mu silinda. Kutengera ndi kusinthidwa kwa mota, makina opukutirawa ali ndi ndodo zolumikizira zambiri monga pali zonenepa mu injini yoyaka yamkati.

Izi zili ndi zinthu zitatu zofunika:

• pisitoni mutu;
• mutu wouma;
• ndodo yamagetsi.

Pisitoni mutu

Chigawo ichi cha ndodo yolumikizira ndi gawo limodzi pomwe pistoni imakhazikika (chala chimayikidwa m'matumba). Pali zosankha zoyandama ndi zala.

Pini yosunthidwayo imayikidwa mu bushing ya bronze. Ndikofunika kuti gawolo lisathe msanga. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri pamakhala zosankha popanda bushings. Pachifukwa ichi, pali kusiyana kochepa pakati pa pini ndi mutu, chifukwa chake mawonekedwe olumikizirana bwino amafewetsedwa.

Kusinthidwa kwa pini kokhazikika kumafunikira mwatsatanetsatane pakupanga. Pachifukwa ichi, dzenje pamutu lidzakhala laling'ono kuposa la pini.

Mtundu wamutu wa trapezoidal umakulitsa dera lomwe pisitoni amakhala. Popeza chinthuchi chimakumana ndi katundu wolemera, chimapangidwa ndi mawonekedwe omwe amatha kupirira nawo kwanthawi yayitali.

Mutu wouma

Kumbali ina ya ndodo yolumikizira kuli mutu wopindika, cholinga chake ndikulumikiza pisitoni ndi ndodo yolumikizira ku crankshaft KSHM. Nthawi zambiri, gawo ili limakhala lophwanyika - chivundikirocho chimalumikizidwa ndi ndodo yolumikizira pogwiritsa ntchito kulumikiza. Pofuna kuti chinthu ichi chisatope chifukwa cha kukangana kosalekeza, ma liners amalowetsedwa pakati pamakoma amutu ndi crank. Amatha pakapita nthawi, koma palibe chifukwa chosinthira ndodo yonse yolumikizira.

Mutu wonyamulawo umapangidwa molondola kwambiri kuti ma bolts asamasuke pakugwiritsa ntchito makinawo ndipo mota sifunikira kukonza kovuta komanso kodula.

Ngati chivundikiro chakutha, ndiye kuti chisankho chanzeru kwambiri ndikulichotsa ndi chimodzimodzi, chomwe chimapangidwira mtundu wa injini, m'malo mofuna analogue yotsika mtengo. Pakukonzekera, zovuta zamakina ndi matenthedwe zimaganiziridwa, chifukwa chake akatswiri amasankha zinthu zoyenera, komanso kuzindikira kulemera kwenikweni kwa gawolo.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya ndodo zolumikizira:

• kulumikizana kwa spike pamakona oyenera (ogwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zokhala ndi zonenepa mu mzere);
• kulumikizana pakona kwakuthwa mpaka pakatikati pa gawolo (logwiritsidwa ntchito pama mota opangidwa ngati V).

Mutu wonyamulirawo umakhalanso ndi malaya (okumbutsa za crankshaft). Amapangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zamphamvu kwambiri. Nkhaniyi imagonjetsedwa ndi katundu wambiri ndipo imakhala ndi zotsutsana ndi mikangano.

Izi amafunikiranso kondomu nthawi zonse. Ndicho chifukwa chake, musanayambe kuyenda pambuyo pa kuima kwa galimoto, muyenera kulola injini kuti ichite pang'ono. Poterepa, mafuta amalowetsa zigawo zonse asanalembe.

Ndodo yamagetsi

Ili ndiye gawo lalikulu la ndodo yolumikizira, yomwe ili ndi kapangidwe ka I-beam (m'chigawo chake imafanana ndi chilembo H). Chifukwa cha zolimba, gawoli limatha kupirira katundu wolemera. Mbali zakumtunda ndi zakumunsi (mitu) zimakulitsidwa.

Ndikoyenera kukumbukira zochepa zazokhudza ndodo zamagetsi:

• kulemera kwawo m'galimoto yonse kuyenera kukhala komweko, chifukwa chake, m'malo mwake, kuyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ngakhale zopatuka zazing'ono zimatha kusokonekera kwa injini yoyaka yamkati;
• pakusintha mafuta, ndodo zolimba zochepa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, popeza cholembera chimapangidwa mu silinda yoyatsira mafuta a dizilo, omwe amapitilira kangapo kuposa kukanikiza kwa injini wamba;
• ngati ndodo yolumikizira yolemera kwambiri (kapena mosemphanitsa - yopepuka) isanagulitsidwe, ziwalo zonse zimasinthidwa ndi kulemera molondola.

Zida zopangira ndodo zolumikizira

Pofuna kupangitsa ziwalo za injini kukhala zopepuka, opanga ena amagwiritsa ntchito zida zosakaniza mosavuta kuti apange ndodo zolumikizira. Koma katundu wazinthu izi sanachepe. Pachifukwa ichi, aluminium imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Nthawi zambiri, chitsulo choyambira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira ndodo ndichitsulo.

Chitsulo ichi chimagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi kupsinjika kwamakina ndi matenthedwe. Ndipo njira yoponyera idapangidwa kale, yomwe imathandizira njira zopangira mbali. Ndodo zolumikizira izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu injini zamafuta.

Kwa injini za dizilo, monga tanenera kale, pakufunika chinthu cholimba kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, zitsulo zamagetsi zapamwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira yokonzekera ndiyotentha kwambiri. Popeza matekinoloje ovuta kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ndipo zinthu ndizotsika mtengo kuposa zachitsulo, ndiye kuti magawo ake ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa anzawo achitsulo.

Mitundu yamasewera imagwiritsa ntchito ma alloys opepuka (titaniyamu ndi aluminium), potero imathandizira kapangidwe ka magetsi (nthawi zina mpaka 50%).

Ma bolts omangika nthawi zonse amapangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chifukwa kuwonjezera pa kupsinjika kwamafuta, ulusi wawo umangoyenda mosadukiza.

Chifukwa chiyani ndodo zolumikizira zimalephera?

Chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri cholumikizira kulephera kwa ndodo ndikuchepa kwachilengedwe kwa zinthu zake. Mutu wapamwamba (piston) umasweka pafupipafupi. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito chimodzimodzi ndi injini yonse. Nazi zifukwa zina zolumikizira ndodo kulephera:

• mapindikidwe chifukwa cha kugunda kwa pisitoni ndi mutu yamphamvu;
• mapangidwe agawano chifukwa cha kulowa mkati mwa zingwe (mwachitsanzo, fyuluta yamafuta yang'ambika, ndipo mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito samatsukidwa ndi ma particles akunja);
• chifukwa cha njala yamafuta, chigwa chitha kuwonongeka (izi zitha kutsimikizika pakukonzanso kwakukulu).

Pambuyo pazifukwa zachilengedwe, meta yachiwiri ndiyopanda mafuta okwanira kapena otsika. Pachifukwa ichi, woyendetsa galimoto aliyense ayenera kukumbukira kuti kusintha kwamafuta nthawi zonse kuyenera kuchitika munthawi yomwe wopanga adakhazikitsa, ngakhale galimoto siyiyenda pafupipafupi. Mafuta amataya katundu wake pakapita nthawi, zomwe zingasokoneze magwiridwe antchito amkati oyaka.

Kukonza ndodo zolumikiza

Kukonza ndodo zolumikizira sikutheka nthawi zonse. Ntchitoyi itha kuchitidwa ngati:

• kusinthidwa kwa bala yothandizira;
• kuchuluka chilolezo mutu pisitoni;
• kukulitsa chilolezo chakumutu.

Asanakonzedwe, kuwunika kwa gawolo kumachitika. Pogwiritsa ntchito kuyeza kwamkati, m'mimba mwake ndi mipata yonse ya ndodo yolumikizira imayesedwa. Ngati zisonyezozi zili mkati mwazizolowezi, palibe chifukwa chosinthira ndodo zolumikizira.

Ngati ndodo ili yopunduka, izi siziyenera kunyalanyazidwa, chifukwa kugawa kosagwirizana kwa katundu kumabweretsa chiwonongeko cha silinda, kuchuluka kwa crankshaft ndi pisitoniyo.

Kupunduka kwa ndodo yolumikizira nthawi zonse kumatsagana ndi kuchuluka kwa phokoso la injini, ngakhale motsika kwambiri. Ndizovuta kwambiri kukonza cholakwika chotere, chifukwa chake, pankhaniyi, gawolo limangosinthidwa kukhala latsopano.

Pakakhala kusiyana kosayenera, chivundikiro cha mutu chimasokonezedwa ndi kukula koyenera kwa fastener kuti kuyikidwe. Pofuna kuchotsa millimeter owonjezera, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito lathe wapadera ndi nozzle wotopetsa.

Mutu wa pisitoni umavala, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zapadera zokonzera, zomwe kukula kwake kumagwirizana ndi chilolezo chofunikira. Zachidziwikire, pomwe mota ikuyenda, the bushing itipaka ndikutenga mawonekedwe omwe angafune.

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito bushings, onetsetsani ngati chimbalangondo cha nsanamira ndi mutu chikugwirizana - mafuta amadutsamo mpaka pini. Kupanda kutero, kukonzanso sikungatalikitse moyo wamagalimoto, koma, m'malo mwake, kumachepetsa kwambiri zida zake (pambuyo pake, woyendetsa galimotoyo amaganiza kuti galimotoyo ndi "yopanda mphamvu" ndipo siyikusowa kukonzedwa mwachangu, koma magawo ake ali ndi njala yamafuta).

Pambuyo pokonza, ziwalozo ziyenera kuwerengedwa kuti kugwedeza kosasangalatsa sikuwonekere pagalimoto chifukwa chakulemera.

Mafunso ndi Mayankho:

Momwe mungayang'anire ndodo yolumikizira ya ellipse? Geometry yolumikizira ndodo imafufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera. Ngati ndodo yolumikizira ili yopunduka pang'ono, izi sizingadziwike ndi maso. Pazifukwa izi, gauge yamkati kapena makina apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kodi ndodo yolumikizira imapangidwa ndi chiyani? Kuyambira ndodo, kumtunda kwa pisitoni kumutu, kumunsi kwamutu wokhotakhota. Mutu wa pisitoni umalumikizidwa ndi pisitoni ndi pini, ndipo mutu wa crank umalumikizidwa ndi khosi la crank.