The chipangizo ndi mfundo ya kufala basi

Ma injini onse oyaka mkati mwa galimoto amaphatikizidwa ndi kufalitsa. Lero, pali ma gearbox angapo osiyanasiyana, koma mwamtundu akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:

• Kutumiza pamanja kapena gearbox yamanja;
• Makinawa kufala kapena kufala basi.

Ponena za "makina", apa kusiyana kumangokhudza kuchuluka kwama liwiro komanso mawonekedwe amkati. Zambiri pazida zotumizira anthu zimauzidwa apa... Tiyeni tiwone momwe zithandizire kutumizira: kapangidwe kake, momwe amagwirira ntchito, zabwino zake ndi zovuta zake poyerekeza ndi anzawo, ndikukambirananso malamulo oyambira ogwiritsa ntchito "makina".

Kutumiza kwadzidzidzi ndi chiyani

Mosiyana ndi bokosi lamakina, munthawi yomweyo liwiro lofananira, zimasintha zokha. Mwanjira iyi, kutenga nawo mbali pagalimoto kumachepetsedwa. Kutengera kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake, dalaivala amasankha njira yoyenera pa wosankhayo, kapena nthawi ndi nthawi amalamula "loboti" kuti asinthe zida zomwe akufuna.

Opanga aganiza zakufunika kopanga zotumiza zodziwikiratu kuti muchepetse ma jerks posintha magiya ndi driver mu mode manual. Monga mukudziwa, aliyense woyendetsa ali ndi zizolowezi zawo zoyendetsa, ndipo, mwatsoka, sizothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, samalani zolakwitsa zomwe zimayambitsa makaniko kulephera. Mutha kupeza izi mu nkhani yapadera.

Mbiri yakapangidwe

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, lingaliro lakusunthira magiya modzidzimutsa linachitidwa ndi Herman Fittenger. Kutumiza kwa injiniya waku Germany kudapangidwa mu 1902. poyamba ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zombo.

Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, abale a Statewent (Boston) adapereka bokosi lamakina lamakono, koma, ndiye anali woyamba "wodziwikiratu". Kutumiza kwa mapulaneti kunayikidwa mu mtundu wa Ford T. Lamulo lodziwikiratu ndiloti dalaivala, pogwiritsa ntchito chinthu chimodzi, adachulukitsa kapena kuchepa. Liwiro lobwereranso lidayambitsidwa ndi chojambula chosiyana.

Gawo lotsatira la "chisinthiko" cha kufalitsa kwadzidzidzi kumagwera m'ma 30s. GM yasintha makina omwe adalipo powonjezera ma hydraulic planetary gear drive. Panali zowalamulira mu semiautomatic.

Mofananamo ndi General Motors, mainjiniya a Chrysler adawonjezeranso cholumikizira chama hydraulic pakupanga kufalitsa. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kameneka, bokosilo laleka kukhala ndi cholumikizira cholimba cha ma drive ndi shafts. Izi zimathandiza kuti zida zosunthika zisinthe. Makinawo adalandiranso ntchito mopitirira muyeso. Ichi ndi overdrive yapadera (chiŵerengero cha zida zosakwana 1), chomwe chimalowetsa gearbox yothamanga kwambiri.

Kukula koyamba kosalekeza kotumizira zokhazokha kunali chitsanzo kuchokera ku GM. Makinawa adayamba kupangidwa mu 1940. Chipangizochi chimakhala ndi cholumikizira chamadzimadzi chophatikizira ndi bokosi lamapulaneti la malo 4. Kusintha kunkachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma hydraulic.

Makinawa kufala chipangizo

Poyerekeza ndi kufalitsa kwamankhwala, kufalitsa kwadzidzidzi kuli ndi chida chovuta kwambiri. Nazi zinthu zazikuluzikulu zotumizira zokha:

• Makina osinthira makontena ndi chidebe chokhala ndi madzi amadzimadzi (ATF). Cholinga chake ndikutumiza makokedwe kuchokera ku injini yoyaka yamkati kupita pagalimoto laku bokosi. Mawilo a chopangira mphamvu, pampu ndi riyakitala amaikidwa mkati mwa thupi. Komanso, chida chosinthira torque chimaphatikizapo zida ziwiri: kutchinga ndi freewheel. Yoyamba imatsimikizira kuti chosinthira makokedwe chatsekedwa pamayendedwe ofunikira. Yachiwiri imalola gudumu loyendera kuti lizungulira mbali inayo.
• Mapulaneti zida - shafts, couplings, ng'oma zomwe zimapereka zida zamagetsi. Izi zimachitika posintha kuthamanga kwa madzi amadzimadzi.
• Chipangizo chowongolera - chimakhala chamadzimadzi, koma masiku ano amagwiritsa ntchito zamagetsi. ECU imalemba zikwangwani kuchokera kumasensa osiyanasiyana. Kutengera izi, gawo loyang'anira limatumiza zizindikilo kuzida zomwe kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito amachitidwe (mavavu amagetsi a valavu, omwe amayendetsa kutuluka kwa madzi).
• Masensa akuwonetsa zida zomwe zimalemba magwiridwe antchito azinthu zosiyanasiyana ndikutumiza zizindikiritso zoyenera ku ECU. Bokosilo lili ndi masensa otsatirawa: pafupipafupi zolowetsera ndi zotulutsa, kutentha kwamafuta ndi kuthamanga, malo opangira lever (kapena washer mumagalimoto amakono ambiri) osankha.
• Pampu yamafuta - imapangitsa kupanikizika kofunikira kuti musinthane ndi ma converter omwe amafanana.

Zinthu zonse zonyamula zodziwikiratu zili vuto limodzi.

Mfundo yogwirira ntchito ndi moyo wautumizidwe wazofalitsa

Pamene galimoto ikuyenda, gawo loyendetsa kufufuzira limasanthula kuchuluka kwa injini ndipo, kutengera mawonekedwe, limatumiza zizindikiritso pazoyang'anira za torque converter. Kutumiza kwamadzimadzi ndi kuthamanga koyenera kumapangitsa kuti zinthu ziziyenda bwino pamapulaneti. Izi zimasintha kuchuluka kwamagiya. Kuthamanga kwa njirayi kumadaliranso kuthamanga kwa mayendedwe omwewo.

Zinthu zingapo zimakhudza magwiridwe antchito:

• Mulingo wamafuta mubokosi;
• Kutumiza kwadzidzidzi kumagwira bwino kutentha kwina (pafupifupi 80^оC), chifukwa chake, m'nyengo yozizira, imafunikira kutentha, ndipo nthawi yotentha, imafunika kuzirala;
• Kutumiza kwadzidzidzi kumakhazikika mofanana ndi injini - mothandizidwa ndi radiator;
• Kuthamanga kwamafuta (pafupifupi, chizindikiro ichi chili pakati pa 2,5 mpaka 4,5 bar.).

Ngati mungayang'ane thanzi la kuzirala munthawi yake, komanso zinthu zomwe zili pamwambapa, bokosilo lipitilira 500 mileage. Ngakhale zimangotengera momwe woyendetsa amayang'anitsitsa momwe amasamalirira.

Chofunikira chokhudzana ndi zomwe zili m'bokosilo ndizogwiritsa ntchito zoyambirira.

Main opaleshoni modes wa HIV basi

Ngakhale makina amasunthira magiya modzidzimutsa kapena theka-zodziwikiratu, dalaivala akhoza kukhazikitsa njira inayake yofunikira pazochitika zinazake. Njira zazikulu ndi izi:

• R - mode magalimoto. Pogwiritsa ntchito (malo ofanana ndi osankhidwa), mawilo oyendetsa galimoto amatsekedwa. Lever ikakhala ili, muyenera kuyamba ndikuyimitsa injini. Mulimonsemo simuyenera kuloleza izi kuyendetsa;
• R - n'zosiyana zida. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi makina, njirayi iyenera kuyatsidwa pokhapokha makina atayima;
• N - osalowerera ndale kapena ayi. Momwemo, mawilo amasinthasintha momasuka, makina amatha kuyendetsa ngakhale mota itayatsidwa. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi kupulumutsa mafuta, popeza injini nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri ikangokhala kuposa kuthamanga liwiro (mwachitsanzo, mukamayendetsa injini). Njirayi imapezeka mgalimoto kuti galimoto iyenera kukokedwa (ngakhale magalimoto ena sangakokedwe);
• D - mawonekedwewa amalola kuti galimoto isunthire mtsogolo. Zamagetsi pazokha zimayang'anira kusintha kwamagiya (pansi / mmwamba). Mwanjira imeneyi, makinawo amagwiritsa ntchito injini yolumikizira injini ikamatulutsidwa. Njirayi ikagwiritsidwa ntchito, kufalitsa kumayesa kuyendetsa galimoto ikatsika (kugwiranso ntchito kumadalira mbali ya malingaliro).

Zowonjezera zodziwikiratu

Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yoyambira, kufalitsa kulikonse kumangokhala ndi zina zowonjezera. Kampani iliyonse yamagalimoto imakonzekeretsa mitundu yawo yamagetsi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Nawa ena mwa iwo:

• 1 (nthawi zina L) - kutumiza sikuphatikizira zida zachiwiri, koma kumalola injini kuti izithamanga kwambiri. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamisewu yovuta kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, pamapiri otsetsereka komanso ataliatali;
• 2 - mawonekedwe ofanana, pakadali pano bokosi silidzakwera pamwamba pa zida zachiwiri. Nthawi zambiri, pamalo amenewa, galimoto imatha kufikira 80 km / h;
• 3 (kapena S) - liwiro lina, ichi ndiye chachitatu chokha. Ena oyendetsa galimoto amaigwiritsa ntchito kupitirira kapena kuthamanga kwambiri. Popanda kuthamanga 4, mota imazungulira mpaka kuthamanga kwambiri, zomwe zimathandizira kuyendetsa galimoto. Nthawi zambiri, motere, galimoto imatha kupitilira ku 140 km / h. (chinthu chachikulu ndikuwona singano ya tachometer kuti isalowe m'malo ofiira).

Makina ambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a gearshift otsogola. Limodzi mwa mayina amitundu iyi ndi Tiptronic. Wosankhayo mwa iwo adzakhala ndi niche yapadera pambali pa mitundu yayikulu.

Zizindikiro + ndi - zimakupatsani mwayi wosinthana ndi zida zofananira mu "manual" mode. Izi, ndizachikhalidwe, popeza njirayi idakonzedwa ndi zamagetsi kuti dalaivala asasokoneze kufalikira ndi zolakwika.

Mutha kusungitsa cholembera pamagetsi posintha magiya. Njira zowonjezerazi zilipo poyendetsa pamisewu yovuta monga chipale chofewa kapena malo otsetsereka.

Njira ina yowonjezera yomwe ingakhalepo pakamagwiritsa ntchito zodziwikiratu ndi "Zima". Wopanga aliyense amadzitchula mwanjira yake. Mwachitsanzo, wosankha atha kulembapo chipale chofewa kapena W, kapena akhoza kunena "Chipale". Poterepa, makinawa saloleza kuti magudumu oyendetsa galimoto azitha kutuluka poyenda kapena posintha liwiro.

M'nyengo yozizira, galimoto iyamba kuchokera pagiya yachiwiri, ndipo kuthamanga kudzasinthira kuthamanga kwama injini otsika. Anthu ena amagwiritsa ntchito njirayi poyendetsa mchenga kapena matope nthawi yotentha. Nthawi yotentha pamsewu wabwino, simuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi, chifukwa bokosilo liziwotcha msanga chifukwa chogwira ntchito ndi katundu wochulukirapo.

Kuphatikiza pa mitundu yomwe yatchulidwayi, kufalitsa magalimoto ena kumakhala ndi Sport mode (magiya akutenga ma revs apamwamba) kapena Shift Lock (ntchito yosinthira lever yosankhira imatha kuyendetsedwa ngakhale injini ikakhala).

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zotumiza zodziwikiratu

Ngakhale kusunthira kwa magalasi pamagetsi kumafunikira kuti oyendetsa madalaivala azichita nawo pang'ono, sikuti ndi kokwanira. Nazi njira zofunika kugwiritsa ntchito kufalitsa kwachangu molondola.

Malamulo oyambira kugwiritsa ntchito bokosi lamakina

Kuyamba kwa gululi kuyenera kuchitika motere:

• Timafinya chobayira;
• Timayambitsa injini (pa injini yosakanikirana, lever sangathe kusunthidwa);
• Dinani batani lotsegulira pakusintha kwamachitidwe (ngati alipo). Nthawi zambiri imakhala mbali kapena pamwamba pa chogwirira;
• Timasunthira cholembera kuti tisankhe D (ngati mukufuna kubwerera, kenako sankhani R). Liwiro limayambitsidwa pambuyo pa masekondi awiri kapena awiri mutakhazikitsa njira yoyenera, ndipo njirayo ichepetsa liwiro.

Kuyenda kwa galimoto kuyenera kuchitika motere:

• Siyani chinsalu chanyema;
• Galimoto yokha iyamba kuyenda (ngati kuyamba kukuchitika kukwera, ndiye kuti muyenera kuwonjezera mpweya);
• Mawonekedwe oyendetsa galimoto amatsimikiziridwa ndi mtundu wa kukanikiza chopangira cha gasi: ngati ikanikizidwa mwamphamvu, galimotoyo imatha kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri, ikakanikizidwa bwino, galimotoyo iziyenda bwino, ndipo magiya ayatsa pang'onopang'ono;
• Ngati pakufunika kuthamangitsa mwamphamvu, kanikizani pansi. Ntchito yokhayo yatsegulidwa. Poterepa, bokosilo limasunthira kumagiya otsika ndikutembenuza injini mpaka kumtunda kwambiri kuti ifulumizitse kuyendetsa. Komabe, izi sizimapereka mphamvu nthawi zonse. Poterepa, ndibwino kuyika chosankhira mu S kapena 3 mode, ndiye kuti liwiro silisinthira pagawo lachinayi, koma liziwonjezera gawo lachitatu.

Timayima motere:

• Timamasula petulo;
• Ngati mukufuna kuyima mwachangu, pezani mabuleki;
• Pofuna kuti galimoto isayende, gwirani mabuleki;
• Ngati poyimilira ndi waufupi, ndiye kuti cholembera chosankhacho chatsala mu mode D, ndipo ngati yayitali, ndiye kuti timasamutsira ku mode N. Pachifukwa ichi, injini siziwotcha mafuta pachabe. Pofuna kuti galimoto isamayende mopitirira muyeso, simuyenera kumasula mabuleki kapena kuyambitsa makina oyimitsira.

Zikumbutso zina zokhudzana ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka makina:

• Mitengo yamafuta ndi mabuleki imatsegulidwa kokha ndi phazi lamanja, ndipo kumanzere sikutsegulidwa konse;
• Chophimbacho chimayenera kusindikizidwa nthawi zonse pamene chikuyima, kupatula kuyambitsa kwa P mode;
• Mukamayendetsa phiri, musayatse N, popeza kuti zodziwikiratu zimagwiritsa ntchito mabuleki a injini;
• Makinawa akasinthidwa kuchokera ku D kupita ku N kapena mosemphanitsa, batani lotsekera siliyenera kukanikizidwa, kuti musayende mwangozi kubwerera kapena kuyimitsa poyendetsa.

Kodi galimoto yonyamula yokha imafunika kuswa dzanja?

Ngati zotumizirazo zili ndi malo oimikapo magalimoto, chifukwa chiyani galimotoyo idasweka? Buku lophunzitsira la opanga magalimoto amakono akuwonetsa kuti iyi ndi njira yowonjezera yochokera pagalimoto yosinthasintha.

Madalaivala ambiri sagwiritsa ntchito handbrake chifukwa malo oimikapo magalimoto nthawi zonse amagwira ntchito yake bwino. Ndipo m'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zina ma pads amaundana kuma disc (makamaka ngati galimotoyo idali pachithaphwi dzulo).

Nayi milandu mukafuna buleki lamanja:

• Mukayima pamtunda kuti muwonjezere makina ena;
• Imakhalanso yothandiza posintha mawilo;
• Musanatsegule mtundu wa P pamtunda (pankhaniyi, lever amasintha ndi kuyesetsa kwambiri, komwe kumatha kubweretsa kuvala kwa ziwombankhanga zotumizira);
• Ngati galimotoyo ili pamalo otsetsereka onse mu P mode komanso pa handbrake, ndiye koyambira koyenda, chotsani kaye "magalimoto", kenako ndikumasula handbrake.

Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kufala basi

Kutumiza kwazokha kuli ndi maubwino ndi zovuta zonse. Ubwino wake ndi izi:

• Kusintha kosinthira bwino, popanda kugwedezeka, komwe kumapereka mayendedwe omasuka;
• Palibe chifukwa kusintha kapena kukonza zowalamulira;
• Mwa njira yamanja, mphamvu zabwino zimaperekedwa, ngakhale dalaivala atalakwitsa, makinawo azikonza vutoli;
• Kutumiza kwadzidzidzi kumatha kusintha momwe oyendetsa amayendera.

Kuipa kwa makina:

• Kapangidwe ka chipindacho ndi kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa chake kukonzanso kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi katswiri;
• Kuphatikiza pa kukonza okwera mtengo, m'malo mwake kutumizira kumakhala kokwera mtengo kwambiri, chifukwa kuli njira zambiri zovuta;
• Mu mode zodziwikiratu, dzuwa limagwirira ndi otsika, imbaenda kudya mafuta;
• Kulemera kwa bokosilo popanda luso lamadzimadzi ndi chosinthira makokedwe kumakhala pafupifupi 70 kg, ndipo ikadzaza - pafupifupi 110 kg.

Makinawa kufala ndi HIV Buku amene ali bwino?

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabokosi basi, ndipo aliyense wa iwo ali ndi makhalidwe ake. Iliyonse ya iwo ikufotokozedwa mu nkhani yapadera.

Zomwe zili bwino: zimango kapena zodziwikiratu? Mwachidule, ndi nkhani yakulawa. Oyendetsa magalimoto onse agawika m'magulu awiri: ena ali ndi chidaliro pakufalitsa bwino kwa bukuli, pomwe ena ndi omwe amangochitika zokha.

Makinawa HIV ndi zimango:

• Zowonjezera "kufungatira";
• Ali ndi mphamvu zochepa, ngakhale pamanja;
• Pamene kuthamanga, mafuta kumawonjezera kwambiri;
• Kuti mumve ndalama zambiri, muyenera kuyendetsa bwino ndikuwongolera;
• Kuwonongeka kwa makina ndikosowa kwambiri, koma pakukonza moyenera komanso kwakanthawi;
• Mtengo wofalitsa watsopano ndiwokwera kwambiri, chifukwa chake, kuyisamalira kuyenera kuyendetsedwa mosamala;
• Sikutanthauza luso lapadera, makamaka kwa oyamba kumene, mwachitsanzo, kuyamba kukwera phiri.

Poganizira zakufuna kukhala ndi galimoto yabwino kwambiri, oyendetsa magalimoto ambiri amakonda zotengera zodziwikiratu. Komabe, ngati woyamba amaphunzira kuchokera kumakaniko, nthawi yomweyo amapeza maluso ofunikira. Aliyense amene wadziwa kupititsa patsogolo pamanja adzakwera mosavuta kufala kulikonse, komwe sikunganenedwenso.

Mafunso ndi Mayankho:

Ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zikuphatikizidwa mu automatic transmission? Kutumiza kodziwikiratu kumakhala ndi: chosinthira ma torque, zida zamapulaneti, zida zowongolera, zowongolerera zogundana, ma freewheel clutch, thupi la valve, brake band, pampu yamafuta, nyumba.

Kodi ma automatic transmission amagwira ntchito bwanji? Injini ikayamba, pampu yamafuta imayamba kugwira ntchito (imapanga kupanikizika mu dongosolo). Mafuta amaponyedwa pa chosinthira cha torque converter, chomwe chimasamutsa torque kupita kumayendedwe. Magiya amasinthidwa pakompyuta.

Kodi ma automatic transmission ndi ati? Mosiyana ndi zimango, makina odziwikiratu amafunikira zochita zochepa kuchokera kwa dalaivala (ingoyatsa njira yomwe mukufuna ndikusindikiza gasi kapena brake). Zosintha zina zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe amanja (mwachitsanzo, tiptronic).