Makina opangira mafuta a injini

Ntchito ya injini iliyonse yoyaka yamkati imachokera kuyaka kwa mafuta, mafuta a dizilo kapena mafuta amtundu wina. Komanso, ndikofunikira kuti mafuta azisakanikirana bwino ndi mpweya. Pachifukwa ichi, kutulutsa kwakukulu kudzakhala kuchokera pagalimoto.

Motors a carburetor alibe magwiridwe ofanana ndi injini zamakono za jekeseni. Nthawi zambiri, chida chokhala ndi carburetor chimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa kuposa injini yoyaka yamkati yokhala ndi jekeseni wokakamizidwa, ngakhale ikulu kwambiri. Chifukwa chagona pakusakanikirana kwa mafuta ndi mpweya. Zinthu izi zikasakanikirana bwino, gawo lina lamafuta lidzachotsedwa mu utsi, komwe lidzawotchedwa.

Kuwonjezera kulephera kwa zinthu zina za dongosolo utsi Mwachitsanzo, chothandizira kapena mavavu, injini sangagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zake zonse. Pazifukwa izi, makina amakono oyikiratu amaikidwa pa injini yamakono. Tiyeni tione ake zosintha zosiyanasiyana ndi mfundo zawo ntchito.

Kodi mafuta jakisoni dongosolo

Dongosolo la jakisoni wamafuta limatanthawuza njira yothandizira kukakamiza kwamafuta mumphamvu zama injini. Poganizira kuti poyaka pang'ono kwa BTC, utsi uli ndi zinthu zambiri zovulaza zomwe zimawononga chilengedwe, injini zomwe jekeseni yeniyeni imagwiridwira ndizowononga chilengedwe.

Kupititsa patsogolo kusakanikirana, njira yoyendetsera ndi yamagetsi. Zamagetsi zimayesa bwino kwambiri gawo la mafuta, komanso zimakupatsani mwayi wogawa m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Pambuyo pake tikambirana zosintha zosiyanasiyana za jakisoni, koma ali ndi mfundo zomwezo zogwirira ntchito.

Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ndi chida

Ngati kale kukakamizidwa kwa mafuta kunkachitika m'magulu a dizilo okha, ndiye kuti injini yamakina amakono imakhala ndi dongosolo lofananira. Chida chake, kutengera mtundu, chidzaphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Gawo loyang'anira lomwe limayendetsa zikwangwani zomwe zimalandira kuchokera kumasensa. Kutengera ndi izi, amapereka lamulo kwa omwe akuchita izi za nthawi yakupopera mafuta, kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya.
• Zosintha zimayikidwa pafupi ndi valavu ya fulumizitsa, mozungulira chothandizira, pa crankshaft, camshaft, ndi zina zambiri. Amadziwitsa kuchuluka ndi kutentha kwa mpweya womwe ukubwera, kuchuluka kwake mu mpweya wotulutsa utsi, komanso kujambula magawo osiyanasiyana a magwiridwe antchito amagetsi. Zizindikiro zochokera kuzinthuzi zimathandizira kuyang'anira kuti izitha kuyang'anira jekeseni wamafuta ndi mpweya kwa silinda woyenera.
• Ma jakisoni amapopera mafuta mwina polowetsa kangapo kapena mchipinda champhamvu, monga injini ya dizilo. Zigawozi zimapezeka pamutu wamiyala pafupi ndi mapulagi kapena pazowonjezera zambiri.
• Pampu yamafuta othamanga yomwe imapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta pamafuta. Mu zina zosintha kachitidwe mafuta, chizindikiro ichi ayenera kukhala apamwamba kuposa psinjika yamphamvu.

Njirayi imagwira ntchito mofananamo ndi analog ya carburetor - panthawi yomwe mpweya umalowa m'malo ochulukirapo, mphuno (nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwawo kumafanana ndi kuchuluka kwa zonenepa). Zochitika zoyamba zinali zamtundu wamakina. M'malo mwa carburetor, bomba limodzi linayikidwapo, lomwe linapopera mafuta mafuta ochulukirapo, chifukwa chake gawolo lidawotchedwa bwino.

Ndi chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimagwira kuchokera pamagetsi. Oyendetsa ena onse anali makina. Machitidwe amakono ambiri amagwiranso ntchito chimodzimodzi, koma amasiyana mosiyana ndi analogue yoyambirira ya kuchuluka kwa oyendetsa ndi malo omwe akhazikitsira.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamachitidwe imapereka chisakanizo chofananira, kuti galimoto igwiritse ntchito mphamvu zonse zamafuta, komanso ikwaniritse zofunikira kwambiri zachilengedwe. Bonasi yosangalatsa pantchito ya jakisoni wamagetsi ndi kuyendetsa bwino kwa galimotoyo ndi mphamvu yogwirira ntchitoyo.

Ngati pazinthu zoyambilira panali chinthu chimodzi chokha chamagetsi, ndipo magawo ena onse amafuta anali amtundu wamakina, ndiye kuti makina amakono ali ndi zida zamagetsi kwathunthu. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mugawire molondola mafuta ochepa kwambiri ndi kuyaka kwake.

Ziziyenda ambiri kudziwa mawu amenewa ngati injini mumlengalenga. Mukusintha uku, mafuta amalowa muzambiri ndi zonenepa chifukwa chazitsulo zomwe zimapangidwa pisitoni ikafika pafupi ndi kufa. Ma ICE onse a carburetor amagwira ntchito molingana ndi mfundoyi. Machitidwe ambiri amakono a jakisoni amagwiranso ntchito chimodzimodzi, atomization yokha imachitika chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa komwe kumatuluka mpope wamafuta.

Mbiri yachidule ya mawonekedwe

Poyamba, injini zonse za mafuta zinali ndi ma carburetors okha, chifukwa kwa nthawi yayitali inali njira yokhayo yomwe mafuta anali osakanikirana ndi mpweya ndikuyamwa muzipilala. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa chipangizochi ndikuti gawo laling'ono la mafuta limayamwa mumtsinje wa mlengalenga womwe umadutsa mchipinda cha makinawo mowirikiza.

Kwa zaka zoposa 100, chipangizocho chidakonzedwa, chifukwa chake mitundu ina imatha kusintha njira zosiyanasiyana zamagalimoto. Zachidziwikire, zamagetsi zimagwira ntchitoyi bwino kwambiri, koma panthawiyo inali njira yokhayo, kukonzanso komwe kumapangitsa kuti galimotoyo ikhale yachuma kapena yachangu. Mitundu ina yamagalimoto amasewera anali okonzeka ndi ma carburetor osiyana, omwe adakulitsa mphamvu yamagalimoto.

Pakatikati mwa zaka za m'ma 90 zapitazo, chitukuko ichi chidasinthidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi mtundu wamafuta wamafuta, womwe sunagwire ntchito chifukwa cha magawo a mphuno (za momwe zilili komanso momwe kukula kwake kumakhudzira magwiridwe antchito a injini , werengani nkhani yapadera) ndi kuchuluka kwa zipinda zama carburetor, komanso kutengera zikwangwani zochokera ku ECU.

Pali zifukwa zingapo zosinthira izi:

1. Mitundu ya carburetor ndiyotsika mtengo kuposa analogue yamagetsi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imakhala ndi mafuta ochepa;
2. Kuchita bwino kwa carburetor sikuwonetsedwa m'njira zonse za injini. Izi ndichifukwa cha magawo akuthupi a ziwalo zake, zomwe zimangosinthidwa ndikukhazikitsa zinthu zina zoyenera. Pakusintha mitundu yogwiritsira ntchito injini yoyaka mkati, pomwe galimoto ikupitilizabe kuyenda, izi sizingachitike;
3. Ntchito ya carburetor zimatengera komwe imayikidwa pa injini;
4. Popeza mafuta a carburetor amasakanikirana bwino poyerekeza ndi omwe amapopera ndi jakisoni, mafuta osayatsa kwambiri amalowa muutoto, womwe umakulitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Dongosolo la jakisoni wamafuta lidagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba pagalimoto zopanga kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80 za m'ma 50. Komabe, poyendetsa ndege, ma jakisoni adayamba kukhazikitsidwa zaka 700 m'mbuyomu. Galimoto yoyamba yomwe inali ndi makina ojambulira mwachindunji kuchokera ku kampani yaku Germany Bosch anali Goliath 1951 Sport (XNUMX).

Mtundu wotchuka wotchedwa "Gull Wing" (Mercedes-Benz 300SL) udalinso ndi kusintha komwe kwagalimoto.

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 50s - koyambirira kwa ma 60s. makina adapangidwa omwe amatha kugwira ntchito kuchokera ku microprocessor, osati chifukwa cha zida zovuta kupanga. Komabe, izi sizinapezeke kwa nthawi yayitali mpaka zitakhala zotheka kugula microprocessor yotsika mtengo.

Kuyambitsa kwakukulu kwa makina amagetsi kwayendetsedwa ndi malamulo okhwima a chilengedwe komanso kupezeka kwakukulu kwa ma microprocessor. Mtundu woyamba kupanga jakisoni wamagetsi anali 1967 Nash Rambler Rebel. Yerekezerani ndi carbureted 5.4-lita injini anayamba 255 ndiyamphamvu, ndi mtundu watsopano ndi dongosolo electrojector ndi buku yemweyo kale anali 290 HP.

Chifukwa chakuwongolera bwino komanso kuwonjezeka kwachangu, kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa jakisoni kwasintha pang'onopang'ono ma carburetors (ngakhale zida zotere zikugwiritsidwabe ntchito pamagalimoto ang'onoang'ono chifukwa chotsika mtengo).

Magalimoto ambiri okwera masiku ano ali ndi jekeseni wamafuta wamagetsi kuchokera ku Bosch. Kukula kumatchedwa jetronic. Kutengera ndi kusinthidwa kwa dongosololi, dzina lake liphatikizidwa ndi zilembo zoyenerana nazo: Mono, K / KE (makina amagetsi / zamagetsi zamagetsi), L / LH (jakisoni wogawidwa ndi olamulira pa silinda iliyonse), ndi zina zambiri. Dongosolo lofananalo lidapangidwa ndi kampani ina yaku Germany - Opel, ndipo amatchedwa Multec.

Mitundu ndi mitundu ya makina opangira mafuta

Makina amakono amakakamizo a jakisoni amakono amakhala m'magulu atatu akulu:

• Mpweya wopopera (kapena jekeseni wapakati);
• Osonkhanitsa (kapena amagawidwa);
• Direct atomization (atomizer imayikidwa pamutu wamphamvu, mafuta amasakanikirana ndi mpweya molunjika).

Chiwembu cha mitundu yonse ya jakisoni chimafanana. Amapereka mafuta pamimbamo chifukwa cha kukakamira kwakukulu pamzere wamafuta. Izi zitha kukhala mosungira mosiyana pakati pa zolowetsa zochulukirapo ndi pampu, kapena mzere wothamanga kwambiri.

Central jekeseni (jekeseni umodzi)

Monoinjection inali chitukuko choyamba cha zamagetsi. Ndizofanana ndi mnzake wa carburetor. Kusiyana kokha ndikuti m'malo mwa makina amagetsi, jakisoni amaikidwa muzambiri.

Mafuta amapita mwachindunji zobwezedwa, kumene amasakanikirana ndi mpweya ukubwera ndi kulowa malaya ofanana, imene vakuyumu analengedwa. Zachilendo izi zidakulitsa kwambiri magwiridwe antchito amtundu wa motors chifukwa choti dongosololi limatha kusintha njira zogwirira ntchito zamagalimoto.

Ubwino waukulu wa jakisoni wa mono ndikosavuta kwa dongosololi. Ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa pa injini iliyonse m'malo mwa carburetor. Makina oyang'anira zamagetsi azitha kuyang'anira jakisoni imodzi yokha, chifukwa chake sipakufunikira microprocessor yovuta.

M'machitidwe otere, zinthu zotsatirazi zipezekanso:

• Pofuna kuti mafuta azipanikizika nthawi zonse, imayenera kukhala ndi choletsa kuthamanga (momwe imagwirira ntchito komanso komwe imayikidwa ikufotokozedwa apa). Injini ikatseka, mchitidwewu umasunga kupsinjika kwa mzere, kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti pampu igwire ntchito ikayambiranso.
• Atomizer yomwe imagwira ntchito pazizindikiro kuchokera ku ECU. Injector ali valavu solenoid. Amapereka chidwi cha atomization ya mafuta. Zambiri pazida za majakisoni ndi momwe angatsukitsire zafotokozedwa apa.
• Valavu yoyendetsa njinga yamoto imawongolera mpweya wolowa m'malo osiyanasiyana.
• Masensa omwe amasonkhanitsa chidziwitso chofunikira kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa mafuta komanso nthawi yomwe amapopera.
• Microprocessor control unit imayendetsa zikwangwani kuchokera ku masensa, ndipo, molingana ndi izi, imatumiza lamulo kuti ligwiritse ntchito injector, drive throttle ndi pump pump.

Ngakhale kapangidwe kameneka kachita bwino, kali ndi zovuta zingapo:

1. Jekeseni akalephera, imayimitsa mota wonse;
2. Popeza kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumachitika mbali zambiri za mafutawo, mafuta ena amakhalabe pamakoma a chitoliro. Chifukwa cha ichi, injini idzafuna mafuta ochulukirapo kuti akwaniritse mphamvu yayikulu (ngakhale gawo ili ndilotsika poyerekeza ndi carburetor);
3. Zoyipa zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa zidasiya kupititsa patsogolo kwa dongosololi, ndichifukwa chake mawonekedwe opangira ma point angapo sapezeka mu jekeseni imodzi (ndizotheka mwa jekeseni wachindunji), ndipo izi zimabweretsa kuyaka kosakwanira kwa gawo la mafuta. Zotsatira zake, galimotoyi sichikwaniritsa zofunikira zomwe chilengedwe chikukula.

Kugawa jakisoni

Chotsatira chotsatira bwino kwambiri cha jakisoni chimagwiritsa ntchito jakisoni payekha payokha. Chida choterocho chidapangitsa kuti ma atomizers awayandikire pafupi ndi mavavu olowerera, chifukwa mafuta amachepa (osatsalira pamakoma osiyanasiyana).

Nthawi zambiri, jakisoni wamtunduwu amakhala ndi chowonjezera china - limbikitsa (kapena mosungira momwe mafuta amasonkhanitsidwa ndi kuthamanga kwambiri). Kapangidwe kameneka kamalola jakisoni aliyense kupatsidwa mphamvu yoyenera yama petulo popanda oyang'anira ovuta.

Mtundu uwu wa jakisoni umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri m'magalimoto amakono. Dongosololi lawonetsa bwino kwambiri, motero lero pali mitundu yake:

• Kusintha koyamba ndikofanana kwambiri ndi ntchito ya jakisoni wa mono. Momwemo, ECU imatumiza chizindikiritso kwa ma jakisoni onse nthawi yomweyo, ndipo imayambitsidwa mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi silinda iti yomwe imafunikira gawo latsopano la BTC. Ubwino wopitilira jekeseni imodzi ndikumatha kusintha payekha mafuta pamphamvu iliyonse. Komabe, kusinthidwa kumeneku kumakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo kuposa anzawo amakono.
• Ofanana jekeseni awiri. Imagwira chimodzimodzi ndi m'mbuyomu, sikuti ndi ma jakisoni onse omwe amagwira ntchito, koma amalumikizana awiriawiri. Chodziwika bwino cha chipangizochi ndichoti zimafananizidwa kotero kuti sprayer imodzi imatsegulidwa pisitoni isanayambike, ndipo inayo idapopera mafuta panthawiyo kutulutsa utsi wina usanachitike. Njirayi siyimayikidwa konse mgalimoto, komabe, ma jakisoni ambiri amagetsi mukamasinthira modzidzimutsa amagwira ntchito molingana ndi mfundoyi. Nthawi zambiri imayambitsidwa pomwe sensa ya camshaft ikulephera (pakusintha kwa jakisoni).
• Kusinthidwa pang'ono kwa jakisoni wogawidwa. Uku ndiye chitukuko chaposachedwa kwambiri cha machitidwewa. Ili ndi magwiridwe antchito kwambiri mgululi. Poterepa, ma nozzles omwewo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popeza pali zonenepa mu injini, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumachitika kutangotsala pang'ono kutsegulira ma valve. Jakisoni wamtunduwu ali ndi magwiridwe antchito kwambiri mgululi. Mafuta samapopera m'mizere yonseyo, koma gawo lomwe amachotsa mafuta osakaniza ndi mpweya. Chifukwa cha ichi, injini yoyaka mkati ikuwonetsa bwino kwambiri.

Jekeseni mwachindunji

Dongosolo lachindunji la jekeseni ndi mtundu wa mtundu wofalitsidwa. Kusiyana kokha pankhaniyi ndi komwe kumakhala ma nozzles. Amayikidwa mofanana ndi mapulagi - pamwamba pa injini kuti sprayer ipereke mafuta molunjika kuchipinda champhamvu.

Magalimoto a gawo loyambirira amakhala ndi makina otere, chifukwa ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri, koma lero ndioyenera kwambiri. Machitidwewa amabweretsa kusakanikirana kwa mafuta ndi mpweya pafupifupi pafupifupi, ndipo popanga mphamvu yamagetsi, dontho lililonse lamafuta limagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Jekeseni Direct limakupatsani bwino kwambiri kayendetsedwe ka galimoto m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake (kuphatikiza ma valve ndi makandulo, jekeseni iyeneranso kukhazikitsidwa pamutu wamphamvu), sagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina oyaka ang'onoang'ono, koma mwa omwe ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu.

Chifukwa china chogwiritsa ntchito makina oterewa pagalimoto zodula zokha ndikuti injini zoyeserera ziyenera kusinthidwa kwambiri kuti ziyike jekeseni wachindunji. Ngati ngati kuli mafanizo ena kukweza koteroko ndikotheka (kuchuluka kokha kofunikira kumafunikira kusinthidwa ndikuyika zamagetsi zofunikira), ndiye kuti, kuphatikiza pakuyika oyang'anira oyenera ndi masensa oyenera, mutu wa silinda nawonso akuyenera kupangidwanso. Izi ndizosatheka mu bajeti yamagetsi yamagetsi.

Mtundu wa kupopera mbewu womwe umafunsidwa ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi mafuta, chifukwa ma plunger amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kaphokoso kakang'ono kwambiri ndipo amafunikira mafuta nthawi zonse. Iyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira za wopanga, chifukwa chake magalimoto okhala ndi mafuta ofanana sayenera kuthiridwa mafuta m'malo amafuta okayikira kapena osadziwika.

Pakubwera zosintha zapamwamba kwambiri za mtundu wa utsi, pali kuthekera kwakukulu kuti injini zotere posachedwa zidzasintha mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mono- ndikugawa jakisoni. Mitundu yamakina amakono ikuphatikiza zomwe zikuchitika momwe ma multipoint kapena stratified jakisoni amapangidwira. Njira ziwirizi cholinga chake ndikutsimikizira kuti kuyatsa kwa mafuta ndi kwathunthu kwathunthu momwe zingathere, ndipo momwe njirayi imathandizira kwambiri.

Jekeseni wama point angapo amaperekedwa ndi chopopera. Poterepa, chipindacho chimadzazidwa ndi madontho ang'onoang'ono amafuta m'malo osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kusakanikirana kwa mpweya ndi yunifolomu. Jekeseni wosanjikiza imagawaniza gawo limodzi la BTC m'magawo awiri. Pre-jakisoni amachitika poyamba. Gawo lamafuta limayatsa mwachangu chifukwa kuli mpweya wambiri. Pambuyo poyatsira, gawo lalikulu la mafuta limaperekedwa, lomwe silimayatsa kuchokera kuthetheka, koma kuchokera ku tochi yomwe ilipo. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa kuti injini iziyenda bwino osataya nthawi.

Makina ovomerezeka omwe amapezeka pamafuta onse amtunduwu ndi pampu yamafuta yamagetsi. Kotero kuti chipangizocho sichingalephereke pakukakamiza komwe kumafunikira, ili ndi pulogalamu yolumikizira (chomwe chiri ndi momwe imagwirira ntchito amafotokozedwera payokha). Kufunika kwa makinawa kumachitika chifukwa chakuti kukakamizidwa kwa njanji kuyenera kupitilira kangapo kuposa kupondereza kwa injini, chifukwa nthawi zambiri mafuta amayenera kupopera mumlengalenga kale.

Masensa opangira mafuta

Kuphatikiza pa zinthu zazikuluzikulu zamafuta (kupumira, magetsi, pampu yamafuta ndi ma nozzles), magwiridwe ake amalumikizidwa mosaphatikizika ndi kupezeka kwa masensa osiyanasiyana. Kutengera mtundu wa jakisoni, zida izi zimayikidwa kuti:

• Kudziwitsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya mu utsi. Pachifukwa ichi, kafukufuku wa lambda amagwiritsidwa ntchito (momwe imagwirira ntchito apa). Magalimoto amatha kugwiritsa ntchito masensa amodzi kapena awiri a oxygen (oyikapo kale, kapena asanadze kapena pambuyo pake);
• Mafotokozedwe anthawi yamaluva (ndi chiyani, phunzirani kuchokera ndemanga ina) kotero kuti gawo loyang'anira limatha kutumiza chizindikiritso kuti chitsegulire sprayer atatsala pang'ono kupwetekedwa. Gawo la sensa limayikidwa pa camshaft, ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito panjira yamajakisoni. Kuwonongeka kwa sensa iyi kumasintha mayendedwe olamulira kukhala mawonekedwe a jekeseni wofananira;
• Kutsimikiza kwa liwiro la crankshaft. Kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yoyatsira, komanso machitidwe ena amgalimoto, zimatengera DPKV. Ichi ndiye sensa yofunikira kwambiri m'galimoto. Ngati yalephera, galimotoyo siyingayambike kapena ingoyima;
• Kuwerengetsa kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe injini imagwiritsa ntchito. Misa mpweya otaya sensa amathandiza unit kulamulira kudziwa amene aligorivimu kuwerengetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta (kutsitsi kutsegula nthawi). Pakachitika kuwonongeka kwa sensa yotulutsa mpweya, ECU imakhala ndi njira yadzidzidzi, yomwe imawongoleredwa ndi zisonyezo zama sensa ena, mwachitsanzo, DPKV kapena ma algorithms azowongolera mwadzidzidzi (wopanga amakhazikitsa magawo apakati);
• Kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa injini. Chizindikiro cha kutentha mu njira yozizira chimakupatsani mwayi wosinthira mafuta, komanso nthawi yoyatsira (kupewa kuphulika chifukwa cha kutentha kwa injini);
• Terengani pafupifupi kapena katundu weniweni pa powertrain. Pachifukwa ichi, makina opumira amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimatsimikizira momwe dalaivala amasindikizira panjira yamafuta;
• Kuteteza injini kugogoda. Pachifukwa ichi, sensa yogogoda imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chipangizochi chikazindikira zivomezi zakuthwa komanso zisanachitike msanga, microprocessor imasintha nthawi yoyatsira;
• Kuwerengera liwiro lagalimoto. Microprocessor ikazindikira kuti kuthamanga kwa galimoto kupitilira liwiro la injini, "ubongo" umazimitsa mafuta kuzipangizo. Izi zimachitika, mwachitsanzo, pamene dalaivala amagwiritsa ntchito injini yamagetsi. Njirayi imakuthandizani kuti musunge mafuta pamitsuko kapena mukamayandikira;
• Kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa kugwedera komwe kumakhudza mota. Izi zimachitika magalimoto akamayenda m'misewu yosagwirizana. Kututumuka kumatha kuyambitsa moto. Masensawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pama mota omwe amatsatira Euro 3 ndi miyezo yapamwamba.

Palibe gawo lolamulira lomwe limagwira ntchito pokhapokha pamaziko a deta kuchokera pa sensa imodzi. Kuchuluka kwa masensawa m'dongosolo, momwe ECU idzawerengera mawonekedwe amafuta a injini.

Kulephera kwa masensa ena kumayika ECU munjira yadzidzidzi (chizindikirocho chimayatsa pazida zamagetsi), koma injini ikupitilizabe kugwira ntchito molingana ndi ma algorithms omwe adakonzedweratu. Chipangizocho chimatha kutengera zizindikilo za nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito injini yoyaka yamkati, kutentha kwake, malo a crankshaft, ndi zina zambiri, kapena kutengera tebulo lokonzedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Njira zoyang'anira

Gulu loyang'anira zamagetsi likalandira chidziwitso kuchokera ku masensa onse (nambala yawo idalumikizidwa mu pulogalamu yazida), imatumiza lamulo loyenera kwa oyendetsa makinawo. Kutengera ndikusintha kwa dongosololi, zida izi zitha kukhala ndi kapangidwe kake.

Njirazi ndi monga:

• Opopera (kapena mphutsi). Amakhala ndimatumba a solenoid omwe amayang'aniridwa ndi ma algorithm a ECU;
• Pampu yamafuta. Mitundu ina yamagalimoto ili ndi iwiri. Imodzi imapereka mafuta kuchokera mu thanki kupita pampu yamafuta othamanga kwambiri, yomwe imapopa mafuta m sitima pang'ono pang'ono. Izi zimapanga mutu wokwanira pamzere wothamanga kwambiri. Kusintha koteroko kumapampu kumafunikira kokha mu makina a jekeseni, chifukwa m'mitundu ina mphutsi imayenera kupopera mafuta mumlengalenga;
• Ma module amagetsi a poyatsira - amalandira chizindikiritso cha kuphulika kwakanthawi. Izi ndizosintha zaposachedwa kwambiri zama board ndi gawo limodzi lamagetsi olamulira (gawo lake lotsika kwambiri, ndipo gawo lamphamvu yamagetsi ndi koyilo yamagetsi yoyenda kawiri, yomwe imapanga chindapusa, ndi Mitundu yotsika mtengo kwambiri, koyilo payekha imayikidwa pa pulagi iliyonse yamphamvu).
• Woyendetsa liwiro. Amaperekedwa ngati mawonekedwe a stepper motor omwe amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa mpweya womwe umapezeka m'dera la valavu. Njirayi ndiyofunikira kukhalabe ndi liwiro la injini ikamayima pomwe fulumizitsa latsekedwa (dalaivala samakanikiza chopangira cha gasi). Izi zimathandizira kuti motowo utakhazikika - simukuyenera kukhala munyumba yozizira nthawi yozizira ndikupuma kuti injini isayime;
• Kuwongolera kayendedwe ka kutentha (gawo ili limakhudzanso kupezeka kwa mafuta kuzipangizo), chowongolera nthawi ndi nthawi chimathandizira kuzirala komwe kumayikidwa pafupi ndi radiator yayikulu. Mbadwo waposachedwa wamamodeli a BMW ali ndi grille ya radiator yokhala ndi zipsepse zosinthika kuti kutentha kuzitha pakuyendetsa nyengo yozizira ndikufulumizitsa kutentha kwa injini. (kuti injini yoyaka mkati isapitirire kuzizira, nthiti zowongoka zimazungulira, kutsekereza kulowa kwa mpweya wozizira kulowa mchipinda cha injini). Zinthu izi zimayang'aniridwanso ndi microprocessor kutengera ndi chidziwitso chochokera kuzizira zotentha.

Makina oyang'anira zamagetsi amalembanso kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe galimoto idya. Izi zimalola pulogalamuyi kusintha njira zama injini kuti ipange mphamvu yayikulu pazochitika zina, koma nthawi yomweyo imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochepa. Ngakhale oyendetsa magalimoto ambiri amawona izi ngati nkhawa ndi zikwama zawo, m'malo mwake, kuyatsa kwamafuta pang'ono kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa utsi. Opanga onse makamaka amadalira chizindikiro ichi.

Microprocessor imawerengera kuchuluka kwa miphutsi yodziwitsa mafuta. Zachidziwikire, chizindikirochi sichingafanane, popeza zamagetsi sizingadziwe bwinobwino kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe adadutsa mu ma nozzles a ma jakisoni m'magawo amphindi pomwe anali otseguka.

Kuphatikiza apo, magalimoto amakono amakhala ndi wotsatsa. Chipangizochi chimayikidwa pakasungidwe ka mpweya wa mafuta wamafuta. Aliyense amadziwa kuti mafuta amakonda kukhala nthunzi. Pofuna kuti nthunzi za mafuta zisalowe mumlengalenga, adsorber imadutsa mpweyawu kudzera mwa iwo wokha, imawasefa ndikuwatumiza kuzipilala kuti ziziwotcha.

Choyang'anira pakompyuta

Palibe mafuta okakamizidwa omwe amagwira ntchito popanda magetsi. Iyi ndi microprocessor yomwe pulogalamuyi idalumikizidwa. Pulogalamuyi imapangidwa ndi automaker ya mtundu wina wamagalimoto. Microcomputer imakonzedwa kuti ikhale ndi masensa angapo, komanso magwiridwe antchito ngati sensa italephera.

Microprocessor palokha ili ndi zinthu ziwiri. Yoyamba imasungira firmware yayikulu - makina opanga kapena mapulogalamu, omwe amaikidwa ndi mbuye wawo panthawi yokonza chip (za chifukwa chake ikufunika, amafotokozedwa mu nkhani ina).

Gawo lachiwiri la ECU ndizoyimitsa. Iyi ndi gawo la alamu lomwe limakonzedwa ndi wopanga magalimoto ngati chipangizocho sichingagwire chizindikiro kuchokera ku sensa inayake. Izi zimakonzedweratu pazosintha zingapo zomwe zimayambitsidwa pakakwaniritsidwa zochitika zina.

Popeza kuvuta kwa kulumikizana pakati pazoyang'anira, mawonekedwe ake ndi masensa, muyenera kukhala tcheru kuzizindikiro zomwe zimawoneka pagulu lazida. M'magalimoto oyendetsa bajeti, vuto likachitika, chizindikirocho chimangowala. Kuti muwone kulephera kwa jakisoni, muyenera kulumikiza kompyuta ndi cholumikizira cha ECU ndikuchita ma diagnostics.

Kuwongolera njirayi, kompyuta yomwe ili pa bolodi imayikidwa mgalimoto zodula kwambiri, zomwe zimadziyimira pawokha ndikuwunika zolakwika zina. Kusintha kwamauthenga amtunduwu kumatha kupezeka m'buku lazithandizo zoyendera kapena patsamba lovomerezeka la wopanga.

Ndi jakisoni uti wabwino?

Funso limabuka pakati pa eni magalimoto omwe ali ndi makina amafuta. Yankho lake limadalira pazinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mtengo wamavuto ndi chuma chamakina, kutsatira miyezo yayikulu yazachilengedwe komanso magwiridwe antchito kuchokera kuyaka kwa VTS, ndiye kuti yankho silodziwika bwino: jekeseni wolunjika ndiyabwino, popeza ili pafupi kwambiri ndi yoyenera. Koma galimoto yotereyi siyotsika mtengo, ndipo chifukwa chakapangidwe kake, mota uzikhala ndi voliyumu yayikulu.

Koma ngati woyendetsa galimoto akufuna kupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe kake kuti akwaniritse magwiridwe antchito amkati oyaka poyimitsa carburetor ndikuyika ma jakisoni, ndiye kuti akuyenera kuyimilira pa imodzi mwanjira zomwe amagawa (jekeseni imodzi siyinatchulidwepo, chifukwa ichi ndi chitukuko chakale chomwe sichimagwira bwino kuposa carburetor). Makina amafuta otere amakhala ndi mtengo wotsika, komanso sizofanana ndi mafuta.

Poyerekeza ndi carburetor, jekeseni wokakamizidwa uli ndi izi:

• Chuma cha mayendedwe chikuwonjezeka. Ngakhale mapangidwe oyamba a jakisoni akuwonetsa kutsika kwakuchepa kwa 40%;
• Mphamvu ya chipangizocho imakulirakulira, makamaka pamayendedwe otsika, chifukwa chake ndizosavuta kwa oyamba kumene kugwiritsa ntchito injector kuphunzira kuyendetsa galimoto;
• Kuti muyambe injini, zochita zochepa zimayenera kuchokera kwa dalaivala (njirayi ndiyodzichitira);
• Pa injini yozizira, dalaivala sayenera kuyendetsa liwiro kuti injini yoyaka yamkati isazime pomwe ikutentha;
• Mphamvu za makina zimawonjezeka;
• Makina opangira mafuta safunika kusintha, chifukwa izi zimachitika ndi zamagetsi, kutengera mawonekedwe a injini;
• Zomwe zimasakanizika zimayang'aniridwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chizikhala chokomera;
• Mpaka pamlingo wa Euro-3, mafuta samafunika kukonza momwe angakonzere (zomwe zikufunika ndikusintha magawo omwe alephera);
• Zimakhala zotheka kukhazikitsa makina osokoneza bongo m'galimoto (izi zotsutsana ndi kuba zikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane payokha);
• M'mitundu ina yamagalimoto, chipinda chama injini chimawonjezeka pochotsa "poto";
• Kutulutsa kwa nthunzi za mafuta kuchokera ku carburetor pamayendedwe otsika a injini kapena panthawi yayitali sikuphatikizidwa, potero kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuyatsa kwawo kunja kwa zonenepa;
• M'makina ena a carburetor, ngakhale kupukusa pang'ono (nthawi zina 15% kupendekera ndikwanira) kumatha kuyambitsa injini kapena kusakwanira kwa carburetor;
• Carburetor imadaliranso kwambiri kukakamizidwa kwamlengalenga, komwe kumakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a makina pomwe makina agwiritsidwa ntchito kumapiri.

Ngakhale zabwino zomveka bwino kuposa ma carburetors, ma jakisoni ali ndi zovuta zina:

• Nthawi zina, mtengo wokhala ndi dongosololi ndiwokwera kwambiri;
• Dongosolo lokha limakhala ndi njira zowonjezera zomwe zitha kulephera;
• Kuzindikira kumafunikira zida zamagetsi, ngakhale chidziwitso china chimafunikiranso kukonza bwino carburetor;
• Dongosololi limadalira kwambiri magetsi, chifukwa chake, pokonza mota, jenereta iyeneranso kusinthidwa;
• Zolakwitsa nthawi zina zimatha kuchitika pakompyuta chifukwa chosagwirizana pakati pa hardware ndi mapulogalamu.

Kukhazikika pang'onopang'ono kwa chilengedwe, komanso kukwera pang'onopang'ono kwa mafuta, zimapangitsa oyendetsa magalimoto ambiri kusinthana ndi magalimoto okhala ndi injini zopangira jakisoni.

Kuphatikiza apo, tikupangira kuwonera kanema wamfupi momwe mafuta amathandizira komanso momwe chinthu chilichonse chimagwirira ntchito:

Ndondomeko yamafuta agalimoto. Chipangizo, njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndi zovuta!

Mafunso ndi Mayankho:

Kodi ma jakisoni amafuta ndi chiyani? Pali njira ziwiri zokha zopangira mafuta osiyanasiyana. Monoinjection (analogue ya carburetor, mafuta okhawo amaperekedwa ndi nozzle). jakisoni wa Multipoint (manozzles amapopera mafuta munjira zambiri).

Kodi jekeseni wamafuta amagwira ntchito bwanji? Vavu yolowetsa ikatsegulidwa, jekeseni imapopera mafuta muzowonjezera, mafuta osakaniza a mpweya amayamwa mwachilengedwe kapena kudzera mu turbocharging.

Kodi jekeseni wamafuta amagwira ntchito bwanji? Kutengera ndi mtundu wa makina, ma jakisoni amapopera mafuta m'mizere yolowera kapena mwachindunji mu masilinda. Nthawi ya jakisoni imatsimikiziridwa ndi ECU.

Чndi chiyani chomwe chimalowetsa mafuta mu injini? Ngati jekeseni wamagetsi amagawidwa, ndiye kuti jekeseni imayikidwa pa chitoliro chilichonse chowonjezera, BTC imayamwa mu silinda chifukwa cha vacuum mmenemo. Ngati jekeseni mwachindunji, ndiye kuti mafuta amaperekedwa ku silinda.