Yesani BMW ndi haidrojeni: gawo lachiwiri

"Madzi. Chotsalira chokha cha injini zoyera za BMW ndikugwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni yamadzimadzi m'malo mwa mafuta a petroleum ndikupangitsa aliyense kusangalala ndi matekinoloje atsopano ndi chikumbumtima choyera. "

BMW njira

Mawu awa ndi mawu ochokera ku kampeni yotsatsa ya kampani yaku Germany zaka zingapo zapitazo. Kwa nthawi yayitali palibe amene adakayikira kuti a Bavaria amadziwa bwino zomwe akuchita pankhani yaukadaulo wamagalimoto ndipo ndi amodzi mwa atsogoleri osatsutsika padziko lonse lapansi. Komanso sizingaganizidwe kuti kampani yomwe yawonetsa kukula kolimba kwa malonda m'zaka zaposachedwa ingaponye ndalama zambiri pazotsatsa zosadziwika bwino zamaukadaulo akulonjeza zam'tsogolo zosatsimikizika.

Nthawi yomweyo, mawu omwe agwidwawo ndi gawo la kampeni yolimbikitsa mtundu wa hydrogen wa maola 745 wamtundu wamtundu wa automaker waku Bavaria. Zachilendo, chifukwa malinga ndi BMW, kusintha kwa mafuta a hydrocarbon, omwe makampani amagalimoto akhala akudyetsa kuyambira pachiyambi, adzafunika kusintha kwazinthu zonse zopangira. Zotsirizirazi ndizofunikira chifukwa anthu a ku Bavaria amawona njira yodalirika yachitukuko osati m'maselo amafuta omwe amalengezedwa kwambiri, koma pakutembenuka kwa injini zoyaka mkati kuti ziyende pa hydrogen. BMW amakhulupirira kuti Mokweza ndi vuto solvable ndipo kale patsogolo kwambiri kuthetsa vuto lalikulu la kukwaniritsa odalirika injini ntchito ndi kuchotsa propensity ake njira kusalamulirika kuyaka ntchito wangwiro haidrojeni. Kupambana munjira iyi ndi chifukwa cha luso pazamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi zamagetsi komanso kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito makina a BMW ovomerezeka osinthika agasi a Valvetronic ndi Vanos, popanda zomwe sizingakhale zotheka kuonetsetsa kuti "injini za haidrojeni" zikuyenda bwino. . Komabe, masitepe oyamba munjira iyi adabwerera ku 1820, pomwe wopanga William Cecil adapanga injini ya hydrogen-fueled yomwe imagwira ntchito pa otchedwa "vacuum mfundo" - chiwembu chosiyana kwambiri ndi injini yomwe idapangidwa pambuyo pake ndi injini yamkati. . kuyaka. Pachiyambi chake choyamba cha injini zoyatsira mkati zaka 60 pambuyo pake, mpainiya Otto adagwiritsa ntchito gasi wopangidwa kale komanso wopangidwa ndi malasha wokhala ndi haidrojeni pafupifupi 50%. Komabe, ndi kupangidwa kwa carburetor, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta kwakhala kothandiza kwambiri komanso kotetezeka, ndipo mafuta amadzimadzi alowa m'malo mwa njira zina zonse zomwe zakhalapo mpaka pano. Mphamvu za haidrojeni monga mafuta zinadziŵikanso zaka zambiri pambuyo pake ndi makampani opanga zinthu zakuthambo, amene mwamsanga anapeza kuti mpweya wa haidrojeni uli ndi chiŵerengero chabwino kwambiri cha mphamvu ndi misa ya mafuta alionse odziŵika kwa anthu.

Mu Julayi 1998, European Association of Automotive Industry (ACEA) inadzipereka ku European Union kuti ichepetse mpweya wa CO2008 kuchokera mgalimoto zomwe zalembetsedwa kumene ku Union pafupifupi magalamu awiri pa kilomita ndi 2. Pochita izi, izi zikutanthauza kutsika kwa 140% kwa mpweya poyerekeza ndi 25, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mafuta azombo zatsopano kunali pafupifupi 1995 l / 6,0 km. Posachedwa, njira zina zikuyembekezeka kuchepetsa mpweya woipa ndi 100% pofika 14. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ntchito yamagalimoto yamagalimoto ikhale yovuta kwambiri ndipo, malinga ndi akatswiri a BMW, itha kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta osagwiritsa ntchito kaboni ochepa kapena kuthetseratu mpweya m'mafuta. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso ichi, haidrojeni ikuwonekeranso m'mabwalo agalimoto muulemerero wake wonse.

Kampani yaku Bavaria idakhala woyamba kupanga magalimoto kupanga misa yopanga magalimoto opangidwa ndi hydrogen. Zonena zakukhulupirira ndi kudalira kwa Pulofesa Burkhard Geschel, membala wa board ya BMW yemwe akuyang'anira zochitika zatsopano, zakuti "kampaniyo idzagulitsa magalimoto a hydrogen isanathe 7 Series" ikwaniritsidwa. Ndi mtundu wake waposachedwa kwambiri, Hydrogen 7, mndandanda wachisanu ndi chiwiri, womwe udayambitsidwa mu 2006, ndi injini ya 12 hp 260 yamphamvu. uthengawu wakwaniritsidwa kale. Cholinga chimawoneka chokhumba, koma popanda chifukwa. BMW yakhala ikuyesa makina oyaka amkati akuyenda pa hydrogen kuyambira 1978, ndipo pa 11 Meyi 2000 adachita chiwonetsero chapadera cha kuthekera kwa njirayi. Magalimoto ochititsa chidwi a 15 750 hl magalimoto am'badwo wakale wa sabata, oyendetsedwa ndi ma hydrogen mainjini a silinda khumi ndi awiri, adamaliza mpikisano wa 170 km, akuwonetsa kupambana kwa kampaniyo ndikulonjeza ukadaulo watsopano. Mu 000 ndi 2001, ena mwa magalimoto amenewa adapitilizabe kuchita ziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana pothandizira lingaliro la haidrojeni. Ndiye inali nthawi yachitukuko chatsopano chotsatira 2002 Series yotsatira, pogwiritsa ntchito injini ya 7-lita V-4,4 yomwe imatha kuthamanga kwambiri 212 km / h, ndikutsatiridwa ndi chitukuko chaposachedwa ndi 12-silinda V-XNUMX. Malinga ndi lingaliro lakampaniyo, zifukwa zomwe BMW idasankhira ukadaulo uwu pamafuta amafuta ndizogulitsa komanso zamaganizidwe. Choyamba, njirayi idzafuna ndalama zochepa kwambiri ngati zomangamanga zisintha. Chachiwiri, chifukwa anthu azolowera injini yoyaka yamkati yakale, amawakonda ndipo zidzakhala zovuta kusiya nawo. Ndipo chachitatu, padakali pano, ukadaulo uwu ukukulira mofulumira kuposa ukadaulo wama cell wamafuta.

M'magalimoto a BMW, haidrojeni imasungidwa m'chombo cha cryogenic chapamwamba kwambiri, chofanana ndi botolo laukadaulo lapamwamba la thermos lopangidwa ndi gulu la firiji la Germany Linde. Pa kutentha kochepa kosungirako, mafuta amakhala mumadzimadzi ndipo amalowa mu injini ngati mafuta okhazikika.

Pakadali pano, opanga kampani yaku Munich adayang'ana kwambiri jakisoni wamafuta, ndipo mtundu wa chisakanizo chimadalira momwe injini imagwirira ntchito. Mwanjira yolemetsa, injini imayendera zosakaniza zowonda zofanana ndi mafuta a dizilo - kusintha kumapangidwa kokha mu kuchuluka kwa mafuta omwe amabayidwa. Izi ndizomwe zimatchedwa "quality control" za chisakanizo, momwe injini imayendera ndi mpweya wochulukirapo, koma chifukwa chotsika kwambiri, mapangidwe a mpweya wa nayitrogeni amachepetsedwa. Pakakhala pakufunika mphamvu yayikulu, injini imayamba kugwira ntchito ngati injini yamafuta, ndikupita kumalo otchedwa "kuchuluka kwazowongolera" zosakanizazo ndi zosakaniza zabwinobwino (osati zowonda). Zosinthazi ndizotheka, kumbali imodzi, chifukwa cha liwiro lamagetsi owongolera njira mu injini, komanso, chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa machitidwe owongolera gasi - "double" Vanos, akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi Valvetronic intake control system popanda throttle. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti, malinga ndi akatswiri a BMW, magwiridwe antchito a chitukukochi ndi gawo lapakatikati pakupanga matekinoloje komanso kuti mtsogolo ma injini azisunthira kuloza jekeseni wa haidrojeni muzipilala ndi ma turbocharging. Njira izi zikuyembekezeredwa kuti zizikhala ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kuposa injini yamafuta yofananira ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito oyaka moto opitilira 50%. Apa tidapewa dala kukhudza mutu wama "mafuta amafuta", popeza nkhaniyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama posachedwapa. Nthawi yomweyo, komabe, tiyenera kuwatchula potengera ukadaulo wa BMW wa hydrogen, popeza opanga ku Munich adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito zida zotere kupangira maukonde amagetsi pamagalimoto, kuthetseratu mabatire wamba. Kusunthaku kumathandizira kupulumutsa mafuta owonjezera, chifukwa injini ya haidrojeni sayenera kuyendetsa alternator, ndipo makina amagetsi apamtunda amakhala odziyimira pawokha komanso odziyimira pawokha panjira - amatha kupanga magetsi ngakhale injini siyikuyenda, komanso kupanga. ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zimabweretsa kukhathamiritsa kwathunthu. Zowona kuti ndi magetsi ochulukirapo omwe angafunike tsopano kupangira mphamvu pampu yamadzi, mapampu amafuta, zowonjezera ma brake ndi makina amagetsi amatanthauzanso ndalama zina. Komabe, mofananamo ndi zonsezi, makina opangira mafuta (mafuta) sanasinthe kwambiri mtengo. Pofuna kulimbikitsa ukadaulo wa haidrojeni mu Juni 2002, BMW Group, Aral, BVG, DaimlerChrysler, Ford, GHW, Linde, Opel MAN adapanga pulogalamu ya mgwirizano wa CleanEnergy, yomwe idayamba ndikupanga malo opangira ma hydrogen opopetsedwa komanso oponderezedwa.

BMW ndiye woyambitsa ntchito zina zingapo zophatikizana, kuphatikiza ndi makampani amafuta, omwe otenga nawo gawo kwambiri ndi Aral, BP, Shell, Total. Chidwi m'dera lodalirikali chikukula kwambiri - m'zaka khumi zikubwerazi, EU yokhayo idzapereka ndalama zothandizira ndalama zothandizira chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa matekinoloje a haidrojeni mu ndalama za 2,8 biliyoni. Kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi makampani apadera pa chitukuko cha "hydrogen" panthawiyi n'zovuta kufotokozera, koma zikuwonekeratu kuti nthawi zambiri zidzapitirira kuchotsedwa kwa mabungwe osapindula.

Hydrogen m'makina oyaka mkati

Ndizosangalatsa kuzindikira kuti, chifukwa cha thupi ndi mankhwala a haidrojeni, amatha kuyaka kwambiri kuposa mafuta. Pochita izi, izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu zochepa zoyamba zimafunikira kuyambitsa kuyaka kwa hydrogen. Kumbali ina, zosakaniza zowonda kwambiri zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta mu injini za haidrojeni - chinthu chomwe ma injini amakono amafuta amapeza kudzera muukadaulo wovuta komanso wokwera mtengo.

Kutentha kwapakati pa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta hydrogen-mpweya wosakanikirana sikumatayika, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kutentha kwamoto ndi kuchuluka kwa njira zoyatsira ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa mafuta. Hydrogen imakhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono komanso kufalikira kwamphamvu (kuthekera kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tolowera mugasi wina - pakadali pano, mpweya).

The otsika kutsegula mphamvu chofunika kudziletsa poyatsira ndi chimodzi mwa mavuto aakulu kulamulira njira kuyaka mu injini wa haidrojeni chifukwa osakaniza mosavuta modzidzimutsa kuyatsa chifukwa chokhudzana ndi madera otentha mu chipinda kuyaka ndi kukana kutsatira unyolo wa njira kwathunthu osalamulirika. Kupewa ngoziyi ndi imodzi mwazovuta kwambiri pakupanga injini za haidrojeni, koma sikophweka kuthetsa zotsatirapo zakuti kusakaniza koyaka kwambiri komwe kumayendera kumayenda pafupi kwambiri ndi makoma a silinda ndipo kumatha kudutsa mipata yopapatiza kwambiri. monga ma valve otsekedwa, mwachitsanzo ... Zonsezi ziyenera kuganiziridwa popanga ma motors awa.

Kutentha kwakukulu kwama autoignment ndi nambala yayikulu ya octane (pafupifupi 130) imalola kuchuluka kwa injini ndipo, chifukwa chake, mphamvu yake, koma palinso chiopsezo chodzipangira hydrogen kuti isakhudzane ndi gawo lotentha. mu silinda. Ubwino wa kufalikira kwakukulu kwa haidrojeni ndi kuthekera kosakanikirana kosavuta ndi mpweya, komwe kukhoza kuwonongeka kwa thanki kumatsimikizira kufalikira mwachangu komanso mosamala kwamafuta.

Mpweya wabwino wa haidrojeni wosakaniza kuti uyake uli ndi chiŵerengero cha pafupifupi 34: 1 (kwa mafuta chiŵerengero ichi ndi 14,7: 1). Izi zikutanthauza kuti pophatikiza misa yofanana ya haidrojeni ndi petulo poyamba, mpweya wochuluka umafunika kuwirikiza kawiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kusakaniza kwa mpweya wa haidrojeni kumatenga malo ochulukirapo, zomwe zikufotokozera chifukwa chake injini za hydrogen zili ndi mphamvu zochepa. Chifaniziro cha digito chabe cha ma ratios ndi ma voliyumu ndi omveka bwino - kuchulukira kwa haidrojeni wokonzeka kuyaka ndi kucheperako ka 56 kuposa kwa nthunzi ya petulo .... Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti, kwenikweni, injini za haidrojeni zimathanso kugwira ntchito ndi zosakaniza za air-hydrogen mpaka 180: 1 (i.e. zosakaniza "zowonda" kwambiri), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti injini ikhoza kuyendetsedwa. popanda valavu throttle ndi ntchito mfundo injini dizilo. Komanso tisaiwale kuti haidrojeni ndi mtsogoleri wosatsutsika poyerekezera haidrojeni ndi mafuta monga magwero mphamvu mwa mawu a misa - kilogalamu wa haidrojeni pafupifupi katatu mphamvu kwambiri kuposa kilogalamu mafuta.

Mofanana ndi injini za petulo, hydrogen yamadzimadzi imatha kubayidwa patsogolo pa mavavu muzinthu zambiri, koma njira yabwino kwambiri ndi jekeseni mwachindunji panthawi ya psinjika - pamenepa, mphamvuyo imatha kupitirira injini ya petulo yofanana ndi 25%. Izi zili choncho chifukwa mafuta (wa haidrojeni) samachotsa mpweya monga mu injini ya petulo kapena dizilo, zomwe zimalola mpweya wokha (mochuluka kwambiri kuposa nthawi zonse) kuti udzaze chipinda choyaka moto. Komanso, mosiyana ndi injini za petulo, injini za haidrojeni sizifunikira kuzungulira kwadongosolo chifukwa haidrojeni imafalikira mokwanira ndi mpweya popanda muyeso. Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana yoyaka moto m'malo osiyanasiyana a silinda, ndi bwino kuyika ma spark plugs awiri, ndipo mu injini za haidrojeni, kugwiritsa ntchito ma elekitirodi a platinamu sikutheka, chifukwa platinamu imakhala chothandizira chomwe chimatsogolera ku okosijeni wamafuta pa kutentha kochepa.

H2R

H2R ndi ntchito ya supersport yopangidwa ndi akatswiri a BMW ndipo imayendetsedwa ndi injini ya silinda khumi ndi iwiri yomwe imafika kutulutsa kwakukulu kwa 285 hp ikayendetsedwa ndi haidrojeni. Chifukwa cha iwo, chitsanzo choyesera chimachokera ku 0 mpaka 100 km / h mumasekondi asanu ndi limodzi ndipo chimafika pa liwiro la 300 km / h. miyezi kukula. Pofuna kupewa kuyaka kodziwikiratu, akatswiri a ku Bavaria apanga njira yapadera yoyendera ndi jekeseni mu chipinda choyaka moto, pogwiritsa ntchito mwayi woperekedwa ndi makina osinthira ma valve a injini. Kusakaniza kusanalowe m'masilinda, otsirizirawo amazizidwa ndi mpweya, ndipo kuyatsa kumangochitika pamwamba pakufa - chifukwa cha kuyaka kwakukulu ndi mafuta a haidrojeni, kuyatsa patsogolo sikofunikira.

anapezazo

Kusanthula kwachuma pakusintha kwa mphamvu ya haidrojeni sikunakhalebe kopatsa chiyembekezo. Kupanga, kusunga, kuyendetsa komanso kupereka gasi wonyezimira akadakali njira zowonjezera mphamvu, ndipo pakadali pano ukadaulo wa chitukuko cha anthu chiwembu chotere sichingakhale chothandiza. Komabe, izi sizitanthauza kuti kufufuza ndi kusaka mayankho sikupitilira. Zolinga zopanga haidrojeni m'madzi pogwiritsa ntchito magetsi ochokera pamagetsi am'madzi ndikuzisunga m'matangi akulu zimamveka zabwino. Kumbali inayi, njira yopangira magetsi ndi haidrojeni mu gasi m'chipululu cha Sahara, ndikupita nayo ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean pogwiritsa ntchito payipi, kuyamwa ndi kuyiyendetsa ndi ma cryogenic tank, kutsitsa m'madoko ndikumaliza kuyinyamula ndi galimoto kumamveka pang'ono pakadali pano ...

Lingaliro losangalatsa laperekedwa posachedwa ndi kampani yamafuta yaku Norway ya Norsk Hydro, yomwe idalimbikitsa kupanga hydrogen kuchokera ku gasi wachilengedwe m'malo opangira ku North Sea, ndipo zotsalira za carbon monoxide zidasungidwa m'malo omwe atha pansi panyanja. Chowonadi chagona penapake pakati, ndipo nthawi yokhayo ndi yomwe inganene komwe chitukuko cha mafakitale a hydrogen chidzapita.

Mazda osiyanasiyana

Kampani yaku Japan ya Mazda ikuwonetsanso mtundu wake wa injini ya haidrojeni - ngati mawonekedwe agalimoto yamasewera a RX-8. Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa mawonekedwe a injini ya Wankel ndi oyenera kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni ngati mafuta. Mpweya umasungidwa pansi pa kupanikizika kwakukulu mu thanki yapadera, ndipo mafuta amalowetsedwa mwachindunji m'zipinda zoyaka moto. Chifukwa chakuti pa injini ya rotary, malo omwe jekeseni ndi kuyaka zimachitika amalekanitsidwa, ndipo kutentha kwa gawo loyamwa kumakhala kochepa, vuto la kuthekera kwa kuyatsa kosalamulirika kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Injini ya Wankel imaperekanso malo okwanira majekeseni awiri, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri pobaya hydrogen wokwanira.