Kodi thupi lamagalimoto limakhala chiyani komanso chiyani?

Galimoto imapangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi mosalekeza. Zina zazikulu zimatengedwa ngati injini, chassis ndi kufala. Komabe, zonse zimakhazikika ku dongosolo lonyamulira, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuyanjana kwawo. Dongosolo la chonyamulira litha kuperekedwa mosiyanasiyana, koma chodziwika kwambiri ndi thupi lagalimoto. Ndichinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimateteza zida zagalimoto, kunyamula anthu okwera ndi katundu mnyumbamo, komanso kutengera katundu wonse poyendetsa.

Cholinga ndi zofunikira

Ngati injini imatchedwa mtima wa galimoto, ndiye kuti thupi ndi chipolopolo kapena thupi lake. Zikhale momwe zingakhalire, ndi thupi lomwe ndilofunika kwambiri pagalimoto. Cholinga chake chachikulu ndikuteteza okwera ndi zida zamkati kuzinthu zachilengedwe, kuyika mipando ndi zinthu zina.

Monga chinthu chofunikira chomangika, zofunikira zina zimayikidwa pathupi, kuphatikiza:

• kukana dzimbiri ndi durability;
• misa yaying'ono;
• zofunika rigidity;
• mawonekedwe mulingo woyenera kuonetsetsa kukonza ndi kukonza mayunitsi onse galimoto, chomasuka Kutsegula katundu;
• kuonetsetsa mulingo wofunikira wa chitonthozo kwa okwera ndi oyendetsa;
• kuwonetsetsa kuti pali chitetezo chokhazikika pakagundana;
• kutsatira miyezo yamakono ndi zochitika pamapangidwe.

Kapangidwe ka thupi

Gawo lonyamula katundu la galimoto likhoza kukhala ndi chimango ndi thupi, thupi lokha, kapena kuphatikizidwa. Thupi, lomwe limagwira ntchito za gawo lonyamula katundu, limatchedwa thupi lonyamula katundu. Mtundu uwu umapezeka kwambiri pamagalimoto amakono.

Komanso, thupi likhoza kupangidwa m'mabuku atatu:

• buku limodzi;
• mitundu iwiri;
• atatu voliyumu.

Chidutswa chimodzi chapangidwa ngati thupi limodzi lomwe limagwirizanitsa chipinda cha injini, chipinda chokwera anthu komanso chipinda chonyamula katundu. Dongosololi likufanana ndi zonyamula anthu (mabasi, ma minibasi) ndi magalimoto othandizira.

Magawo awiri ali ndi magawo awiri a danga. Chipinda chokwera, chophatikizidwa ndi thunthu, ndi chipinda cha injini. Mapangidwe awa akuphatikiza hatchback, station wagon ndi crossover.

Magawo atatu ali ndi zigawo zitatu: chipinda chokwera anthu, chipinda cha injini ndi chipinda chonyamula katundu. Uwu ndiye mawonekedwe apamwamba omwe ma sedans amafanana.

Mapangidwe osiyanasiyana amatha kuwonedwa pachithunzichi pansipa, ndipo werengani mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani yathu yokhudza mitundu ya thupi.

chipangizo

Ngakhale kusiyanasiyana kwa masanjidwe, thupi lagalimoto yonyamula anthu lili ndi zinthu zofanana. Izi zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzi pansipa ndipo zikuphatikiza:

1. Mamembala akutsogolo ndi akumbuyo. Ndi matabwa amakona anayi omwe amapereka kusasunthika komanso kugwedera kwamphamvu.
2. Chishango chakutsogolo. Imalekanitsa chipinda cha injini ndi chipinda cha apaulendo.
3. Zovala zam'mbuyo. Amaperekanso kukhazikika komanso kukhazikika padenga.
4. Denga.
5. Mzati wakumbuyo.
6. Phiko lakumbuyo.
7. Katundu gulu.
8. Choyika chapakati. Amapereka thupi lolimba, lopangidwa ndi chitsulo cholimba cha pepala.
9. Zolowera.
10. Msewu wapakati pomwe pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana (chitoliro chotulutsa mpweya, shaft ya propeller, etc.). Komanso kumawonjezera rigidity.
11. Pansi kapena pansi.
12. Wheel bwino niche.

Mapangidwewo amatha kukhala osiyana kutengera mtundu wa thupi (sedan, station wagon, minibus, etc.). Chisamaliro chapadera chimaperekedwa kuzinthu zamapangidwe monga ma spars ndi ma struts.

Kuuma

Kukhazikika ndi katundu wagalimoto yamagalimoto kuti athane ndi zochulukirapo komanso zowerengera panthawi yogwira ntchito. Zimakhudza mwachindunji kusamalira.

Kukwera kwa kuuma, ndi bwino kuyendetsa galimoto.

Kuuma kumadalira mtundu wa thupi, geometry yonse, chiwerengero cha zitseko, kukula kwa galimoto ndi mazenera. Kulumikizana ndi malo a windshield ndi mazenera akumbuyo amathandizanso kwambiri. Iwo akhoza kuwonjezera kuuma ndi 20-40%. Kuti muwonjezere kulimba, ma struts osiyanasiyana olimbikitsira amayikidwa.

Chokhazikika kwambiri ndi hatchbacks, coupes ndi sedans. Monga lamulo, izi ndizojambula zitatu, zomwe zimakhala ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera pakati pa chipinda cha katundu ndi injini. Kupanda kukhazikika kumawonetsedwa ndi thupi la station wagon, okwera, minibus.

Pali magawo awiri a kuuma - kupindika ndi torsion. Kwa torsion, kukana kumayang'aniridwa mokakamizidwa pazigawo zotsutsana ndi utali wake wozungulira, mwachitsanzo, pakulendewera diagonally. Monga tanenera kale, magalimoto amakono ali ndi thupi limodzi la monocoque. Muzinthu zotere, kulimba kumaperekedwa makamaka ndi ma spars, transverse ndi longitudinal matabwa.

Zida kupanga ndi makulidwe awo

Mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa kapangidwe kake kakhoza kuwonjezeredwa ndi makulidwe achitsulo, koma izi zidzakhudza kulemera kwake. Thupi liyenera kukhala lopepuka komanso lamphamvu nthawi yomweyo. Izi zimatheka pogwiritsa ntchito pepala lachitsulo chochepa cha carbon. Magawo amodzi amapangidwa ndi masitampu. Ziwalozo zimakulungidwa pamodzi.

Kukula kwakukulu kwachitsulo ndi 0,8-2 mm. Kwa chimango, chitsulo chokhala ndi makulidwe a 2-4 mm chimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mbali zofunika kwambiri, monga spars ndi struts, amapangidwa ndi zitsulo, nthawi zambiri alloyed, ndi makulidwe a 4-8 mm, magalimoto olemera - 5-12 mm.

Ubwino wa chitsulo chochepa cha carbon ndikuti ukhoza kupangidwa bwino. Mutha kupanga gawo la mawonekedwe aliwonse ndi geometry. Kuchepetsa kukana dzimbiri. Kuti awonjezere kukana kwa dzimbiri, mapepala achitsulo amapangidwa ndi galvanized kapena mkuwa amawonjezeredwa. Zojambulazo zimatetezanso ku dzimbiri.

Zigawo zosafunikira kwambiri zomwe sizinyamula katundu waukulu zimapangidwa ndi mapulasitiki kapena ma aluminiyamu. Izi zimachepetsa kulemera ndi mtengo wa kapangidwe kake. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa zida ndi mphamvu zake malinga ndi cholinga.

Thupi la Aluminium

Okonza amakono nthawi zonse amafunafuna njira zochepetsera kulemera popanda kutaya kuuma ndi mphamvu. Aluminiyamu ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimalonjeza. Kulemera kwa mbali zotayidwa mu 2005 mu magalimoto European anali 130 makilogalamu.

Tsopano zinthu za aluminium thovu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu. Ndiwopepuka kwambiri komanso nthawi yomweyo zinthu zolimba zomwe zimagwira ntchito pachitsime chogundana. Mapangidwe a thovu amapereka kutentha kwakukulu komanso kutsekemera kwa mawu. Choyipa cha nkhaniyi ndi mtengo wake wokwera, pafupifupi 20% wokwera mtengo kuposa anzawo achikhalidwe. Aloyi zotayidwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nkhawa "Audi" ndi "Mercedes". Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa aloyi zimenezi, zinali zotheka kwambiri kuchepetsa kulemera kwa Audi A8 thupi. Ndi 810 kg yokha.

Kuphatikiza pa aluminiyumu, zida zapulasitiki zimaganiziridwa. Mwachitsanzo, aloyi yatsopano ya Fibropur, yomwe imakhala yolimba ngati ma sheet achitsulo.

Thupi ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zofunika kwambiri za galimoto iliyonse. Unyinji, kagwiridwe ndi chitetezo cha galimoto zimadalira kwambiri. Ubwino ndi makulidwe azinthu zimakhudza kulimba komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri. Masiku ano opanga magalimoto akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri CFRP kapena aluminiyamu kuti achepetse kulemera kwake. Chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti thupi likhoza kupereka chitetezo chokwanira kwambiri kwa okwera ndi dalaivala pakagwa ngozi.