Yesani BMW ndi haidrojeni: gawo loyamba
Mayeso Oyendetsa

Yesani BMW ndi haidrojeni: gawo loyamba

Yesani BMW ndi haidrojeni: gawo loyamba

Kubangula kwa mkuntho womwe unali pafupi kudamveka kumwamba pomwe ndege yayikulu idayandikira pomwe idafikira pafupi ndi New Jersey. Pa Meyi 6, 1937, ndege yaku Hindenburg idanyamuka koyamba nyengoyo, ndikunyamula okwera 97.

M'masiku ochepa, chibaluni chachikulu chodzaza ndi hydrogen chikuyenera kubwerera ku Frankfurt am Main. Mipando yonse paulendowu yakhala yosungidwa ndi nzika zaku America zomwe zikufunitsitsa kuwona kukhazikitsidwa kwa King George VI waku Britain, koma tsoka lidalamula kuti apaulendo sadzakwera chimphona chija.

Atangomaliza kukonzekera kukwera ndegeyo, mkulu wake Rosendahl adawona moto wamoto pamutu pake, ndipo patangopita masekondi angapo mpira waukuluwo unasanduka chipika chowuluka choopsa, ndikusiya zidutswa zachitsulo pansi pambuyo pa theka lina la ndege. miniti. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri m’nkhaniyi ndi mfundo yolimbikitsa yakuti anthu ambiri amene anakwera m’sitima yoyaka motoyo anapulumuka.

Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin adalota zouluka mgalimoto yopepuka kuposa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 1917, ndikujambula chithunzi chokhwima cha ndege yodzaza ndi gasi ndikuyambitsa ntchito kuti igwire bwino ntchito. Zeppelin adakhala nthawi yayitali kuti awone chilengedwe chake chikuyamba kulowa m'miyoyo ya anthu, ndipo adamwalira mu 1923, atatsala pang'ono kugonjetsedwa dziko lake nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito zombo zake kunali koletsedwa ndi Pangano la Versailles. A Zeppelins adayiwalika kwa zaka zambiri, koma zonse zimasinthidwanso mwachangu ndikubwera kwa mphamvu kwa Hitler. Mutu watsopano wa Zeppelin, a Dr. Hugo Eckner, amakhulupirira mwamphamvu kuti kusintha kwakukulu kwamatekinoloje kumafunikira pakupanga ndege, zomwe zikuluzikulu ndikubwezeretsa hydrogen woyaka moto komanso wowopsa ndi helium. Tsoka ilo, United States, yomwe panthawiyo inali yokha yopanga izi, sakanakhoza kugulitsa helium ku Germany malinga ndi lamulo lapadera lomwe Congress idapereka mu 129. Ichi ndichifukwa chake sitimayo yatsopano, yotchedwa LZ XNUMX, pamapeto pake imadzazidwa ndi hydrogen.

Ntchito yomanga buluni yatsopano yatsopano yopangidwa ndi ma alloys opepuka a aluminiyamu imatha kutalika pafupifupi mita 300 ndipo ili ndi mamitala pafupifupi 45. Ndege yayikuluyo, yofanana ndi Titanic, imayendetsedwa ndi injini zinayi za 16-cylinder dizilo, iliyonse ili ndi 1300 hp. Mwachilengedwe, a Hitler sanaphonye mwayi wosandutsa "Hindenburg" kukhala chisonyezo chabodza chaku Nazi Germany ndipo adachita zonse zotheka kuti ayambitse ntchito yake. Zotsatira zake, kale mu 1936 ndege "yochititsa chidwi" idachita maulendo apandege owoloka nyanjayi.

Paulendo woyamba wa ndege mu 1937, malo otsetsereka a New Jersey anali odzaza ndi owonerera okondwa, kukumana kosangalatsa, achibale ndi atolankhani, omwe ambiri a iwo adadikirira kwa maola ambiri kuti chimphepocho chichepetse. Ngakhale wailesi imakamba nkhani yosangalatsa. Panthaŵi ina, chiyembekezo chodetsa nkhaŵacho chikudodometsedwa ndi chete kwa wokamba nkhaniyo, amene, pambuyo pa kamphindi, akufuula monyansidwa kuti: “Moyo wamoto ukugwa kuchokera kumwamba! Palibe wamoyo ... Sitimayo imayaka mwadzidzidzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo imawoneka ngati chimphona choyaka moto. Anthu ena okwera ndi mantha anayamba kudumpha kuchokera ku gondola kuthawa moto woopsawo, koma zidawapha chifukwa cha kutalika kwa mamita zana. Pamapeto pake, okwera ochepa okha omwe amadikirira kuti ndegeyo ifike pamtunda ndi omwe apulumuka, koma ambiri a iwo adapsa kwambiri. Panthawi ina, sitimayo sinathe kupirira kuwonongeka kwa moto woyaka moto, ndipo malita masauzande a madzi a ballast mu uta anayamba kutsanulira pansi. The Hindenburg adalemba mwachangu, malekezero akumbuyo akuwotcha amagwera pansi ndipo amatha kuwonongedwa kwathunthu mumasekondi 34. Kugwedezeka kwa chiwonetserochi kumagwedeza khamu la anthu lomwe linasonkhana pansi. Panthawi imeneyo, chifukwa cha ngoziyi chinkaonedwa kuti ndi bingu, chomwe chinayambitsa kuyatsa kwa hydrogen, koma m'zaka zaposachedwapa, katswiri wa ku Germany ndi America amatsutsa motsimikiza kuti tsoka la Hindenburg ngalawa, lomwe linadutsa mkuntho wambiri popanda mavuto. , n’zimene zinayambitsa ngoziyo. Pambuyo poyang'ana kambirimbiri zojambula zakale, adafika pozindikira kuti motowo unayamba chifukwa cha utoto woyaka wophimba khungu la ndegeyo. Moto wa ndege ya ku Germany ndi imodzi mwa masoka owopsa kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, ndipo kukumbukira chochitika chowopsya ichi ndi chopweteka kwambiri kwa ambiri. Ngakhale lero, kutchulidwa kwa mawu oti "airship" ndi "hydrogen" kumadzutsa gehena yamoto ku New Jersey, ngakhale ngati "kunyumba" moyenerera, mpweya wopepuka komanso wochuluka kwambiri m'chilengedwe ukhoza kukhala wothandiza kwambiri, ngakhale uli wowopsa. Malingana ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha asayansi amakono, nthawi yeniyeni ya haidrojeni ikupitirizabe, ngakhale kuti panthawi imodzimodziyo, gawo lina lalikulu la sayansi likukayikira za mawonetseredwe owopsa a chiyembekezo. Pakati pa omwe ali ndi chiyembekezo omwe amachirikiza lingaliro loyamba ndi othandizira kwambiri a lingaliro la haidrojeni, ndithudi, ayenera kukhala a Bavaria ochokera ku BMW. Kampani yamagalimoto ya ku Germany mwina ikudziwa bwino za zovuta zosapeŵeka panjira yopita ku chuma cha haidrojeni ndipo, koposa zonse, imagonjetsa zovuta zakusintha kuchokera kumafuta a hydrocarbon kupita ku haidrojeni.

Zokhumba

Lingaliro lenilenilo la kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta omwe ndi osawononga chilengedwe komanso osatha monga nkhokwe zamafuta amamveka ngati matsenga kwa anthu omwe ali munkhondo yolimbana ndi mphamvu. Masiku ano, pali "mabungwe a haidrojeni" oposa mmodzi kapena awiri omwe ntchito yawo ndikulimbikitsa maganizo abwino pa mpweya wowala komanso nthawi zonse kukonza misonkhano, zokambirana ndi ziwonetsero. Mwachitsanzo, kampani ya matayala ya Michelin, ikuika ndalama zambiri pokonza msonkhano womwe ukuchulukirachulukira kwambiri wa Michelin Challenge Bibendum, msonkhano wapadziko lonse womwe umayang'ana kwambiri za haidrojeni yopangira mafuta ndi magalimoto osatha.

Komabe, chiyembekezo chochokera ku zokamba pamisonkhano yotere sichinali chokwanira kuti chikhazikitse chodabwitsa cha haidrojeni idyll, ndipo kulowa mu chuma cha haidrojeni ndichinthu chovuta kwambiri komanso chosatheka pamlingo uwu waukadaulo pakukula kwachitukuko.

Posachedwa, komabe, anthu akhala akuyesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonjezera zowonjezera mphamvu, zomwe ndi hydrogen ikhoza kukhala mlatho wofunikira wosunga mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphepo, madzi ndi biomass, ndikusintha kukhala mphamvu zamagetsi. ... Mwachidule, izi zikutanthauza kuti magetsi omwe amapangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe sangathe kusungidwa mochuluka, koma atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga hydrogen poswa madzi kukhala oxygen ndi hydrogen.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, makampani ena amafuta ali m'gulu la omwe amalimbikitsa chiwembuchi, chomwe chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi chimphona chamafuta aku Britain BP, chomwe chili ndi njira yeniyeni yoyendetsera ndalama zambiri mderali. Zoonadi, haidrojeni ingathenso kuchotsedwa ku magwero osasinthika a hydrocarbon, koma pamenepa, anthu ayenera kuyang'ana njira yothetsera vuto la kusunga carbon dioxide yomwe imapezeka mu ndondomekoyi. Ndizosatsutsika kuti mavuto aukadaulo opanga ma haidrojeni, kusungirako ndi kunyamula amatha kusungunuka - pochita, mpweya uwu umapangidwa kale mochulukirapo ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira m'makampani opanga mankhwala ndi petrochemical. Komabe, pazifukwa izi, mtengo wokwera wa haidrojeni siwowopsa, chifukwa "umasungunuka" pamtengo wokwera wa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira.

Komabe, funso logwiritsa ntchito gasi wopepuka ngati gwero lamphamvu ndizovuta kwambiri. Asayansi akhala akugwedeza ubongo wawo kwa nthawi yaitali kufunafuna njira ina yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta opangira mafuta, ndipo mpaka pano afika pamaganizo amodzi kuti haidrojeni ndi wochezeka kwambiri komanso wopezeka mu mphamvu zokwanira. Ndiye yekhayo amene amakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse kuti asinthe bwino kuti asinthe momwe zinthu zilili panopa. Pansi pa zabwino zonsezi ndi mfundo yosavuta koma yofunika kwambiri - kuchotsa ndi kugwiritsira ntchito haidrojeni kumazungulira kuzungulira kwachilengedwe kwa madzi ophatikizana ndi kuwonongeka ... Ngati anthu amasintha njira zopangira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe monga mphamvu ya dzuwa, mphepo ndi madzi, hydrogen ikhoza kupangidwa. ndikugwiritsa ntchito mochulukira zopanda malire popanda kutulutsa mpweya woipa uliwonse. Monga gwero la mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa, haidrojeni yakhalapo chifukwa cha kafukufuku wofunikira m'mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana ku North America, Europe ndi Japan. Chotsatiracho, ndi gawo la ntchito yokhudzana ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapangidwira kupanga mapangidwe athunthu a haidrojeni, kuphatikizapo kupanga, kusunga, kuyendetsa ndi kugawa. Nthawi zambiri izi zimatsagana ndi thandizo lalikulu la boma ndipo zimachokera ku mapangano apadziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, mu November 2003, Pangano la International Hydrogen Economy Partnership Agreement linasaina, lomwe likuphatikizapo mayiko otukuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi monga Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Iceland, India, Italy ndi Japan. , Norway, Korea, Russia, UK, US ndi European Commission. Cholinga cha mgwirizano wapadziko lonse ndi "kukonza, kulimbikitsa ndi kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa za mabungwe osiyanasiyana panjira yopita ku nthawi ya haidrojeni, komanso kuthandizira kulengedwa kwa matekinoloje opangira, kusunga ndi kugawa hydrogen."

Njira yothekera yogwiritsira ntchito mafuta otetezedwa ndi chilengedwe mu gawo la magalimoto akhoza kukhala pawiri. Chimodzi mwazo ndi zida zomwe zimadziwika kuti "ma cell amafuta", momwe kuphatikiza kwa hydrogen ndi mpweya wochokera mumlengalenga kumatulutsa magetsi, ndipo chachiwiri ndikukula kwaukadaulo wogwiritsa ntchito hydrogen yamadzimadzi ngati mafuta m'masilinda a injini yoyaka moto yamkati. . Njira yachiwiri imayandikira kwambiri kwa ogula ndi makampani agalimoto, ndipo BMW ndiye wothandizira kwambiri.

Kupanga

Pakadali pano, ma cubic metres opitilira 600 biliyoni amapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Zopangira zazikulu zomwe zimapangidwira ndi gasi lachilengedwe, lomwe limakonzedwa mwanjira yotchedwa "reforming". Ma hydrogen ang'onoang'ono amapezedwanso ndi njira zina monga electrolysis ya chlorine mankhwala, oxidation pang'ono mafuta heavy, malasha gasification, malasha pyrolysis kupanga coke, ndi kukonzanso mafuta. Pafupifupi theka la mpweya wa haidrojeni padziko lonse lapansi umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ammonia (omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya popanga feteleza), pakuyenga mafuta komanso popanga methanol. Njira zopangira izi zimalemetsa chilengedwe kumlingo wosiyanasiyana, ndipo, mwatsoka, palibe m'modzi wa iwo amene amapereka njira yodalirika yosinthira mphamvu yomwe ilipo - choyamba, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito magwero osasinthika, ndipo kachiwiri, chifukwa kupanga kumatulutsa zinthu zosafunika monga mpweya. dioksidi, yemwe ndi woyambitsa wamkulu. Greenhouse effect. Lingaliro lokondweretsa kuthetsa vutoli posachedwapa linapangidwa ndi ofufuza omwe amathandizidwa ndi European Union ndi boma la Germany, omwe apanga teknoloji yotchedwa "sequestration", yomwe carbon dioxide yopangidwa popanga hydrogen kuchokera ku gasi wachilengedwe imaponyedwa mkati. minda yakale yatha. mafuta, gasi kapena malasha. Komabe, njirayi si yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, chifukwa malo amafuta kapena gasi omwe amakhala pansi padziko lapansi, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala mchenga wamchenga.

Njira yodalirika kwambiri yopangira haidrojeni ikadali kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi magetsi, komwe kumadziwika kuyambira kusukulu ya pulayimale. Mfundoyi ndi yophweka kwambiri - magetsi a magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa maelekitirodi awiri omwe amamizidwa mumadzi osamba, pamene ma ion a haidrojeni opangidwa bwino amapita ku electrode yolakwika, ndipo ma ion okosijeni omwe alibe mpweya amapita kumalo abwino. Pochita, njira zingapo zazikulu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonongeka kwamadzi kwamadzi - "alkaline electrolysis", "membrane electrolysis", "high pressure electrolysis" ndi "electrolysis yotentha kwambiri".

Chilichonse chikanakhala changwiro ngati masamu ophweka ogawanitsa sakanasokoneza vuto lofunika kwambiri la chiyambi cha magetsi ofunikira pa cholinga ichi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pakali pano, kupanga kwake kumatulutsa zinthu zovulaza, kuchuluka kwake ndi mtundu wake zomwe zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe zimachitikira, ndipo, koposa zonse, kupanga magetsi ndi njira yosagwira ntchito komanso yokwera mtengo kwambiri.

Kuthetsa mphamvu zoyipa ndikutseka kuzungulira kwa mphamvu zoyera pakadali pano kumatheka pokhapokha mutagwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe komanso makamaka mphamvu ya dzuwa kupanga magetsi oyenera kuwola madzi. Kuthetsa vutoli mosakayikira kudzafuna nthawi yochuluka, ndalama ndi khama, koma m'malo ambiri padziko lapansi, kupanga magetsi motere kwakhala kale.

Mwachitsanzo, BMW imagwira ntchito yogwira ntchito popanga ndi kupanga magetsi a dzuwa. Malo opangira magetsi, omangidwa m'tauni yaing'ono ya Bavaria ku Neuburg, amagwiritsa ntchito maselo a photovoltaic kupanga mphamvu zomwe zimapanga haidrojeni. Machitidwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti atenthe madzi ndi osangalatsa kwambiri, akatswiri a kampaniyo amati, ndipo zomwe zimachititsa kuti magetsi a magetsi apangidwe - zomera zoterezi zikugwira ntchito kale m'chipululu cha Mojave ku California, chomwe chimapanga magetsi a 354 MW. Mphamvu zamphepo zikukhalanso zofunika kwambiri, ndi mafamu amphepo m'mphepete mwa mayiko monga US, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium ndi Ireland akugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazachuma. Palinso makampani omwe amachotsa haidrojeni ku biomass m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.

Malo osungira

Hydrogen imatha kusungidwa mochuluka mzigawo zamafuta komanso zamadzimadzi. Malo akulu kwambiri awa, momwe hydrogen imakhala yotsika kwambiri, amatchedwa "mita yamagesi". Matanki apakatikati ndi ang'onoang'ono ndi oyenera kusungira hydrogen mopanikizika ndi 30 bar, pomwe akasinja ang'ono kwambiri (zida zodula zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chapadera kapena zida zophatikizika zolimbikitsidwa ndi mpweya wa kaboni) amakhala ndi bala la 400 bar.

Hydrojeni imathanso kusungidwa mu gawo lamadzimadzi pa -253 ° C pa voliyumu ya unit, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu 0 kuposa momwe imasungidwa pa bar 1,78 - kuti ikwaniritse mphamvu yofananira mu liquefied hydrogen pa voliyumu imodzi, mpweya uyenera kupanikizidwa. ku 700 bar. Ndi chifukwa cha mphamvu zochulukirapo za haidrojeni wozizilitsidwa kuti BMW ikugwirizana ndi gulu lazafiriji laku Germany Linde, lomwe lapanga zida zamakono zopangira liquefying ndi kusunga haidrojeni. Asayansi amaperekanso zina, koma zosagwiritsidwa ntchito, njira zina zosungiramo haidrojeni, mwachitsanzo, kusungirako pansi pa kupanikizika mu ufa wapadera wachitsulo mu mawonekedwe a zitsulo zachitsulo, etc.

Mayendedwe

M'madera omwe mumakhala mankhwala ambiri komanso mafuta amafuta, makina opangira ma hydrogen akhazikitsidwa kale. Mwambiri, ukadaulo umafanana ndi mayendedwe amafuta achilengedwe, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kotereku pazofunikira za hydrogen sikotheka nthawi zonse. Komabe, ngakhale m'zaka zapitazi, nyumba zambiri m'mizinda yaku Europe zidayatsidwa ndi payipi yopepuka yamagesi, yomwe inali ndi 50% ya hydrogen ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta oyatsira magetsi oyambira amkati. Mulingo wamakono wamakono umaperekanso mayendedwe amtundu wa hydrogen kudzera m'matangi omwe alipo kale, ofanana ndi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito gasi wachilengedwe. Pakadali pano, asayansi ndi mainjiniya akuchita chiyembekezo chachikulu komanso kuyesetsa pantchito yopanga matekinoloje okwanira kusungunuka ndi mayendedwe a hydrogen wamadzimadzi. Mwanjira imeneyi, zombozi, matanki a njanji za cryogenic ndi magalimoto omwe atha kukhala maziko azoyendera ma hydrogen amtsogolo. Mu Epulo 2004, malo oyamba amadzimadzi omwe adadzadza ndi hydrogen, opangidwa limodzi ndi BMW ndi Steyr, adatsegulidwa pafupi ndi Munich Airport. Ndi thandizo lake, kudzaza akasinja ndi madzi a hydrogen kumachitika mokwanira, popanda kutenga nawo gawo komanso popanda chiwopsezo kwa woyendetsa galimotoyo.

Kuwonjezera ndemanga