Galimoto yoyendera dzuwa. Maganizo ndi malingaliro
Zamkatimu
Pofunafuna njira zina zopangira magetsi, makampani opanga magalimoto akuyesa ndalama zambiri pakupanga zatsopano. Chifukwa cha ichi, dziko lamagalimoto limalandila magalimoto amagetsi ogwira ntchito, komanso mayunitsi amagetsi a hydrogen.
About Motors wa hydrogen, ife kale anayankhula posachedwapa... Tiyeni tiwunikire pang'ono zamagalimoto zamagetsi. Mu mtundu wakale, iyi ndi galimoto yokhala ndi batire yayikulu (ngakhale ilipo kale mitundu yayikulu kwambiri), yomwe imaperekedwa ndi magetsi kunyumba, komanso pamalo opangira mafuta.
Poganizira kuti kulipira kumodzi, makamaka nyengo yozizira, sikokwanira kwa nthawi yayitali, mainjiniya akuyesera kukonzekeretsa galimoto ndi njira zina zopezera mphamvu, yomwe imatulutsidwa poyenda kwagalimoto. Chifukwa chake, dongosolo lakuchira limasonkhanitsa mphamvu zamagetsi kuchokera ku mabuleki, ndipo galimoto ikamazungulira, chassis chimakhala ngati jenereta.
Zitsanzo zina zimakhala ndi injini yoyaka yamkati, yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati jenereta, mosasamala kanthu kuti galimoto ikuyendetsa kapena ayi. Chitsanzo cha magalimoto otere ndi Chevrolet Volt.
Palinso njira ina yomwe imakupatsani mwayi wopeza mphamvu popanda mpweya woipa. Awa ndi mapanelo azungulira dzuwa. Tiyenera kuvomereza kuti lusoli lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, mwachitsanzo, mgalimoto zam'mlengalenga, komanso kupatsa mphamvu zamagetsi mphamvu zawo.
Kodi munganene chiyani za kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu m'galimoto yamagetsi?
Zomwe zimachitika
Gulu lazomwe limagwira ntchito ngati mfundo yosinthira mphamvu ya magetsi athu kukhala magetsi. Kuti galimoto izitha kuyenda nthawi iliyonse masana, mphamvu ziyenera kusungidwa mu batri. Gwero lamagetsi liyeneranso kupereka magetsi oyenera kwa ogula ena oyenera kuyendetsa bwino (mwachitsanzo, zopukutira ndi nyali) ndi chitonthozo (mwachitsanzo, kutentha chipinda chonyamula).
Makampani angapo ku United States adayambitsa ukadaulowu m'ma 1950. Komabe, izi sizinayende bwino. Chifukwa chake chinali kusowa kwa mabatire okwera kwambiri. Chifukwa cha izi, galimoto yamagetsi inali ndi magetsi ochepa, makamaka mumdima. Ntchitoyi idasinthidwa mpaka nthawi zabwino.
M'zaka za m'ma 90, adakhalanso ndi chidwi ndi teknoloji, chifukwa zidakhala zotheka kupanga mabatire ndi kuwonjezeka kwambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi, chitsanzocho chikhoza kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyenda.
Kukula kwa mayendedwe amagetsi kumathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chindapusa. Kuphatikiza apo, kampani iliyonse yamagalimoto ili ndi chidwi chochepetsera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamagetsi pochepetsa kukoka kuchokera kufalitsidwe, mpweya womwe ukubwera, ndi zinthu zina. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muwonjezere mphamvu yamagetsi pamtengo umodzi kupitilira kilomita imodzi. Tsopano imeneyi ndi kuyeza ndi mazana angapo makilomita.
Komanso, kukula kwa kusintha kosavuta kwa matupi ndi mayunitsi osiyanasiyana kudathandiza kwambiri. Izi zimachepetsa kulemera kwagalimoto, zomwe zimakhudza kuthamanga kwamagalimoto. Zochitika zonsezi zatsopano zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mgalimoto zadzuwa.
Mitengo yomwe imayikidwa pamagalimoto otere imayenera kuyang'aniridwa mwapadera. Izi ndi mitundu yopanda mabulashi. Mukusintha koteroko, amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapadera zamaginito, zomwe zimachepetsa kugwedezeka komanso zimakulitsa mphamvu ya chomera chamagetsi.
Njira ina yomwe imagwira ntchito kwambiri ndikugwiritsa ntchito mawilo oyenda. Chifukwa chake makina opanga magetsi sadzawononga mphamvu kuthana ndi kukana kuchokera kuzinthu zina zamagetsi. Yankho ili likhala lothandiza makamaka pagalimoto yomwe ili ndi mtundu wosakanizidwa wamagetsi.
Kukula kwaposachedwa kumalola kugwiritsa ntchito makina opangira magetsi pafupifupi m'galimoto iliyonse yamagudumu anayi. Kusintha uku ndi batri wosinthasintha. Imatha kupanga bwino magetsi ndikupanga mitundu yambiri. Chifukwa cha ichi, magetsi amatha kukhazikitsidwa m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana agalimoto.
Kutengera kwa ma batri kumachitika kuchokera pagululo, lomwe limakhala pamwamba pagalimoto, popeza denga lili ndi phompho ndipo limakupatsani mwayi woyika zinthu pamakona oyenera a kunyezimira kwa dzuwa.
Magalimoto oyenda ndi dzuwa ndi ati?
Pafupifupi kampani iliyonse ikupanga magalimoto oyendera dzuwa. Nayi njira zina zamagalimoto zomwe tidamaliza kale:
- Galimoto yamagetsi yaku France yokhala ndi magetsi amtunduwu ndi Venturi Eclectic. Lingaliroli lidapangidwa mu 2006. Galimotoyo ili ndi chomera chamagetsi champhamvu cha 22 ndiyamphamvu. Liwiro loyendetsa ndi 50 km / h, pomwe maulendo ake ndi makilomita makumi asanu. Wopanga amagwiritsa ntchito jenereta ya mphepo ngati chowonjezera chowonjezera cha mphamvu.
- Astrolab Eclectic ndi chitukuko china cha kampani yomweyo yaku France, yoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya dzuwa. Chodziwika bwino cha galimotoyi ndikuti ili ndi thupi lotseguka, ndipo gululi likupezeka mozungulira mozungulira dalaivala ndi wokwera wake. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yokoka ikhale pafupi kwambiri ndi nthaka momwe zingathere. Chitsanzochi chikufulumira mpaka 120 km / h. Batiri lokha limakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo limakhala mwachindunji pansi pazoyendera dzuwa. Mphamvu yakukhazikitsa ndi 16 kW.
- Galimoto yoyendera dzuwa ku Dutch yabanja lonse - Stella. Chitsanzocho chinapangidwa ndi gulu la ophunzira mu 2013. Galimotoyo ilandila mawonekedwe amtsogolo, ndipo thupi limapangidwa ndi zotayidwa. Kutalika kwambiri komwe galimoto imatha kuyenda ndi pafupifupi makilomita 600.
- Mu 2015, mtundu wina wogwiritsira ntchito udawonekera - Immortus, yomwe idapangidwa ndi EVX Ventures ochokera ku Melbourne, Australia. Galimoto yamagetsi yokhala ndi mipando iwiri ili ndi gawo loyenera la dzuwa, dera lomwe lili masentimita 2286. Nthawi yotentha, magalimoto amatha kuyenda tsiku lonse osabwezeretsanso mtunda uliwonse. Kuti mupereke mphamvu pa netiweki, batire yokhala ndi mphamvu ya 10 kW / h yokha imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Patsiku lamvula, galimotoyo imatha kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 399, ndipo ngakhale mutathamanga kwambiri pa 59 km / h. Kampaniyo ikukonzekera kuyambitsa mtunduwo mndandanda, koma zochepa - pafupifupi makope zana. Mtengo wa galimoto yotere udzakhala pafupifupi madola 370.
- Galimoto ina yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamtunduwu imawonetsa zotsatira zabwino, ngakhale ngati galimoto yamasewera. Mtundu wa Solar World GT's Green GT uli ndi mahatchi 400 ndi liwiro la makilomita 275 pa ola limodzi.
- Mu 2011, mpikisano pakati pa magalimoto oyendera dzuwa udachitika. Anapambanidwa ndi Tokai Challenger 2, galimoto yamagetsi yaku Japan yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa. Galimotoyo imalemera makilogalamu 140 okha ndipo imathamanga mpaka 160 km / h.
Mkhalidwe lero
Mu 2017, kampani yaku Germany Sono Motors adayambitsa mtundu wa Sion, womwe udalowa kale mndandanda. Mtengo wake umachokera ku 29 USD. galimoto yamagetsi iyi idalandira ma solar pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi.
Galimoto imathamanga mpaka 100 km / h. masekondi 9, ndi malire liwiro - makilomita 140 / ola. Batire ili ndi mphamvu ya 35 kW / h komanso nkhokwe yamagetsi yamakilomita 255. Magawo azowunikira amatulutsa mphamvu yaying'ono (tsiku limodzi padzuwa, batire imangobwereranso kuphimba pafupifupi 40 km), koma galimotoyo sitingayendetsedwe kokha ndi mphamvu iyi.
Mu 2019, mainjiniya achi Dutch ochokera ku University of Eindhoven adalengeza kuyambika kwa kusonkhetsa ma pre-oda kuti apange mtundu wocheperako wa Lightyear. Malinga ndi akatswiriwa, mtunduwu umakhala ndimagalimoto abwino amagetsi: osiyanasiyana pamtengo umodzi komanso kutha kupeza mphamvu zokwanira ulendo wautali.
Ena mwa mamembala a timuyi agwirapo ntchito ku Tesla ndi makampani ena odziwika bwino agalimoto omwe ali ndi chidwi chokhazikitsa magalimoto amagetsi. Chifukwa cha izi, timuyo idakwanitsa kupanga galimoto yokhala ndi magetsi ambiri (kutengera liwiro la mayendedwe, gawo ili limasiyana makilomita 400 mpaka 800).
Monga momwe wopanga amalonjeza, galimotoyo imatha kuyenda pafupifupi makilomita 20 pachaka pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa. Izi zidakopa chidwi cha okonda magalimoto ambiri, chifukwa chomwe kampaniyo idakwanitsa kukopa pafupifupi ma 15 miliyoni mayuro ndikuwasonkhanitsa pafupifupi ma oda mazana zana munthawi yochepa. Komabe, mtengo wa galimoto ndi 119 mayuro zikwi.
Chaka chomwecho, opanga makina aku Japan adalengeza zoyesa za mtundu wosakanizidwa wamagalimoto, Prius, wokhala ndi ma cell a dzuwa. Monga analonjezera oimira kampaniyo, makinawo amakhala ndi mapanelo owonda kwambiri, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zakuthambo. Izi zipangitsa kuti makina azikhala osadalira pulagi ndi socket momwe zingathere.
Pakadali pano, amadziwika kuti mtunduwo ukhoza kupangidwanso munyengo yamvula kwamakilomita 56 okha. Kuphatikiza apo, galimoto imatha kuyima pamalo oimikapo magalimoto kapena kuyendetsa mseu. Malinga ndi mainjiniya oyang'anira dipatimentiyi, Satoshi Shizuki, mtunduwo sutulutsidwa mu mndandanda posachedwa, chifukwa chopinga chachikulu cha izi ndikulephera kupangitsa kuti oyendetsa magalimoto wamba azikhala ndi dzuwa.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa magalimoto oyendera dzuwa
Chifukwa chake, galimoto yadzuwa ndimagalimoto amagetsi omwewo, imangogwiritsa ntchito magetsi ena owonjezera - gulu lowonera dzuwa. Monga galimoto yamagetsi iliyonse, galimotoyi ili ndi izi:
- Palibe mpweya, koma pokhapokha ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito magetsi pokha;
- Ngati injini yoyaka yamkati imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati jenereta, izi zimathandizanso pakulera kwachilengedwe kwa mayendedwe. Chipangizochi sichikhala ndi katundu wambiri, chifukwa MTC imayaka bwino;
- Mphamvu iliyonse ya batri itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Chofunikira kwambiri ndikuti galimoto imatha kumutenga;
- Kupezeka kwa mayunitsi ovuta kumatsimikizira kuti moyo wautali wagalimoto;
- Kutonthoza kwambiri mukamayendetsa. Pogwira ntchito, chomera chamagetsi sichimveka, komanso sichimanjenjemera;
- Palibe chifukwa choyang'ana mafuta oyenera a injini;
- Zochitika zamakono zimatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu komwe kumatulutsidwa munjira iliyonse, koma sikugwiritsidwa ntchito mgalimoto wamba.
Pazovuta zonse zamagalimoto amagetsi, magalimoto azoyendera dzuwa ali ndi zovuta izi:
- Mawotchi a dzuwa ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri. Njira yosankhira bajeti imafunikira gawo lalikulu lowala ndi dzuwa, ndipo zosintha zazing'ono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mlengalenga, ndipo ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa okonda magalimoto wamba;
- Magalimoto a dzuwa siamphamvu komanso othamanga ngati magalimoto wamba petulo kapena dizilo. Ngakhale izi ndizophatikiza ku mayendedwe otere - padzakhala oyendetsa ndege ochepa m'misewu omwe saganizira za moyo wa ena;
- Kusamalira magalimoto otere sikutheka, chifukwa ngakhale malo ogwirira ntchito alibe akatswiri omwe amamvetsetsa makinawa.
Izi ndi zifukwa zazikulu zomwe ngakhale makope ogwira ntchito amakhalabe mgulu la malingaliro. Zikuwoneka kuti aliyense akuyembekezera wina yemwe adzagwiritse mwadala ndalama zambiri kuti zinthu ziyende bwino. Zofananazo zidachitika makampani ambiri atakhala ndi mitundu yamagalimoto yamagetsi. Komabe, mpaka kampani ya Elon Musk itatenga katundu yense, palibe amene amafuna kuwononga ndalama zawo, koma adaganiza zopita njira yomwe idamenyedwa kale.
Nayi kuwunika mwachidule kwa imodzi mwamagalimoto otere, Toyota Prius:
