Kodi mafuta a injini zamagalimoto ndi chiyani?

mafuta galimoto

Mafuta a injini amagwira ntchito m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Mafuta ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagalimoto, mafuta amafuta ndi mafuta, amachita ntchito zawo mosavuta. Popanda kutaya katundu wofunikira. Chifukwa imagwira ntchito m'malo ofanana, okhala ndi kutentha kocheperako, kukakamizidwa komanso kupsinjika. Mawonekedwe a injini ndi "osokonekera". Gawo lomweli la mafuta limakhala ndi nkhawa ndikutentha kwamakanika sekondi iliyonse. Chifukwa mawonekedwe a mafuta pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zama injini sakhala ofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, mafuta a injini amakumana ndi mankhwala. Oxygen, mpweya wina, zopangidwa ndi kuyaka kosakwanira kwa mafuta, komanso mafuta omwewo, omwe amalowa mumafuta, ngakhale atakhala ochepa kwambiri.

Ntchito zamafuta a injini.

Kuchepetsa mikangano pakati pamagawo olumikizirana, kuchepetsa kuvala ndi kupewa kumva kuwawa kwa ziwalo. Sindikiza mipata, makamaka pakati pamagulu a silinda-pisitoni, kupewa kapena kuchepetsa kulowa kwa mpweya mchipinda choyaka moto. Kuteteza mbali ku dzimbiri. Kuchotsa kutentha pamalo okhala mikangano. Chotsani magawo avale m'dera lomwe mwangokhaliranapo, potero muchepetseni mapangidwe azisungidwe pamwamba pazinthu zama injini. Zina mwazofunikira kwambiri zamafuta. Kukhuthala ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri zamafuta. Mafuta a injini, monga mafuta ambiri, amasintha mamasukidwe akayendedwe malinga ndi kutentha kwawo. Kutentha kumachepetsa, kumakweza mamasukidwe akayendedwe komanso mosemphanitsa.

Mafuta a injini ndi kuzizira kumayamba

Kuonetsetsa kuti injini ikuyamba kuzizira, yambitsani crankshaft ndikuyamba ndikupopera mafuta kudzera pamagetsi. Kutentha kochepa, mamasukidwe akayendedwe sayenera kukhala okwera kwambiri. Kutentha kwambiri, mafuta safunikira kukhala ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe otsika kwambiri kuti apange kanema wolimba wamafuta pakati pazigawo zotsutsana ndi kukakamizidwa kwadongosolo. Viscosity index. Chizindikiro chosonyeza kudalira kwa kukhuthala kwamafuta pakusintha kwa kutentha. Izi ndizopanda malire, i.e. sichiyezedwa mgulu lililonse, ndi nambala chabe. Kutalika kwa viscosity index yamafuta amafuta, ndikutentha kotentha komwe mafuta amalola kuti injini igwire ntchito. Mafuta amchere opanda zowonjezera zowoneka bwino, index ya viscosity ndi 85-100. Mafuta okhala ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera komanso zida zopangira amatha kukhala ndi index ya viscosity ya 120-150. Kwa mafuta otsukidwa otsika kwambiri, index ya viscosity imatha kufikira 200.

Mafuta a injini. pophulikira

Pophulikira. Chizindikirochi chikuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa tizigawo totentha mumafuta ndipo, motero, kumalumikizidwa ndi kutuluka kwa mafuta panthawi yogwira ntchito. Kwa mafuta abwino, kung'anima kuyenera kukhala pamwamba pa 225 ° C. Pankhani ya mafuta abwino kwambiri, tizigawo tating'ono ta viscosity timatuluka nthunzi ndikuwotcha mwamsanga. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mafuta azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso kuwonongeka kwa kutentha kwake. Base number, tbn. Imawonetsa kuchuluka kwamafuta amafuta, kuphatikiza omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zotsukira zamchere ndi zotulutsa. TBN imadziwika ndi kuthekera kwa mafuta kuletsa ma acid owopsa omwe amalowa mkati mwa injini ndikukana ma depositi. Kutsika kwa TBN, zowonjezera zowonjezera zimakhalabe mu mafuta. Mafuta ambiri a injini ya petulo amakhala ndi TBN ya 8 mpaka 9, pomwe mafuta a injini ya dizilo amakhala kuyambira 11 mpaka 14.

Nambala yamafuta amafuta

Mafuta a injini akamagwira ntchito, TBN imachepa mosalekeza ndipo zowonjezera zowonjezera zimayambitsidwa. Kuchepetsa kwakukulu mu TBN kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa asidi komanso kuipitsa ziwalo zama injini zamkati. Nambala ya acid, khungu. Chiwerengero cha asidi ndi muyeso wa kupezeka kwa zopangira ma oxidizing mumafuta amafuta. Kutsika kotsika mtheradi, kumawonjezera magwiridwe antchito a injini yamafuta. Ndipo makamaka moyo wake wotsala. Kuwonjezeka kwa TAN kukuwonetsa makutidwe ndi mafuta chifukwa chokhala ndi moyo wautali komanso kutentha. Chiwerengero cha asidi chatsimikiza mtima kupenda momwe mafuta amafuta alili, monga chisonyezo cha mafuta ndi makutidwe ndi mafuta omwe amapangika ndi mafuta oyaka.

Mamolekyulu amchere ndi mafuta opanga ochokera ku mota zamagalimoto

Mafuta ndi ma hydrocarbon okhala ndi maatomu angapo a kaboni. Ma atomu awa amatha kulumikizidwa ndi maunyolo ataliatali komanso owongoka kapena nthambi, mwachitsanzo, korona wamtengo. Ukachepetsa maunyolo, zimapangitsa mafuta kukhala abwino. Malinga ndi gulu la American Petroleum Institute, mafuta oyambira amagawika m'magulu asanu. Gulu I, mafuta oyambira omwe amapezeka posankha ndi kuyeretsa deworming pogwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira wamba zamchere. Gulu lachiwiri, mafuta oyenga bwino kwambiri okhala ndi aromatics ndi parafini wambiri, okhala ndi kukhazikika kwama oxidative. Mafuta a hydrotreated, mafuta amchere abwino.
Gulu lachitatu, othandizira opangira ma viscosity otsika kwambiri, ukadaulo wa HC.

Kupanga kwamafuta amagetsi

Pakuthandizidwa mwapadera, mawonekedwe amafuta amakula bwino. Chifukwa chake, mafuta am'magulu atatu amafanana ndi mafuta a gulu IV. Sizodabwitsa kuti gulu lamafuta ili mgulu la mafuta opangira pang'ono. Ndipo makampani ena amatchulanso mafuta opangira. Gulu IV, mafuta oyambira a polyalphaolefins, PAO. Ma polyalphaolefins omwe amachokera ku mankhwalawa ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana. Kukhazikika kwambiri kwa okosijeni, index ya mamasukidwe akayendedwe komanso kusapezeka kwa mamolekyulu a parafini momwe amapangira. Gulu V, mafuta ena oyambira osaphatikizidwa m'magulu am'mbuyomu. Gulu ili limaphatikizaponso mafuta ena opangira. Kapangidwe kazitsulo kazitsulo kamadalira mtundu wamafuta, kutentha kwa magawo osankhidwa a mafuta, komanso njira ndi kuyeretsa kwake.

Mafuta amchere amchere

Mchere wambiri ndi wotsika mtengo kwambiri. Ndicho chogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta mwachindunji, opangidwa ndi mamolekyulu amitundumitundu ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kumeneku, kusakhazikika kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe, kutentha kwa zinthu, kusakhazikika kwambiri, kukhazikika kwamakina otsika. Maminolo oyambira, mafuta omwe amapezeka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza kophatikizana kwa mchere ndi mafuta oyambira amatha kukhala ndi 20 mpaka 40% "yopanga". Palibe zofunika zapadera kuti apange mafuta othira okhathamira okhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta oyambira m'mafuta amafuta omalizidwa. Palibenso chisonyezo choti mafuta opangira mafuta a Gulu III kapena Gulu IV, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta osakaniza. Malinga ndi mawonekedwe awo, mafutawa amakhala pakatikati pakati pa mafuta amchere ndi othandizira, ndiye kuti, katundu wawo ndiwabwinoko kuposa mafuta amchere, koma oyipirapo kuposa omwe amapanga. Pamtengo, mafutawa ndiotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa omwe amapanga.

Kupanga Njinga Mafuta

Mafuta opangira ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri a kutentha. Choyamba, ndi malo otsikira otsika kwambiri, -50 ° C -60 ° C kuposa mchere, komanso chisonyezo chokwanira kwambiri cha mamasukidwe akayendedwe. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala kosavuta kuyambitsa injini nyengo yachisanu. Kachiwiri, ali ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe pamatenthedwe opitilira 100 ° C. Zotsatira zake, kanema wamafuta womwe umalekanitsa mikangano sichimatha kutentha kwambiri. Ubwino winanso wamafuta opanga umaphatikizapo kukhazikika kwamshevu. Chifukwa cha kufanana kwa kapangidwe kake, kukhazikika kwamatenthedwe-okosijeni kwambiri. Ndiye kuti, chizolowezi chotsika chopanga ma varnishi. Mafilimu owoneka bwino, olimba kwambiri, osasungunuka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo otentha amatchedwa mavitamini a oxidizing. Komanso kuchepa kwamadzi ndi zinyalala poyerekeza ndi mafuta amchere.

Zowonjezera Mafuta a Injini

Ndikofunikanso kuti zokometsera zimafunikira kuyambitsidwa kwa zowonjezera zowonjezera zowonjezera. Makamaka mitundu yake yapamwamba kwambiri samafuna zowonjezera ngati izi. Chifukwa chake, mafuta awa ndi okhazikika, chifukwa zowonjezera zimawonongedwa poyamba. Zonsezi zamafuta opangira amathandizira kuchepetsa makina amtundu wonse wamafuta ndikuchepetsa magawo. Kuphatikiza apo, gwero lawo limaposa mchere nthawi 5 kapena kupitilira apo. Chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangira ndi mtengo wawo wokwera. Ndiokwera mtengo katatu kuposa mchere. Ndipo makamaka magiredi ake apamwamba safuna zowonjezera ngati izi, chifukwa chake mafutawa ndi okhazikika.

Zowonjezera za Antiwear zamafuta zamagalimoto

Zowonjezera za Antiwear. Ntchito yayikulu ndikuteteza kuvala kwa magawo a mikangano ya injini m'malo momwe kupanga makulidwe amafuta osakwanira sikungatheke. Amagwira ntchito yolumikizira chitsulo kenako ndikuyeserera ndi mankhwala polumikizana ndi chitsulo ndi chitsulo. Pogwira ntchito kwambiri, m'pamenenso kutentha kumatulutsidwa munthawi yolumikizayi, ndikupanga kanema wachitsulo wapadera wokhala ndi "kutsetsereka" katundu. Zomwe zimalepheretsa kuvala kolimba. Makutidwe ndi okosijeni zoletsa, antioxidant zowonjezera. Pogwira ntchito, mafuta a injini nthawi zonse amakhala otentha, mpweya, mpweya komanso ma oxide a nayitrogeni. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izisungunuka, dulani zowonjezera ndikukhwima. Zowonjezera ma antioxidant zimachepetsa makutidwe ndi mafuta ndi kupangika kosaletseka kwa madipozedwe pambuyo pake.

Mafuta a injini - mfundo ya ntchito

Mfundo ya zochita zawo ndi zochita za mankhwala pa kutentha kwambiri ndi zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa mafuta okosijeni. Amagawidwa kukhala zowonjezera zoletsa zomwe zimagwira ntchito molingana ndi kuchuluka kwamafuta. Ndipo zowonjezera matenthedwe-oxidative zomwe zimagwira ntchito zawo pazosanjikiza zogwirira ntchito pamalo otentha. Corrosion inhibitors adapangidwa kuti ateteze mbali za injini kuti zisawonongeke chifukwa cha ma organic ndi mineral acid omwe amapangidwa panthawi ya okosijeni yamafuta ndi zowonjezera. Limagwirira ntchito yawo ndi mapangidwe oteteza filimu pamwamba pa mbali ndi neutralization wa zidulo. Zoletsa dzimbiri zimapangidwira makamaka kuteteza zitsulo ndi makoma achitsulo, ma pistoni ndi mphete. Limagwirira ntchito ndi ofanana. Corrosion inhibitors nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi antioxidants.

Njinga mafuta ndi antioxidants

Antioxidants, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, amateteza mafuta omwewo ku makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Pamwamba pa mbali zitsulo ndi odana ndi dzimbiri. Amathandizira pakupanga kanema wamphamvu wamafuta pachitsulo. Izi zimateteza kuti zisakhudzane ndi ma acid ndi madzi, omwe amakhala mulingo wamafuta nthawi zonse. Zosintha pamkangano. Akuyesetsabe kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta okhala ndi mikangano pakusintha kwa injini zamakono. Izi zitha kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa mkangano pakati pazigawo zotsutsana kuti mupeze mafuta opulumutsa mphamvu. Mitundu yodziwika bwino yotsutsana ndi graphite ndi molybdenum disulfide. Ndizovuta kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta amakono. Chifukwa zinthu izi sizimasungunuka m'mafuta ndipo zimatha kumwazikana ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Izi zimafuna kuyambitsa zowonjezera zowonjezera ndi zomwazika m'mafuta, komabe izi sizimalola kugwiritsa ntchito mafutawa kwanthawi yayitali.

Ziyeneretso za mafuta oyendetsa galimoto

Chifukwa chake, mafuta osungunuka mafuta mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mikangano yosintha. Omwe amamatira bwino pazitsulo ndipo amapanga ma molekyulu ochepetsa mikangano. Kuthandizira kusankha kwamafuta ofunikira amtundu wina wa injini ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito, magulu azipembedzo alipo. Pakadali pano pali mitundu ingapo yamafuta amafuta a injini: API, ILSAC, ACEA ndi GOST. M'dongosolo lililonse, mafuta amafuta amagawika m'magulu angapo ndi magulu kutengera mtundu ndi cholinga. Mndandanda ndi magulu awa adayambitsidwa ndi mabungwe adziko lonse komanso apadziko lonse lapansi oyenga ndi opanga magalimoto. Cholinga ndi mulingo wabwino zili pamtima pamitundu yamafuta. Kuphatikiza pa machitidwe omwe amavomerezedwa kale, palinso zofunikira ndi mafotokozedwe a opanga magalimoto. Kuphatikiza pakupanga mafuta ndi mtundu, SAE mamasukidwe akayendedwe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito.