Kodi hybrid car system ndi chiyani?

Posachedwa, magalimoto amagetsi akutchuka. Komabe, magalimoto amagetsi athunthu ali ndi vuto lalikulu - nkhokwe yamagetsi yaying'ono yopanda mphamvu. Pachifukwa ichi, opanga magalimoto otsogola ambiri akukonzekeretsa mitundu ina yawo ndi mayunitsi a haibridi.

Kwenikweni, galimoto ya haibridi ndi galimoto yomwe mphamvu yake yayikulu ndimainjini oyaka mkati, koma imayendetsedwa ndi makina amagetsi okhala ndi motors imodzi kapena zingapo zamagetsi ndi batri lowonjezera.

Masiku ano, mitundu ingapo yama hybridi imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ena amangothandiza injini yoyaka yamkati koyambirira, ena amakulolani kuyendetsa pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi. Ganizirani za zomwe zimapangidwa ndi magetsi: kodi pali kusiyana kotani, momwe amagwirira ntchito, komanso zabwino ndi zoyipa za hybridi.

Mbiri ya injini zosakanizidwa

Lingaliro lopanga galimoto ya haibridi (kapena mtanda pakati pa galimoto yakale ndi yamagetsi) imayendetsedwa ndi mitengo yamtengo wapatali yamafuta, miyezo yolimba yampweya wamagalimoto ndikulimbikitsa kwambiri poyendetsa.

Kukula kwa chomera chamagetsi chosakanikirana kumachitika koyamba ndi kampani yaku France Parisienne de voitures electriques. Komabe, galimoto yoyamba yosakanizidwa inali Ferdinand Porsche. Mu chomera chamagetsi cha Lohner Electric Chaise, injini yoyaka mkati idakhala ngati jenereta yamagetsi, yomwe idayatsa magetsi amagetsi awiri kutsogolo (okwera molunjika pama mawilo).

Galimotoyo idaperekedwa kwa anthu onse mu 1901. Zonsezi, pafupifupi magalimoto 300 amagulitsidwa. Chitsanzocho chinali chothandiza kwambiri, koma chodula kupanga, kotero galimoto yotereyi siyingakhale yotsika mtengo kwa wamba wamba. Kuphatikiza apo, panthawiyo panali galimoto yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza, yopangidwa ndi wopanga Henry Ford.

Ma powertrains apakale amakakamiza opanga kutulutsa lingaliro lakulenga hybridi kwazaka zambiri. Chidwi pamayendedwe obiriwira chawonjezeka ndikudutsa kwa United States Electric Transportation Promotion Bill. Adakhazikitsidwa mu 1960.

Mwangozi, mu 1973, mavuto amafuta padziko lonse adayambika. Ngati malamulo aku US sanalimbikitse opanga kuti aganizire zopanga magalimoto okwera mtengo ochezeka, ndiye kuti zovuta zinawakakamiza kuti achite.

Njira yoyamba yosakanizidwa, yomwe imagwiritsidwabe ntchito mpaka pano, idapangidwa ndi TRW mu 1968. Malinga ndi lingaliro, pamodzi ndi mota wamagetsi, zinali zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito injini yaying'ono yoyaka mkati, koma mphamvu ya makinayo sinatayike, ndipo ntchitoyi idakhala yosalala kwambiri.

Chitsanzo cha galimoto yosakanizidwa yonse ndi GM 512 Hybrid. Inayendetsedwa ndi mota wamagetsi, yomwe idathamangitsa galimotoyi mpaka 17 km / h. Pa liwiro ili, makina oyaka amkati adayambitsidwa, ndikupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito, chifukwa liwiro lagalimoto lidakwera mpaka 21 km / h. Ngati pakufunika kupita mwachangu, mota yamagetsi idazimitsidwa, ndipo galimoto idathamangitsidwa kale pa injini yamafuta. Liwiro linali 65 km / h.

VW Taxi Hybrid, galimoto ina yosakanizidwa yopambana, idayambitsidwa pagulu mu 1973.

Mpaka pano, opanga makina akuyesera kubweretsa ma hybrid ndi magetsi onse pamlingo womwe ungawapangitse kupikisana poyerekeza ndi injini zoyaka zamkati zamkati. Ngakhale izi sizinachitike, zochitika zambiri zapangitsa kuti madola mabiliyoni ambiri agwiritsidwe ntchito pakukula kwawo.

Pachiyambi cha zaka chikwi chachitatu, anthu adawona zachilendo zotchedwa Toyota Prius. Lingaliro la wopanga waku Japan lakhala lofanana ndi lingaliro la "galimoto yosakanizidwa". Zochitika zambiri zamakono zimachokera ku chitukukochi. Pakadali pano, pali kusintha kwakukulu kwamakonzedwe ophatikizika, omwe amalola kuti wogula azisankhira njira yabwino kwambiri.

Momwe magalimoto a haibridi amagwirira ntchito

Osasokoneza galimoto ya haibridi ndi galimoto yamagetsi yathunthu. Kukhazikitsa kwamagetsi kumakhudzidwa nthawi zina. Mwachitsanzo, mumayendedwe amzindawu, galimoto ikakhala pamavuto, kugwiritsa ntchito injini yoyaka mkati kumabweretsa kutentha kwa injini, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya. Pazinthu zotere, kuyika kwamagetsi kumayambitsidwa.

Mwa kapangidwe, wosakanizidwa amakhala ndi:

• Chipangizo chachikulu champhamvu. Ndi injini ya mafuta kapena dizilo.
• Galimoto yamagetsi. Pakhoza kukhala angapo malinga ndi kusinthidwa. Mwa machitidwe ake, atha kukhala osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ena atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiwongolero chowonjezera cha mawilo, pomwe ena - ngati othandizira injini poyambitsa galimoto kuchokera pamalo.
• Owonjezera batire. M'magalimoto ena, ili ndi mphamvu zochepa, mphamvu yosungira yomwe ndi yokwanira kuyambitsa kuyika kwamagetsi kwakanthawi kochepa. Kwa ena, batireyi imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kuti magalimoto azitha kuyenda momasuka pamagetsi.
• Dongosolo pakompyuta ulamuliro. Masensa otsogola amawunika momwe makina oyaka amkati amagwirira ntchito ndikusanthula momwe makinawo amagwirira ntchito, pamaziko omwe mota yamagetsi imatsegulidwa / kuyimitsidwa.
• Kusintha. Ichi ndiye chosinthira mphamvu zofunikira kuchokera ku batri kupita pagalimoto yamagawo atatu yamagetsi. Izi zimagawiranso katundu kuma node osiyanasiyana, kutengera kusintha kwa unsembe.
• Jenereta. Popanda njirayi, ndizosatheka kukonzanso batire yayikulu kapena yowonjezera. Monga magalimoto wamba, jenereta imayendetsedwa ndi injini yoyaka yamkati.
• Machitidwe ochira. Mitundu yambiri yamtundu wamakono imakhala ndi machitidwe otere. "Imasonkhanitsa" mphamvu zowonjezera kuchokera kuzinthu zina zagalimoto monga braking system ndi chassis (pomwe galimoto ikuyenda, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera paphiri, chosinthira chimatenga mphamvu yotulutsidwa mu batri).

Ma powertrains ophatikiza amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito payekha kapena awiriawiri.

Ndondomeko za ntchito

Pali mitundu yambiri yopambana. Pali zitatu zazikulu:

• zogwirizana;
• kufanana;
• chosemphana.

Siriyo yoyendera

Poterepa, makina oyaka amkati amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati jenereta yamagetsi yogwiritsira ntchito magetsi amagetsi. M'malo mwake, mafuta kapena injini ya dizilo ilibe kulumikizana kwachindunji ndi kupatsira kwagalimoto.

Njirayi imalola kuyika kwa injini zamagetsi zotsika ndi mphamvu yaying'ono m'chipinda cha injini. Ntchito yawo yayikulu ndikuyendetsa magetsi.

Magalimotowa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi dongosolo lakuchira, momwe mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zamagetsi zimasandulika kukhala magetsi kuti abwezeretse batiri. Kutengera ndi kukula kwa batri, galimoto imatha kuyenda mtunda wina wokha pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi popanda kugwiritsa ntchito injini yoyaka.

Chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri cha mtundu uwu wa ma hybrids ndi Chevrolet Volt. Itha kulipitsidwa ngati galimoto yamagetsi yabwinobwino, koma chifukwa cha injini yamafuta, malowo akuwonjezeka kwambiri.

Dera lofanana

Momwemonso, injini yoyaka yamkati ndi mota yamagetsi imagwira ntchito chimodzimodzi. Ntchito yamagalimoto yamagetsi ndikuchepetsa katundu pagawo lalikulu, zomwe zimabweretsa ndalama zambiri.

Ngati injini yoyaka yamkati idadumizidwa kuchokera pakufalitsa, galimotoyo imatha kuyenda mtunda wina kuchokera pamphamvu yamagetsi. Koma ntchito yayikulu yamagetsi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti galimoto ikuyenda bwino. Gawo lalikulu lamagetsi pakusintha kotere ndi injini ya mafuta (kapena dizilo).

Galimoto ikamachedwetsa kapena kuchoka pantchito yoyaka mkati, mota yamagetsi imagwira ntchito ngati jenereta kuti ibwezeretse batiri. Chifukwa cha injini yoyaka, magalimoto amenewa safuna batire yamagetsi othamanga kwambiri.

Mosiyana ndi ma haibridi otsatizana, mayunitsiwa amakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo, popeza magetsi samagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magetsi. Mu mitundu ina, monga BMW 350E iPerformance, mota wamagetsi imaphatikizidwa mu bokosi lamagetsi.

Mbali ina ya chiwembu ichi cha ntchito ndi makokedwe apamwamba pamawiro otsika a crankshaft.

Siriyo-kufanana dera

Chiwembucho chidapangidwa ndi akatswiri aku Japan. Amatchedwa HSD (Hybrid Synergy Drive). M'malo mwake, imagwirizanitsa ntchito za mitundu iwiri yoyambirira yamagetsi.

Galimoto ikamafunika kuyendetsa kapena kuyenda pang'onopang'ono mumsewu, njinga yamagetsi imatsegulidwa. Kuti mupulumutse mphamvu kuthamanga kwambiri, injini ya petulo kapena dizilo (kutengera mtundu wamagalimoto) imagwirizanitsidwa.

Ngati mukufuna kupititsa patsogolo kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, pamene mukukumana) kapena galimoto ikuyenda kukwera, chomera chamagetsi chimagwira ntchito mofananamo - mota wamagetsi imathandizira injini yoyaka yamkati, yomwe imachepetsa katundu, ndipo, chifukwa chake, imapulumutsa mafuta.

Kulumikizana kwamapulaneti kwa injini yoyaka yamkati yamagalimoto kumasamutsa gawo lina la mphamvu kupita ku zida zikuluzikulu zotumizira, ndipo gawo lina ku jenereta kuti ipangitsenso batri kapena magetsi. Pochita izi, zida zamagetsi zamagetsi zimayikidwa zomwe zimagawa mphamvu malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili.

Chitsanzo chodziwika kwambiri cha wosakanizidwa wokhala ndi mphamvu-yofananira ndi Toyota Prius. Komabe, zosintha zina za mitundu yodziwika bwino yopangidwa ku Japan zalandila kale izi. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi Toyota Camry, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Lexus LS 600h. Njira iyi idagulidwanso ndi zovuta zina zaku America. Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko chidayamba kulowa mu Ford Escape Hybrid.

Mitundu yosakanikirana

Mitundu yonse yama powertrains imagawidwa m'magulu atatu:

• wosakanizidwa wosalala;
• wosakanizidwa;
• haibridi wathunthu.

Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi ntchito yake komanso mawonekedwe apadera.

Yaying'ono hybrid powertrain

Mitengo yamagetsi yotere nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi njira yochira kuti mphamvu zamagetsi zisandulike kukhala zamagetsi ndikubwerera ku batri.

Makina oyendetsa mwa iwo ndi oyambira (amathanso kukhala ngati jenereta). Palibe zoyendetsa zamagetsi m'malo amenewa. Chiwembucho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira pafupipafupi injini zoyaka zamkati.

Mphamvu yamagetsi yapakatikati

Magalimoto otere nawonso samayenda chifukwa chamagetsi. Galimoto yamagetsi pankhaniyi imagwira ntchito ngati wothandizira pazinthu zazikulu zamagetsi katundu mukamakula.

Machitidwe oterewa amakhalanso ndi njira yochira, kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zaulere kubwerera ku batri. Magawo osakanikirana apakatikati amapereka injini yotentha kwambiri.

Mphamvu yophatikiza yonse

M'makina otere, pali magetsi akuluakulu, omwe amayendetsedwa ndi injini yoyaka yamkati. Njirayi imayendetsedwa pang'onopang'ono yamagalimoto.

Kuchita bwino kwa dongosololi kumawonetsedwa pamaso pa ntchito ya "Yambani / Imani", pomwe galimoto imayenda pang'onopang'ono munjira yamagalimoto, koma muyenera kuyendetsa mwamphamvu pamawayilesi. A mbali zonse unsembe wosakanizidwa ndi luso zimitsani mkati kuyaka injini (zowalamulira ndi olekanitsidwa) ndi kuyendetsa galimoto magetsi.

Gulu ndi kuchuluka kwamagetsi

Zolemba zaukadaulo kapena m'dzina la mtundu wamagalimoto, mawu awa atha kupezeka:

• yaying'ono;
• wosakanizidwa pang'ono;
• wosakanizidwa wathunthu;
• plug-in wosakanizidwa.

Microhybrid

M'magalimoto otere, makina ochiritsira amaikidwa. Sayendetsedwa ndi magetsi. Machitidwewa amakhala ndi poyambira / kuyimitsa ntchito, kapena amakhala ndi makina obwezeretsanso mabuleki (mukamayimitsa, batire imabwezeredwa).

Zitsanzo zina zimakhala ndi machitidwe onse awiri. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti magalimoto otere sawonedwa ngati magalimoto a haibridi, chifukwa amangogwiritsa ntchito mafuta kapena dizilo osagwiritsa ntchito magetsi.

Wosakanizidwa wofatsa

Magalimoto otere nawonso samayenda chifukwa cha magetsi. Amagwiritsanso ntchito injini yotentha, monga m'gululi. Kupatula chimodzi - injini yoyaka yamkati imathandizidwa ndi kuyika kwamagetsi.

Zitsanzozi zilibe ndege. Ntchito yake imagwiridwa ndi oyambitsa magetsi. Dongosolo lamagetsi limakulitsa kuyambiranso kwa mota yamagetsi otsika kwambiri panthawi yofulumira.

Zophatikiza zonse

Magalimotowa amadziwika ngati magalimoto omwe amatha kuyenda mtunda wamagetsi. M'mitundu yotere, njira iliyonse yolumikizira yomwe tatchulayi itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zimphona zotere sizilipilitsidwa kuchokera pachimake. Batire imadzazidwanso ndi mphamvu kuchokera ku makina obwezeretsanso mabakiteriya ndi jenereta. Mtunda womwe ungaphimbidwe pamalipiro amodzi zimatengera kuchuluka kwa batri.

Mapulagini osakanizidwa

Magalimoto otere amatha kugwira ntchito ngati galimoto yamagetsi kapena kuthamanga pa injini yoyaka mkati. Chifukwa cha kuphatikiza kwa magetsi awiriwa, chuma chamtengo wapatali chimaperekedwa.

Popeza ndizosatheka kuyika batire yama voliyumu (m'galimoto yamagetsi imatenga malo a thanki yamafuta), mtundu wosakanizidwa wotere umatha kufikira 50 km pa mtengo umodzi popanda kubweza.

Ubwino ndi zovuta zamagalimoto osakanizidwa

Pakadali pano, wosakanizidwa angawonedwe ngati cholumikizira chosintha kuchokera ku injini yotentha kupita ku analogue yamagetsi yosagwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe. Ngakhale cholinga chachikulu sichinakwaniritsidwebe, chifukwa chakuyambitsa zochitika zamakono zamakono, pali njira yabwino pakukula kwa zoyendera zamagetsi.

Popeza hybridi ndizosintha kwakanthawi, zimakhala ndi zabwino komanso zoyipa. Zowonjezera ndizo:

• Chuma cha mafuta. Kutengera magwiridwe antchito, chizindikirochi chitha kukwera mpaka 30% kapena kupitilira apo.
• Kulipira popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mains. Izi zidatheka chifukwa cha kayendedwe kabwino ka mphamvu. Ngakhale, kubweza kwathunthu sikukuchitika, ngati mainjiniya atha kusintha kutembenuka, ndiye kuti magalimoto amagetsi safuna kotuluka konse.
• Kutha kukhazikitsa mota wama voliyumu ang'onoang'ono ndi mphamvu.
• Zamagetsi ndizochuma kwambiri kuposa zimango, amagawa mafuta.
• Injiniyo imatenthedwa pang'ono, ndipo mafuta amadya mukamayendetsa pagalimoto.
• Kuphatikiza kwa mafuta / dizilo ndi injini zamagetsi kumakupatsani mwayi wopitiliza kuyendetsa galimoto ngati batri yamagetsi yayikulu yafa.
• Chifukwa cha kuyendetsa kwa magetsi, injini yoyaka mkati imatha kuthamanga modekha komanso phokoso lochepa.

Makina osakanizidwa amakhalanso ndi mndandanda wazoyipa:

• Batri limakhala losagwiritsika ntchito msanga chifukwa chazochulukitsa / zotulutsira zochulukirapo (ngakhale mumayendedwe osakanikirana pang'ono);
• Batri nthawi zambiri limamasulidwa kwathunthu;
• Mbali zamagalimoto oterewa ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri;
• Kudzikonza kumakhala kovuta, chifukwa izi zimafunikira zida zapamwamba zamagetsi;
• Poyerekeza ndi mafuta kapena dizilo, ma hybridi amawononga ndalama masauzande angapo;
• Kukonza pafupipafupi kumawononga ndalama zambiri;
• Zamagetsi zovuta zimafunikira kusamala, ndipo zolakwika zomwe zimachitika nthawi zina zimasokoneza ulendo wautali;
• Ndi kovuta kupeza katswiri yemwe angasinthe moyenera magwiridwe antchito amagetsi. Chifukwa cha izi, muyenera kupita kuzinthu zodula akatswiri;
• Mabatire samalekerera kusinthasintha kwakutentha ndipo amatulutsidwa okha.
• Ngakhale kuyanjana kwachilengedwe pakagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mota wamagetsi, kupanga ndi kutaya mabatire kumaipitsa kwambiri.

Kuti ma hybrids ndi magalimoto amagetsi azikhala olimbirana ndi injini zoyaka zamkati, ndikofunikira kukonza magetsi (kuti asunge mphamvu zochulukirapo, koma nthawi yomweyo sizowonjezera), komanso makina obwezeretsa mwachangu popanda kuwononga batri.

Mafunso ndi Mayankho:

Kodi hybrid galimoto ndi chiyani? Iyi ndi galimoto yomwe mphamvu zoposa imodzi zimakhudzidwa ndi kayendetsedwe kake. Kwenikweni ndi chisakanizo cha galimoto yamagetsi ndi galimoto yokhala ndi injini yoyaka moto yamkati.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa hybrid ndi galimoto wamba? Galimoto yosakanizidwa ili ndi ubwino wa galimoto yamagetsi (injini yoyendetsa chete ndi kuyendetsa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta), koma pamene batire imatsika, mphamvu yaikulu (petulo) imatsegulidwa.