Ma injini a dizilo: ntchito

Pansi pa hood, galimoto yamakono izikhala ndi imodzi mwamitundu itatu yamagetsi yamagetsi. Ndi injini ya mafuta, magetsi kapena dizilo. Takambirana kale za momwe ntchito imagwirira ntchito komanso momwe mota imagwirira ntchito mafuta. m'nkhani ina.

Tsopano tikambirana mbali ya injini ya dizilo: mbali ya izo, momwe izo zimasiyanirana ndi analogue mafuta, komanso kuganizira mbali ya kuyambitsa ndi ntchito kuyaka mkati injini mu zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Kodi injini ya galimoto ya dizilo ndi chiyani

Choyamba, lingaliro pang'ono. Injini ya dizilo ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yama pisitoni yomwe imawoneka chimodzimodzi ndi injini ya mafuta. Budova yake nawonso siyosiyana.

Zikhala makamaka ndi:

• Cylinder chipika. Ili ndiye gawo limodzi. Mabowo ndi mabowo ofunikira kuti agwire ntchito amapangidwira. Khoma lakunja lili ndi jekete lozizira (chotsekera chomwe chimadzaza ndi madzi pamagalimoto omwe asonkhana kuti aziziritsa nyumbayo). Pakatikati, mabowo akuluakulu amapangidwa, omwe amatchedwa zonenepa. Amawotcha mafuta. Komanso, mapangidwe amtunduwu amapereka mabowo olumikizirana mothandizidwa ndi zikhomo zokhazokha ndi mutu wake, momwe makina opangira mpweya amapezeka.
• Pisitoni zokhala ndi ndodo zolumikizira. Zinthu izi zimakhala ndi kapangidwe kofananira ndi injini ya mafuta. Kusiyana kokha ndikuti pisitoni ndi ndodo yolumikizira zimakhazikika kwambiri kuti zizitha kupirira katundu wambiri.
• Crankshaft. Injini ya dizilo ili ndi kabichi kakang'ono kamene kali ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi kamene kamayaka moto wamkati komwe kamagwira mafuta. Kusiyana kokha ndiko kamangidwe ka gawo ili lomwe wopanga amagwiritsa ntchito pakusintha kwamtundu wina wamagalimoto.
• Kugwirizanitsa kutsinde. Ma jenereta ang'onoang'ono amagetsi amagwiritsa ntchito dizilo imodzi yamphamvu. Imagwira pa mfundo yokoka. Popeza ili ndi pisitoni imodzi, imapangitsa kugwedezeka kwamphamvu HTS ikawotchedwa. Pofuna kuti galimoto iziyenda bwino, shaft yoyeserera imaphatikizidwa ndi chida champhamvu chimodzi, chomwe chimalipira kukhudzika kwadzidzidzi kwamagetsi.

Masiku ano, magalimoto a dizilo akukhala otchuka chifukwa chokhazikitsa ukadaulo wopatsa mwayi womwe umalola kuti magalimoto azikwaniritsa zofunikira zachilengedwe komanso zosowa za woyendetsa wapamwamba. Ngati kale dizilo anali kulandiridwa makamaka poyendetsa katundu, lero galimoto zonyamula anthu nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi injini yotere.

Akuti pafupifupi galimoto imodzi mwa magalimoto XNUMX alionse ogulitsidwa ku United States idzayendetsa mafuta a mafuta ambiri. Ponena za ku Ulaya, injini za dizilo ndizodziwika kwambiri pamsika uwu. Pafupifupi theka la magalimoto omwe amagulitsidwa pansi pa nyumbayi ali ndi mota wamtunduwu.

Musamadzaze mafuta mu injini ya dizilo. Amadalira mafuta akeake. Mafuta a dizilo ndi mafuta oyaka mafuta, omwe mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi mafuta a mafuta ndi mafuta otentha. Poyerekeza ndi mafuta, mafutawa ali ndi nambala yocheperako ya octane (chomwe parameter iyi ili, akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane kubwereza kwina), chifukwa chake kuyatsa kwake kumachitika malinga ndi mfundo ina, yomwe imasiyana ndi kuyaka kwa mafuta.

Magulu amakono akukonzedwa bwino kotero kuti amawononga mafuta ochepa, samapanga phokoso lochepa panthawi yogwira ntchito, mpweya wotulutsa utsi umakhala ndi zinthu zosavulaza kwenikweni, ndipo opaleshoniyo ndiyosavuta momwe ingathere. Pazinthu izi, machitidwe ambiri amawongoleredwa ndi zamagetsi, osati ndi njira zosiyanasiyana.

Pofuna kuti magalimoto opepuka okhala ndi injini ya dizilo akwaniritse chilengedwe, amakhala ndi makina owonjezera omwe amawunikira kuyatsa kwa mafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zonse zomwe zatulutsidwa panthawiyi.

M'badwo waposachedwa wamitundu ina yamagalimoto umalandira dizilo yoyera. Lingaliro limeneli limafotokoza magalimoto omwe mpweya wotulutsa utsi uli wofanana ndendende ndi mafuta oyaka mafuta.

Mndandanda wa machitidwewa akuphatikizapo:

1. Dongosolo madyedwe. Kutengera kapangidwe kake, imatha kukhala ndi ziphuphu zingapo. Cholinga chawo ndikutsimikizira kupezeka kwa mpweya ndikupanga njira yoyenda bwino, yomwe imathandizira kusakaniza mafuta a dizilo ndi mpweya munjira zosiyanasiyana zogwirira ntchito zamagetsi amkati. Injini ikayamba ndikuyendetsa pa rpm yotsika, ma dampers awa adzatsekedwa. Ma revs akangowonjezeka, zinthu izi zimatseguka. Njirayi imakuthandizani kuti muchepetse zomwe zili ndi kaboni monoxide ndi ma hydrocarboni omwe analibe nthawi yoyaka, yomwe nthawi zambiri imachitika pang'onopang'ono.
2. Mphamvu yowonjezera mphamvu. Imodzi mwa njira zothandiza kwambiri zowonjezera mphamvu ya injini yoyaka mkati ndikukhazikitsa turbocharger panjira yolowera. M'mitundu ina yamayendedwe amakono, makina oyikiramo amaikidwa omwe amatha kusintha mawonekedwe amkati. Palinso makina opangira ma turbo, omwe amafotokozedwa apa.
3. Yambitsani dongosolo lokhathamiritsa. Poyerekeza ndi mnzake wapamafuta, ma mota awa ndiopanda tanthauzo pantchito. Mwachitsanzo, injini yoyaka yoyaka yamkati imayamba kuyipa m'nyengo yozizira, ndipo zosintha zakale mu chisanu choopsa sizimayamba popanda kutentha koyambirira konse. Kuti ayambe kuyambitsa zinthu ngati izi kapena mwachangu momwe angathere, galimoto imalandira kutentha koyambirira. Pachifukwa ichi, pulagi yowala imayikidwa mu silinda iliyonse (kapena munthawi zambiri), yomwe imayatsa mphamvu yamkati yamlengalenga, chifukwa chake kutentha kwake panthawi yovutikira kumafika pachizindikiro chomwe mafuta a dizilo amatha kuyatsa okha. Magalimoto ena atha kukhala ndi makina otenthe mafuta asanalowe muzipikala.
4. Utsi dongosolo. Zapangidwa kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa zoipitsa mu utsi. Mwachitsanzo, kutsika kwa utsi kumadutsa fyuluta yamaguluzomwe zimachepetsa ma hydrocarboni osayaka ndi nayitrogeni oxides. Kutaya mpweya wa utsi kumachitika mu resonator ndi mu silencer yayikulu, koma m'mainjini amakono kutulutsa kwamafuta kumakhala kale yunifolomu kuyambira pachiyambi, kotero oyendetsa magalimoto ena amagula utsi wamagalimoto (lipoti la chipangizocho limawuza apa)
5. Njira yogawa gasi. Amafunikira cholinga chofanana ndi mafuta. Pisitoniyo akapanga sitiroko yoyenera, valavu yolowera kapena yolowera iyenera kutsegula / kutseka munthawi yake. Chogwiritsira ntchito nthawi chimaphatikizapo camshaft ndi zina zofunika zomwe zimapereka Kupanga kwakanthawi kwakanthawi mungalimoto (kudya kapena kutulutsa). Mavavu omwe ali mu injini ya dizilo amalimbikitsidwa, chifukwa ali ndi katundu wambiri komanso wotentha.
6. Utsi recirculation mpweya. Njirayi imapereka kuchotseratu kwa nitrojeni oxide poziziritsa mpweya wina ndikuubwezeretsanso kuzambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizochi kumatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera kapangidwe kake.
7. Dongosolo mafuta. Kutengera kapangidwe ka injini yoyaka yamkati, dongosololi lingasiyane pang'ono. Chofunika kwambiri ndi pampu yamafuta othamanga kwambiri, yomwe imawonjezera kukhathamira kwa mafuta kuti, pakuthana kwambiri, injector imatha kubaya mafuta a dizilo mu silinda. Chimodzi mwazomwe zachitika posachedwa pamafuta a dizilo ndi CommonRail. Pambuyo pake tiwunikanso mawonekedwe ake. Peculiarity ake ndi kuti amalola inu kudziunjikira voliyumu ya mafuta mu thanki yapadera kuti azigawidwa khola ndi yosalala pa nozzles lapansi. Mtundu woyang'anira wamagetsi umalola kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya jakisoni kuti akwaniritse bwino kwambiri pama liwiro osiyanasiyana a injini.
8. Turbocharger. Pogwiritsa ntchito njinga yamoto, makina oyimilira amaikidwa pamitundu ingapo yokhala ndi masamba ozungulira omwe ali m'malo awiri osiyana. Chombo chachikulu chimayendetsedwa ndi utsi wamafuta. Shaft yokhotakhota nthawi yomweyo imayendetsa gawo lachiwiri, lomwe ndi gawo logwiritsira ntchito. Gawo lachiwiri likamazungulira, mpweya wabwino umawonjezeka m'thupi. Zotsatira zake, voliyumu yambiri imalowa mu silinda, yomwe imakulitsa mphamvu ya injini yoyaka yamkati. M'malo mwa chopangira chopangira, turbocharger imayikidwa pagalimoto zina, zomwe zimayendetsedwa kale ndi zamagetsi ndipo zimalola kuwonjezeka kwa mpweya, mosasamala kanthu za kuthamanga kwa chipangizocho.

Mwachidziwitso, injini ya dizilo imasiyana ndi mafuta omwe amatha kuyatsa mafuta. Pankhani ya injini yamafuta wamba, mafuta nthawi zambiri amasakanikirana mochulukira (zosintha zina zamakono zimakhala ndi jekeseni wachindunji). Dizilo amagwira ntchito kokha mwa kupopera mafuta a dizilo molunjika muzitsulo. Pofuna kuti BTS isayambe kuyaka msanga panthawi yopanikizika, iyenera kusakanikirana panthawi yomwe pisitoni ili wokonzeka kuyamba kuchita sitiroko yogwira ntchito.

Chipangizo cha mafuta

Ntchito yamafuta amachepetsedwa kuti igawire gawo lofunikira la dizilo panthawi yoyenera. Pachifukwa ichi, kupanikizika mu nozzle kuyenera kupitilira kuchuluka kwa psinjika. The psinjika chiŵerengero cha injini dizilo ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa wagawo mafuta.

Mtundu wofiira - wothamanga kwambiri; yellow color - low pressure circuit. 1) jekeseni mpope; 2) anakakamizika crankcase mpweya valavu; 3) kuthamanga sensa; 4) njanji yamafuta; 5) ma nozzles; 6) accelerator pedal; 7) liwiro la camshaft; 8) liwiro la crankshaft; 9) masensa ena; 10) njira zina zogwirira ntchito; 11) fyuluta coarse; 12) thanki; 13) fyuluta yabwino.

Kuphatikiza apo, tikupangira kuwerengera za kodi compression ratio ndi psinjika ndi chiyani?... Makina opangira mafutawa, makamaka mumapangidwe ake amakono, ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodula kwambiri pamakinawo, chifukwa ziwalo zake zimatsimikizira kuti chipindacho chimayendetsedwa bwino kwambiri. Kukonzekera kwa dongosololi ndi kovuta komanso kotsika mtengo.

Izi ndi zinthu zazikulu za mafuta dongosolo.

Zamgululi

Makina amafuta aliwonse ayenera kukhala ndi pampu. Makinawa amayamwa mafuta a dizilo kuchokera mu thankiyo ndikuwaponyera mu mafuta. Kupangitsa kuti galimoto isawononge ndalama zamafuta, kuziperekera kwake kumayendetsedwa pakompyuta. Chipangizocho chimakakamira kukanikiza chopangira cha gasi komanso momwe injini imagwirira ntchito.

Dalaivala akakanikizira cholembera chothamangitsira, gawo loyendetsa palokha limadziwiratu momwe zingalimbikitsire kuchuluka kwamafuta, kusintha nthawi yolowera. Pachifukwa ichi, mndandanda waukulu wa ma algorithms umayendetsedwa mu ECU ku fakitole, yomwe imathandizira njira zofunikira pamtundu uliwonse.

Pampu yamafuta imapangitsa kupanikizika kosalekeza m'dongosolo. Njirayi idakhazikitsidwa ndi ma plunger. Zambiri pazomwe zili komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito zafotokozedwa payokha... M'machitidwe amakono amafuta, mapampu amtundu amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndiwosakanikirana, ndipo pamenepa mafuta amayenda mofanana, mosasamala kanthu momwe magwiridwe antchito amagwirira ntchito. Mutha kuwerenga zambiri za njirayi apa.

Nozzles

Gawoli limalola kuti mafuta aziponyedwa mwachindunji mu silinda pomwe mpweya wapanikizika kale. Ngakhale kuyendetsa bwino kwa njirayi kumadalira kuthamanga kwa mafuta, kapangidwe ka atomizer komweko ndikofunikira kwambiri.

Mwa mitundu yonse ya nozzles, pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu. Amasiyana pamtundu wa tochi womwe umapangidwa panthawi yopopera mbewu. Pali mtundu kapena atomizer wama point angapo.

Gawoli lidayikidwa pamutu wamphamvu, ndipo atomizer yake imapezeka mkati mwa chipinda, momwe mafuta amasakanikirana ndi mpweya wotentha ndikuyatsa zokha. Poganizira katundu wotentha kwambiri, komanso pafupipafupi mayendedwe obwereza a singano, chida chosagwira kutentha chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga atomizer ya nozzle.

Fyuluta yamafuta

Popeza kapangidwe kamakina othamanga kwambiri ndi ma jakisoni ali ndi magawo ambiri okhala ndi zotchinjiriza zochepa, ndipo iwowo akuyenera kupakidwa mafuta, zimafunikira kwambiri mafuta (dizilo) ake. Pachifukwa ichi, makinawa amakhala ndi zosefera zokwera mtengo.

Mtundu uliwonse wa injini uli ndi fyuluta yake, chifukwa mitundu yonse ili ndi matulukidwe awo komanso kusefera kwake. Kuphatikiza pa kuchotsa ma particles akunja, chinthuchi chiyeneranso kutsuka mafuta m'madzi. Uku ndikumaphatikizana komwe kumapangika mu thanki ndikusakanikirana ndi zinthu zoyaka.

Pofuna kuti madzi asadzike mu sump, nthawi zambiri pamakhala sefa mu fyuluta. Nthawi zina loko yampweya imatha kupanga mafuta. Kuti muchotse, mitundu ina yamafyuluta imakhala ndi pampu yaying'ono yamanja.

Mu mitundu ina yamagalimoto, chida chapadera chimayikidwa chomwe chimakupatsani inu kutentha mafuta a dizilo. M'nyengo yozizira, mafuta amtunduwu nthawi zambiri amawundana, ndikupanga tinthu ta parafini. Zimatengera izi ngati fyuluta imatha kupititsa mafuta pampopu, zomwe zimapereka poyambira kosavuta kwamakina oyaka mkati kuzizira.

Momwe ntchito

Kugwira ntchito kwa injini yoyaka mkati ya dizilo kutengera mfundo yomweyi yakukulitsa mafuta osakaniza ndi mpweya omwe amawotcha mchipindacho ngati mafuta. Kusiyana kokha ndikuti chisakanizocho chimayatsidwa osati chifukwa cha kuthetheka (injini ya dizilo ilibe mapulagi konse), koma kupopera gawo lamafuta mumalo otentha chifukwa chothina kwambiri. Pisitoni imakanikiza mpweya kwambiri kotero kuti bwalolo limatentha mpaka madigiri pafupifupi 700. Mpweyawo ukangotulutsa mafuta, umayatsa ndikutulutsa mphamvu yomwe ikufunika.

Monga mayunitsi a mafuta, dizilo amakhalanso ndi mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya sitiroko iwiri ndi sitiroko inayi. Tiyeni tione kapangidwe kawo ndi mfundo ntchito.

Zinayi sitiroko mkombero

Magalimoto oyendetsa magalimoto anayi ndiofala kwambiri. Umu ndi momwe magawowa azigwirira ntchito:

1. Lowetsani. Pamene crankshaft akutembenukira (pamene injini akuyamba, izi zimachitika chifukwa cha ntchito sitata, ndipo pamene injini ikuyenda, pisitoni amachita sitiroko chifukwa cha ntchito ya zonenepa pafupi), pisitoni akuyamba kupita pansi. Pakadali pano, valavu yolowera imatseguka (itha kukhala imodzi kapena ziwiri). Gawo latsopano la mpweya limalowetsa cholembacho kudzera pabowo lotseguka. Mpaka pisitoni ifike pakatikati pakufa, valavu yodyera imatseguka. Izi zimatsiriza muyeso woyamba.
2. Kupanikizika. Ndikutembenuza kwina kwa crankshaft ndi madigiri 180, pisitoni imayamba kukwera mmwamba. Pakadali pano ma valve onse atsekedwa. Mpweya wonse wamphamvu umapanikizika. Pofuna kuteteza kuti isalowe mu sub-piston space, pisitoni iliyonse ili ndi ma O-mphete angapo (mwatsatanetsatane za chida chawo amafotokozedwa apa). Pamene tikupita kumalo apamwamba akufa, chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa kowonjezeka, kutentha kwa mpweya kumakwera mpaka madigiri mazana angapo. Sitiroko imatha pamene pisitoni amakhala pamalo apamwamba kwambiri.
3. Ntchito sitiroko. Ma valve atatsekedwa, injector amatulutsa mafuta pang'ono, omwe amayatsa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Pali mafuta omwe amagawa kagawo kakang'ono aka m'magawo ang'onoang'ono angapo. Zamagetsi zitha kuyambitsa njirayi (ngati iperekedwa ndi wopanga) kuti iwonjezere kuyendetsa bwino kwa injini yoyaka mkati m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Pamene mpweya ukukulira, pisitoni imakankhidwira pansi pakati pakufa. Mukafika ku BDC, kuzungulira kumatha.
4. Tulutsani. Kutembenuka komaliza kwa crankshaft kumadzutsanso pisitoniyo. Pakadali pano, valavu yamoto yayamba kale kutsegula. Kudzera pa bowo, mtsinje wa gasi umachotsedwa kubwezera zochulukirapo, ndikudutsamo kupita ku utsi. Mwanjira zina zama injini, valavu yolowera imatseguliranso pang'ono kuti mpweya uzitsitsimutsa bwino.

Mu kusintha kwina kwa crankshaft, zikwapu ziwiri zimachitidwa mu silinda imodzi. Makina a pisitoni aliwonse amagwirira ntchito molingana ndi chiwembuchi, osatengera mtundu wamafuta.

Ziwiri sitiroko mkombero

Kuphatikiza pa zikwapu zinayi, palinso zosintha ziwiri za sitiroko. Amasiyana ndi mtundu wam'mbuyomu chifukwa zikwapu ziwiri zimachitidwa sitiroko imodzi. Kusinthaku ntchito chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka block block yamitengo iwiri.

Nayi chithunzi chachigawo chama motor 2-stroke:

Monga tingawonere pachithunzichi, pamene pisitoni, itatha kuyatsa kwa mafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya, imasunthira kumalo otsika pansi, imatsegula koyamba, komwe kumatulutsa mpweya wotulutsa utsi. Pambuyo pake, polowera amatsegula, chifukwa chipinda chadzaza ndi mpweya wabwino, ndipo yamphamvuyo imatsukidwa. Popeza mafuta a dizilo amapopera mumlengalenga, sadzalowa m'malo opumira utsiwo.

Poyerekeza ndi kusinthidwa kwam'mbuyomu, mphamvu yamagulu awiriwa ndiokwera 1.5-1.7. Komabe, mnzake wa 4-stroke awonjezera makokedwe. Ngakhale ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu, injini yoyaka yamitengo iwiri ili ndi vuto limodzi. Kukonzekera kwake kumakhala ndi zotsatira zochepa poyerekeza ndi 4-stroke unit. Pachifukwa ichi, ndizocheperako m'magalimoto amakono. Kukakamiza injini zamtunduwu poonjezera liwiro la crankshaft ndichinthu chovuta komanso chosagwira ntchito.

Pakati pa injini za dizilo, pali njira zambiri zabwino zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamagalimoto. Imodzi mwa injini zamakono zopangidwa ndi nkhonya ziwiri zopindika ndi injini ya Hofbauer. Mutha kuwerenga za iye payokha.

Mitundu yama injini ya dizilo

Kuphatikiza pazomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pama sekondale, ma injini a dizilo ali ndi mawonekedwe. Kwenikweni, kusiyana kumeneku kumawoneka momwe chipinda choyaka chimakhalira. Nayi gulu lawo lalikulu malinga ndi geometry ya dipatimentiyi:

1. Kamera yosagawanika. Dzina lina la kalasi iyi ndi jekeseni wachindunji. Poterepa, mafuta a dizilo amapopera m'malo osungira pisitoni. Izi injini amafuna pisitoni wapadera. Maenje apadera amapangidwa, omwe amapanga chipinda choyaka. Nthawi zambiri, kusinthidwa kotere kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mayunitsi okhala ndi voliyumu yayikulu yogwira ntchito (momwe amawerengera, werengani payokha), Ndipo zomwe sizimapanga zopitilira muyeso. Kutalika kwa rpm, phokoso limakhala phokoso komanso kunjenjemera. Kugwira ntchito molimbika kwa mayunitsi otere kumatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapampu a jakisoni olamulidwa ndi magetsi. Machitidwewa amatha kupereka jakisoni wamafuta awiri, komanso kukhathamiritsa njira yoyaka ya VTS. Chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu, ma mota awa ali ndi magwiridwe okhazikika mpaka 4.5 zikwi kusintha.
2. Chipinda china. Chipangizochi choyaka moto chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mphamvu zamakono. Chipinda chosiyana chimapangidwa pamutu wamphamvu. Ili ndi geometry yapadera yomwe imapanga vortex panthawi yamavuto. Izi zimapangitsa mafuta kusakanikirana bwino ndi mpweya ndikuwotcha bwino. Pojambula izi, injini imayenda bwino komanso phokoso lochepa, chifukwa cholembera champhamvu chimayamba bwino, popanda ma jerks mwadzidzidzi.

Kuyambitsa bwanji

Kuyamba kozizira kwa mtundu uwu wamagalimoto kumafunika chisamaliro chapadera. Popeza thupi ndi mpweya wolowa munsanjayo ndi wozizira, gawolo likaponderezedwa, silimatha kutentha mokwanira kuti mafuta a dizilo ayatse. M'mbuyomu, munthawi yozizira, adalimbana ndi ichi ndi blowtorch - adatenthetsa injiniyo ndi thanki yamafuta kuti mafuta a dizilo ndi mafuta azitentha.

Komanso, nthawi yozizira, mafuta a dizilo amakula. Opanga amafuta amtunduwu apanga gawo la chilimwe ndi dzinja. Pachiyambi choyamba, mafuta a dizilo amasiya kupopera kudzera mu fyuluta ndi payipi kutentha kwa -5 madigiri. Zima dizilo sataya madzi ake ndipo siziwonekera pa -45 madigiri. Chifukwa chake, mukamagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi mafuta oyenera nyengoyo, sipadzakhala zovuta poyambitsa galimoto zamakono.

M'galimoto yamakono, pali makina otenthetsera asanachitike. Chimodzi mwazinthu zadongosolo lotere ndi pulagi yowala, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayikidwa pamutu wamphamvu m'dera la mafuta atomization. Zambiri pazida izi zafotokozedwa apa... Mwachidule, imapereka kuwunika mwachangu kuti ikonzekere ICE kukhazikitsa.

Kutengera mtundu wa kandulo, imatha kutentha mpaka pafupifupi madigiri 800. Izi zimatenga masekondi pang'ono. Injini ikatentha mokwanira, chizindikiritso chazenera lapa dashboard chimayamba kunyezimira. Pofuna kuti mota iziyenda bwino mpaka ikafika kutentha kwa magwiridwe antchito, makandulo awa amapitiliza kutenthetsa mpweya womwe ukubwera kwa masekondi pafupifupi 20.

Ngati galimoto ili ndi batani loyambira pa injini, dalaivala safunikira kuyendetsa zizindikilozo, kudikirira nthawi yoyambira sitata. Mukakanikiza batani, zamagetsi zimadikirira paokha nthawi yofunikira kuti ipsere mpweya muzipilala.

Ponena za kutentha kwamkati mwagalimoto, oyendetsa galimoto ambiri amazindikira kuti nthawi yozizira kumatenthetsa pang'onopang'ono kuposa mnzake wamafuta. Chifukwa chake ndichakuti chipangizocho sichimalola kuti zizitenthe msanga. Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kulowa mgalimoto yotentha kale, pali machitidwe oyambira kutali kwa injini yoyaka yamkati.

Njira ina ndi kanyumba chisanadze Kutentha dongosolo, amene amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta dizilo yekha kutenthetsa kanyumba. Kuphatikiza apo, imayatsa yozizira, yomwe ingathandize mtsogolo pamene injini yoyaka yamkati ikutentha.

Turbocharging ndi Common-Rail

Vuto lalikulu pama mota wamba ndi omwe amatchedwa turbo pit. Izi ndi zotsatira zoyankha pang'onopang'ono kwa chipangizocho kuti musamangidwe - dalaivala amasindikiza mafuta, ndipo injini yoyaka mkati imawoneka ngati ikuganiza kwakanthawi. Izi ndichifukwa choti mpweya wotulutsa utsi umathamanga kwambiri painjini zina umapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu yoyendera.

Chipinda cha dizilo cha turbo chimalandira turbocharger m'malo mwa chopangira mafuta wamba. Zambiri pazinthuzi zafotokozedwa mwa enaуnkhani yachiwiri, koma mwachidule, imapereka mpweya wowonjezera kuzipilala, chifukwa chake ndizotheka kuchotsa mphamvu yabwino ngakhale m'malo otsika kwambiri.

Komabe, turbodiesel imakhalanso ndi vuto lalikulu. Makina oyendetsa galimoto ali ndi moyo wochepa wogwira ntchito. Pafupipafupi, nthawi iyi ndi pafupifupi ma 150 mamailosi a mileage yamagalimoto. Chifukwa chake ndichakuti makinawa amagwirabe ntchito nthawi zonse pakakhala kukhathamira kwamafuta, komanso kuthamanga kwambiri.

Kusamalira chipangizochi ndi kwa eni makinawo kuti azitsatira zomwe wopanga malinga ndi mtundu wamafutawo. Ngati turbocharger ikulephera, iyenera kusinthidwa m'malo mokonzedwa.

Magalimoto ambiri amakono amakhala ndi mafuta a Common-Rail. Iye anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za iye payokha... Ngati kuli kotheka kusankha kusinthidwa kwa galimotoyo, makinawo amakupatsani mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito mafuta mosinthasintha, zomwe zimathandizira pakuyatsa kwamkati kwa injini.

Umu ndi momwe mtundu wamafuta amafuta a batri amagwirira ntchito:

• Madigiri 20 pisitoniyo isanafike ku TDC, injector amapopera 5 mpaka 30 peresenti ya mafuta. Ichi ndi pre-jekeseni. Amapanga lawi loyambirira, chifukwa chake kuthamanga ndi kutentha kwa silinda kumawonjezeka bwino. Njirayi imachepetsa katundu wambiri pazigawozo ndikuwonetsetsa kuyaka bwino kwamafuta. Pre-jakisoni uyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa injini zomwe magwiridwe antchito ake mogwirizana ndi Euro-3. Kuyambira muyezo wa 4, makina oyendetsa jekeseni angapo amachitidwa mu injini yoyaka yamkati.
• Madigiri 2 isanafike pisitoni ya TDC, gawo loyamba la mafuta limaperekedwa. Njirayi imachitika mofananamo ndi injini ya dizilo yopanda njanji yamafuta, koma mopanda kukakamizidwa, popeza panthawiyi yayamba kale chifukwa choyaka kwa gawo loyambirira la mafuta a dizilo. Kuderali kudzachepetsa phokoso lamagalimoto.
• Kwa kanthawi, mafuta amaimitsidwa kuti gawoli liwotchedwe.
• Kenako, gawo lachiwiri la mafuta limapopera. Chifukwa chakupatukana uku, gawo lonselo lidayatsidwa mpaka kumapeto. Kuphatikiza apo, yamphamvu imagwira ntchito yayitali kuposa yaying'ono. Izi zimabweretsa makokedwe apamwamba pakumwa pang'ono komanso mpweya wotsika. Komanso, palibe zododometsa zomwe zimachitika mu injini yoyaka yamkati, chifukwa sizimapanga phokoso lalikulu.
• Valavu isanatsegulidwe, jakisoni amapanga jakisoni pambuyo pake. Awa ndi mafuta otsala. Yayaka kale pamoto. Kumbali imodzi, njirayi yoyaka imachotsa mwaye mkatikati mwa makina otulutsa utsi, ndipo mbali inayo, imakulitsa mphamvu ya turbocharger, yomwe imalola kuti turbo lag isungunuke. Gawo lofananalo limagwiritsidwa ntchito pamayunitsi omwe amatsatira Euro-5 eco-standard.

Monga mukuwonera, kukhazikitsa makina osungira mafuta kumathandizira kuti pakhale mafuta ochulukirapo. Chifukwa cha ichi, pafupifupi khalidwe lililonse la injini ya dizilo lasintha, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yake ifike pafupi ndi ya mafuta. Ndipo ngati turbocharger yayikidwa mgalimoto, chida ichi chidapangitsa kuti izitha kubwera ndi injini yoposa mafuta.

Ubwino wa turbodiesel wamakono umathandizira kukulitsa kutchuka kwa magalimoto okwera dizilo. Mwa njira, ngati tikulankhula za magalimoto othamanga kwambiri okhala ndi dizilo, ndiye kuti mu 2006 m'chipululu cha mchere cha Bonneville mbiri yothamanga idathyoledwa pazithunzi za JCB Dieselmax. Galimotoyo inathamanga mpaka makilomita 563 pa ola limodzi. Makina magetsi galimoto anali okonzeka ndi njanji mafuta wamba-Sitima Yapamtunda.

Ubwino ndi Zoyipa Zogwiritsa Ntchito Zipangizo za Dizilo

Mukasankha mafuta oyenera ndi mafuta, chipangizocho chimayamba mosasamala kanthu, nyengo. Mutha kuwona kuti ndi madzi ati omwe ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pankhaniyi kuchokera pazomwe wopanga akupanga.

Mphamvu yamafuta olimba imasiyana mosiyana ndi mnzake wamafuta mokwanira. Mtundu uliwonse watsopano umakhala wopanda phokoso (ndikumveka sikungotenthedwa kwenikweni ndi makina otulutsa utsi monga momwe zimakhalira ndi injiniyo), yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yothandiza. Izi ndi zabwino za injini ya dizilo:

1. Chuma. Poyerekeza ndi injini wamba wamafuta, injini iliyonse yamtundu wa dizilo wamakono wokhala ndi voliyumu yofanana imadya mafuta ochepa. Kuchita bwino kwa chipangizocho kumafotokozedwa ndikudziwikiratu kwa kuyaka kwa mafuta osakanikirana ndi mpweya, makamaka ngati mawonekedwe amafuta ndi amtundu wamafuta (Common Rail). Mu 2008, mpikisano wachuma udachitika pakati pa BMW5 ndi Toyota Prius (wosakanizidwa yemwe amadziwika ndi chuma chake, koma amayendera mafuta). Ku London-Geneva mtunda, BMW, yomwe ndi yolemera makilogalamu 200, idakhala pafupifupi makilomita 17 pa lita imodzi ya mafuta, ndipo wosakanizidwa amakhala ma kilomita 16. Zikuoneka kuti kwa makilomita 985 galimoto ya dizilo inagwiritsa ntchito malita 58, ndi wosakanizidwa - pafupifupi 62 malita. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mungaganize kuti wosakanizidwa amatha kusunga ndalama zabwino poyerekeza ndi galimoto yamafuta basi. Timawonjezera pa kusiyana kochepa pamitengo yamafuta amtunduwu, ndipo timapeza ndalama zowonjezera zowonjezera kapena kukonza magalimoto.
2. Makokedwe apamwamba. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera a jakisoni ndi kuyaka kwa BTC, ngakhale atathamanga kwambiri, injini ikuwonetsa mphamvu zokwanira kusuntha galimotoyo. Ngakhale magalimoto ambiri amakono amakhala ndi zida zowongolera bata ndi makina ena omwe amayendetsa kayendetsedwe ka galimotoyo, injini ya dizilo imalola driver kuyendetsa magiya popanda kubweretsa ku ma rev. Izi zimapangitsa kuyendetsa ngakhale kukhala kosavuta.
3. Makina oyaka mkati amtundu wa dizilo samatulutsa mpweya wochuluka wa carbon monoxide, kuyika galimoto yomweyo pamlingo wofanana ndi mafuta a petrozo (ndipo nthawi zina amatha kupitanso patsogolo).
4. Chifukwa cha mafuta a mafuta a dizilo, chipangizochi chimakhala cholimba komanso chimakhala ndi moyo wautali. Komanso, mphamvu zake chifukwa chakuti Mlengi amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo cholimba, kulimbikitsa kapangidwe ka galimoto ndi mbali zake.
5. Pa njirayo, galimoto ya dizilo imadziwika kwambiri ndi mphamvu ya analogue ya mafuta.
6. Chifukwa chakuti mafuta a dizilo sawotchera mofunitsitsa, galimoto yotere ndiyotetezeka - kuthetheka sikungayambitse kuphulika, chifukwa chake, zida zankhondo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mayunitsi a dizilo.

Ngakhale zili bwino kwambiri, injini za dizilo zili ndi zovuta zingapo:

1. Magalimoto akale amakhala ndi ma mota omwe ali ndi chipinda chosasiyanitsidwa, chifukwa chake ali ndi phokoso, chifukwa kuyaka kwa VTS kumachitika modabwitsa. Kuti mayiyu asakhale ndi phokoso, iyenera kukhala ndi chipinda chosiyana ndi mafuta osungira omwe amapereka jekeseni wamafuta angapo. Zosinthazi ndizokwera mtengo, ndipo kuti mukonze dongosolo lotere, muyenera kuyang'ana katswiri wodziwa bwino. Komanso, mu utsi wamakono kuyambira 2007, sulufule wocheperako wagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuti utsi usakhale ndi fungo losasangalatsa, lonunkhira la mazira ovunda.
2. Kugula ndi kukonza galimoto yamakono ya dizilo kumapezeka kwa oyendetsa omwe ali ndi ndalama zambiri. Kusaka magawo a magalimoto otere kumangovuta pamtengo wake wokha, koma magawo otsika mtengo nthawi zambiri amakhala osavomerezeka, zomwe zitha kubweretsa kuwonongeka mwachangu kwa unit.
3. Mafuta a dizilo satsukidwa bwino, chifukwa chake muyenera kusamala kwambiri pamalo amafuta. Oyendetsa galimoto odziwa bwino amalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito magolovesi otayika, chifukwa kununkhira kwa mafuta a dizilo m'manja mwawo sikumatha kwa nthawi yayitali, ngakhale atasamba m'manja mokwanira.
4. M'nyengo yozizira, mkati mwa galimoto mumafunika kuwotha motalika, popeza injini sichifulumira kuti ipereke kutentha.
5. Chipangizo wagawo zikuphatikizapo ambiri mbali zina, amene complicates kukonza. Chifukwa cha izi, zida zamakono zamakono zimafunikira kukonza ndi kukonza.

Kuti musankhe zamagetsi, choyamba muyenera kusankha momwe galimoto igwiritsidwira ntchito. Ngati galimoto nthawi zambiri imayenda mtunda wautali, ndiye kuti dizilo ndiye njira yabwino, chifukwa ingapatse mpata wopulumutsa mafuta pang'ono. Koma pamaulendo achidule, sizothandiza, chifukwa simungathe kusunga ndalama zambiri, ndipo mudzayenera kuwonongera ndalama zambiri pokonzanso kuposa mafuta pagalimoto.

Pamapeto pa kuwunikaku, timapereka lipoti la kanema pamachitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito injini ya dizilo:

Dizilo wa dummies. Gawo 1 - zofunikira zonse.