Biofuels ndi kutchuka kwawo mwachangu

Ngakhale kalipentala amadulidwa nthawi zina. Izi zitha kulembedwa mochenjera za 2003/30 / EC Directive ya 2003, yomwe imayang'ana gawo la 10% la zopangira zamafuta zamagalimoto ku European Union. Biofuel idapezedwa kuchokera kugwiririra mafuta, mbewu zosiyanasiyana za chimanga, chimanga, mpendadzuwa ndi mbewu zina. Andale, osati ochokera ku Brussels okha, adalengeza posachedwa kuti ndi chozizwitsa chachilengedwe chopulumutsa dziko lapansi, motero adathandizira kulima ndikupanga zotsalira za biofuels ndi chithandizo chowolowa manja. Mwambi wina umati ndodo iliyonse ili ndi mathero awiri, ndipo miyezi ingapo yapitayo china chake chomwe sichinamveke, ngati chitha kunenedweratu kuyambira pachiyambi pomwe, chidachitika. Akuluakulu a EU adalengeza posachedwa kuti sithandizanso kulima mbewu kuti zipangike, komanso kupanga biofuels palokha, mwanjira ina, amathandizira mowolowa manja.

Koma tiyeni tibwerere ku funso loyenera lokhudza momwe ntchitoyi yopusa, ngakhale yopusa ya biofuel idayambira. Chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi ndalama, alimi adayamba kulima mbewu zoyenera zopangira biofuel, kupanga mbewu wamba zodyedwa ndi anthu kudachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo m'maiko achitatu padziko lonse lapansi, kudula mitengo mopitilira nkhalango zowonjezeka kudakulirakulira kuti apeze malo olimapo mbewu. Zikuwonekeratu kuti zoyipa sizinabwere posachedwa. Kupatula kukwera kwamitengo yazakudya ndipo, chifukwa chake, kukulitsa njala m'maiko osaukitsitsa, kutumizidwa kwa zinthu zopangidwa kuchokera kumayiko achitatu sikunathandizenso ulimi waku Europe. Kulima ndi kupanga biofuels kwawonjezeranso mpweya wa CO.₂ kuposa kuyatsa mafuta wamba. Kuphatikiza apo, mpweya wa nitrous oxide (ena amati mpaka 70%), womwe ndi wowopsa kwambiri kuposa mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide - CO.₂... Mwanjira ina, biofuels yawononga kwambiri chilengedwe kuposa zotsalira zakale. Sitiyenera kuiwala zakusateteza kwenikweni kwa biofuels pa injini yomwe ndi zida zake. Mafuta okhala ndi zinthu zambiri zamagetsi amatha kutseka mapampu amafuta, ma jakisoni, ndi kuwononga ziwalo za raba za injini. Methanol imatha kusintha pang'onopang'ono kukhala formic acid ikayatsidwa ndi kutentha, ndipo acetic acid amatha kusintha pang'ono kukhala ethanol. Zonsezi zimatha kuyambitsa dzimbiri m'dongosolo loyaka moto komanso pulogalamu yotulutsa utsi ndikamagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali.

Malamulo angapo

Ngakhale pakhala chilengezo chaposachedwa chochotsa kuthandizira kulima mbewu zopangira mafuta ophatikizika, sizikupweteka kukumbukira momwe zinthu zonse zozungulira mafuta opangira mafuta zidasinthira. Zonse zidayamba ndi Directive 2003/30/EC ya 2003, cholinga chake chinali kukwaniritsa gawo la 10% lamafuta amagalimoto opangidwa ndi bio m'maiko a European Union. Cholinga ichi kuyambira 2003 chinatsimikiziridwa ndi nduna za zachuma za mayiko a EU mu March 2007. Imathandizidwanso ndi Directives 2009/28EC ndi 2009/30 EC yovomerezedwa ndi Council of Europe ndi Nyumba Yamalamulo ku Europe mu Epulo 2010. EN 590, yomwe ikusinthidwa pang'onopang'ono, ndiye gawo lalikulu lololedwa lamafuta amafuta amafuta kwa ogula omaliza. Choyamba, muyezo wa EN 590 kuyambira 2004 udawongolera kuchuluka kwa FAME (mafuta acid methyl ester, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiriridwa mafuta a methyl ester) mpaka asanu peresenti mumafuta a dizilo. Muyezo waposachedwa wa EN590/2009, womwe ukugwira ntchito pa Novembara 1, 2009, umalola mpaka 14214 peresenti. Ndi chimodzimodzi ndi kuwonjezera bio-alcohol ku petulo. Ubwino wazinthu zopangira ma bio zimayendetsedwa ndi malangizo ena, omwe ndi mafuta a dizilo komanso kuwonjezera kwa EN 2009-2007 muyezo wa FAME bio-ingredients (MERO). Imakhazikitsa magawo apamwamba a gawo la FAME palokha, makamaka magawo omwe amachepetsa kukhazikika kwa okosijeni (mtengo wa ayodini, zokhutira za asidi), corrosivity (zokhutira ndi glyceride) ndi kutsekeka kwa nozzle (zitsulo zaulere). Popeza kuti mfundo zonse ziwirizi zikungofotokoza za chigawo chomwe chawonjezeredwa pamafutawo komanso kuchuluka kwake komwe kungatheke, maboma amayiko akukakamizika kukhazikitsa malamulo adziko oti dziko liwonjezere mafuta amafuta pamafuta agalimoto kuti atsatire malangizo a EU. Pansi pa malamulowa, osachepera awiri peresenti ya FAME anawonjezeredwa ku mafuta a dizilo kuyambira September 2008 mpaka December 2009, osachepera 4,5% m'zaka 2010, ndipo osachepera 6% ya biocomponent anawonjezera anaikidwa zaka 590. Peresenti iyi iyenera kukwaniritsidwa ndi wogawa aliyense pa avareji pa nthawi yonseyi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti imatha kusinthasintha pakapita nthawi. Mwanjira ina, popeza zofunikira za muyezo wa EN2004/590 siziyenera kupitilira magawo asanu pagulu limodzi, kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri peresenti kuyambira pomwe EN2009/0 idayamba kugwira ntchito, gawo lenileni la FAME m'matanki a malo ochitirako ntchito zitha kukhala mu osiyanasiyana 5-0 peresenti ndipo panopa nthawi 7-XNUMX peresenti.

Zipangizo zina zamakono

Palibe paliponse m'malamulo kapena zovomerezeka zomwe zatchulidwa ngati pali udindo woyesa kuyendetsa kale kapena kungokonzekera magalimoto atsopano. Funsoli likuwonekera kuti, monga lamulo, palibe malangizo kapena malamulo omwe amatsimikizira ngati biofuels yomwe ikuphatikizidwa idzachita bwino komanso modalirika pamapeto pake. Zingakhale kuti kugwiritsa ntchito biofuels kumatha kubweretsa kukana madandaulo pakagwa mafuta m'galimoto yanu. Zowopsa ndizochepa, koma zilipo, ndipo popeza sizitsatiridwa ndi malamulo aliwonse, zidaperekedwa kwa inu osagwiritsa ntchito popanda pempho lanu. Kuphatikiza pa kulephera kwa mafuta kapena injini yomwe, wogwiritsa ntchitoyo akuyeneranso kulingalira za kuopsa kosungira pang'ono. Ma biocomponents amawola mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo, mwachitsanzo, mowa wambiri, wowonjezeredwa ndi mafuta, umayamwa chinyezi kuchokera mlengalenga ndipo pang'onopang'ono umawononga mafuta onse. Zimanyoza pakapita nthawi chifukwa kuchuluka kwa madzi mumowa kumafika pamalire pomwe madzi amachotsedwa mu mowa. Kuphatikiza pa kuwonongeka kwa zida zamafuta, palinso chiopsezo chazitsulo zamagetsi, makamaka ngati muimitsa galimoto kwakanthawi nyengo yachisanu. Biocomponent mu mafuta a dizilo imakhazikika mwachangu kwambiri mosiyanasiyana, ndipo izi zimagwiranso ntchito pamafuta a dizilo omwe amasungidwa m'mathanki akulu, chifukwa amayenera kukhala ndi mpweya wokwanira. Kutsekemera kwa nthawi kumapangitsa kuti methyl ester ikhale gel, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mafuta aziwoneka bwino. Magalimoto omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, momwe mafuta amafuta amawotchera masiku angapo kapena milungu ingapo, sayambitsa chiopsezo cha mafuta. Chifukwa chake, mashelufu pafupifupi ndi pafupifupi miyezi 3. Chifukwa chake, ngati muli m'gulu la ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amasungira mafuta pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana (mkati kapena kunja kwa galimoto), mudzakakamizidwa kuwonjezera chowonjezera ku biofuel yanu, ndi biogasoline, monga Welfobin, ya dizilo ya biodiesel. Komanso onetsetsani mapampu angapo otsika mtengo, chifukwa amatha kupereka chitsimikizo cham'mbuyo chomwe sichingagulitsidwe munthawi yina pamapampu ena.

Injini ya dizeli

Pankhani ya injini ya dizilo, chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri ndi moyo wa jakisoni, popeza biocomponent imakhala ndi zitsulo ndi mchere womwe ungatseke mabowo, kuchepetsa magwiridwe awo ndikuchepetsa mafuta a atomized. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi omwe ali ndi gawo linalake la glycerides amatha kuwononga magawo azitsulo za jakisoni. Mu 2008, Coordinating Council of Europe (CEC) idakhazikitsa njira ya F-98-08 yoyesera injini za dizilo zomwe zimakhala ndi jekeseni wamba wa njanji. Zowonadi, njirayi, yomwe imagwira ntchito popititsa patsogolo zinthu zosafunikira kwakanthawi kochepa koyesa, yawonetsa kuti ngati mankhwala owonjezera a dizilo sakuwonjezeredwa pazitsulo zotsukira, zopangira zitsulo komanso zotsekemera zam'mimba kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa majakisoni. .. amakhala otsekeka motero zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito a injini. Opanga amadziwa za chiwopsezo ichi, chifukwa chake mafuta a dizilo apamwamba kwambiri omwe amagulitsidwa ndi malo okhala ndi dzina amakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse, kuphatikiza zomwe zimapangidwa ndi biocomponents, ndikusunga jakisoni moyenera kwa nthawi yayitali. Pakakhala mafuta ndi mafuta osadziwika a dizilo, omwe atha kukhala osavomerezeka komanso osakwanira zowonjezera, pamakhala chiopsezo chotseka ndipo, ngati kuli kochepetsetsa pang'ono, ngakhale kutsekedwa kwa zinthu zomveka za jakisoni. Tiyenera kuwonjezeranso kuti injini zakale za dizilo zili ndi jakisoni wosazindikira kwenikweni zaukhondo ndi mafuta a dizilo, koma salola kutsekedwa kwa jakisoni ndi zitsulo zotsalira pambuyo poti mafuta azamasamba ayikidwe.

Kupatula makina opangira jakisoni, palinso chiopsezo china chokhudzana ndi momwe mafuta amafuta amapangira mafuta, popeza tikudziwa kuti mafuta ochepa osayaka mu injini iliyonse amalowa mumafuta, makamaka ngati ali ndi fyuluta ya DPF yopanda zowonjezera zakunja . Mafuta amalowa mu injini yamafuta mukamayendetsa pafupipafupi ngakhale nyengo yozizira, komanso nthawi yayitali kwambiri ya injini kudzera pamaphete a pisitoni ndipo, posachedwa, chifukwa chakusintha kwa fyuluta ya tinthu. Mitengo yomwe imakhala ndi fyuluta yopanda zowonjezera zowonjezera (urea) imayenera kubaya mafuta a dizilo munthawi yamagetsi kuti ipangitsenso ndikupititsa osatenthedwa ndi chitoliro cha utsi. Komabe, nthawi zina, mafuta a dizilo ameneŵa, m'malo mopanduka ngati nthunzi, amaundana pamakoma amiyala ndi kusungunula mafuta a injini. Chiwopsezochi chimakhala chachikulu mukamagwiritsa ntchito biodiesel chifukwa ma biocomponents amakhala ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri, kotero kuthekera kwawo kokhomerera pamakoma a silinda ndikuchepetsa mafuta kumakhala kocheperako kuposa momwe mumagwiritsira ntchito dizilo yoyera yoyera. Chifukwa chake, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muchepetse nthawi yosinthira mafuta kupita pamakilomita a 15, omwe ndiofunikira makamaka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito omwe amatchedwa Long Life Modes.

Gasoline

Monga tanenera kale, chiopsezo chachikulu pa biogasoline ndikosokonekera kwa ethanol ndi madzi. Zotsatira zake, zopangira zinthu zimayamwa madzi kuchokera pamafuta amafuta komanso chilengedwe. Mukayimitsa galimoto kwa nthawi yayitali, mwachitsanzo m'nyengo yozizira, mutha kukhala ndi mavuto kuyambira, palinso chiopsezo chazizira zamagetsi, komanso kuwonongeka kwa zida zamafuta.

Mu kusintha pang'ono

Ngati zamoyo zosiyanasiyana sizinakusiyeni, werengani mizere ingapo yotsatira, yomwe nthawi ino ikhudza chuma cha ntchitoyo.

• Mtengo wokwanira wa mafuta osalala ndi pafupifupi 42 MJ / kg.
• Mtengo wokwanira wama ethanol ndi pafupifupi 27 MJ / kg.

Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pamikhalidwe yomwe ili pamwambapa kuti mowa umakhala ndi mtengo wotsika wa calorific kuposa mafuta, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu zochepa zama mankhwala zimasinthidwa kukhala mphamvu zamakina. Chifukwa chake, mowa umakhala ndi mtengo wotsika wa calorific, womwe, komabe, sukhudza mphamvu kapena torque ya injini. Galimotoyo idzatsata njira yomweyi, ikungodya mafuta ochulukirapo komanso mpweya wocheperako kuposa ngati ikuyendetsa mafuta osasunthika. Pankhani ya mowa, mulingo woyenera kwambiri wosakanikirana ndi mpweya ndi 1: 9, pamafuta - 1: 14,7.

Malamulo aposachedwa a EU akuti pali 7% yodetsa biocomponent mu mafuta. Monga tanenera kale, 1 kg ya mafuta imakhala ndi 42 MJ, ndipo 1 kg ya ethanol ili ndi 27 MJ. Chifukwa chake, 1 kg yamafuta osakanikirana (7% biocomponent) imakhala ndi kutentha komaliza kwa 40,95 MJ / kg (0,93 x 42 + 0,07 x 27). Pogwiritsa ntchito, izi zikutanthauza kuti tikufunika kupeza 1,05 MJ / kg yowonjezera kuti igwirizane ndi kuyaka kwa mafuta osadetsedwa. Mwanjira ina, kumwa kumawonjezeka ndi 2,56%.

Kuti timveke bwino, tiyeni titenge ulendowu kuchokera ku PB kupita ku Bratislava Fabia 1,2 HTP m'malo okhala ndi ma 12-valve. Popeza uwu ukhala ulendo wapanjira, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kophatikizana kuli pafupifupi malita 7,5 pa 100 km. Kutali kwa 2 x 175 km, kumwa kwathunthu ndi malita 26,25. Tidzakhazikitsa mtengo wokwanira wama petulo wa € 1,5, ndiye mtengo wake wonse ndi € 39,375 € 1,008. Poterepa, tidzalipira ma XNUMX euros pa bio-orthology yakunyumba.

Choncho, mawerengedwe pamwamba akusonyeza kuti weniweni mafuta ndalama zosungiramo zinthu zakale ndi 4,44% okha (7% - 2,56%). Chifukwa chake tili ndi biofuel yaying'ono, koma imakwezabe mtengo woyendetsa galimoto.

mawu omaliza

Cholinga cha nkhaniyi chinali kufotokoza zotsatira zakubweretsa cholumikizira choyenera mu utsi wachikhalidwe. Izi mopupuluma zomwe akuluakulu ena adangochita sizinangobweretsa chisokonezo pakulima komanso mitengo yazakudya zodula, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, zovuta zaukadaulo, ndi zina zambiri, koma pamapeto pake zidadzetsanso kukwera kwa mtengo woyendetsera galimotoyo. Mwina ku Brussels sakudziwa mwambi wathu wachiSlovak "muyese kawiri ndikudula kamodzi".