Njira za Atkinson, Miller, B-cycle: tanthauzo lake

Ma turbocharger a VTG mu injini za VW amasinthidwa mayunitsi a dizilo.

Kuzungulira kwa Atkinson ndi Miller nthawi zonse kumalumikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwachangu, koma nthawi zambiri palibe kusiyana pakati pawo. Mwina sizomveka, chifukwa zosintha zonse ziwiri zimatsikira ku filosofi yofunikira - kupanga ma compression osiyanasiyana ndi kufalikira kwa injini yamafuta anayi. Popeza magawowa ndi ofanana mu injini wamba, gawo la petulo limakumana ndi vuto la kugogoda kwamafuta, zomwe zimafunikira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuponderezana. Komabe, ngati chiŵerengero chokulirapo chikhoza kutheka mwa njira iliyonse, izi zingapangitse kuti pakhale "kufinya" mphamvu ya mpweya wokulirapo ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya injini. Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti, m'mbiri yakale, palibe James Atkinson kapena Ralph Miller adapanga malingaliro awo pofunafuna luso. Mu 1887, Atkinson adapanganso makina opangira ma patenti opangidwa ndi zinthu zingapo (zofanana zitha kupezeka lero mu injini ya Infiniti VC Turbo), yomwe cholinga chake chinali kupewa ma Patent a Otto. Zotsatira za kinematics zovuta ndikukhazikitsa kuzungulira kwa sitiroko zinayi panthawi yakusintha kumodzi kwa injini ndi sitiroko ina ya pistoni panthawi yakupanikizana ndi kukulitsa. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, njirayi idzachitidwa mwa kusunga valavu yoyamwitsa kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo pafupifupi popanda kupatulapo kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mainjini ophatikizana ndi ma hybrid powertrains ochiritsira (popanda kuthekera kwa magetsi akunja), monga a Toyota. ndi Honda. Pakatikati mpaka kuthamanga kwambiri izi sizili vuto chifukwa kutuluka kwa intrusion kumakhala ndi inertia ndipo pamene pisitoni ikupita kumbuyo imabwezera mpweya wobwerera. Komabe, pa liwiro otsika, kumabweretsa kusakhazikika injini ntchito, choncho mayunitsi ophatikizana kachitidwe wosakanizidwa kapena osagwiritsa ntchito mkombero Atkinson mu modes izi. Pazifukwa izi, ma valve omwe amafunidwa mwachilengedwe komanso omwe amamwa amatengedwa kuti ndi kuzungulira kwa Atkinson. Komabe, izi sizolondola kwenikweni, chifukwa lingaliro la kuzindikira magawo osiyanasiyana a kuponderezana ndi kukulitsa mwa kuwongolera magawo otsegulira ma valve ndi a Ralph Miller ndipo anali ndi chilolezo mu 1956. Komabe, lingaliro lake silinayang'ane pakuchita bwino kwambiri, ndikuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha kuponderezana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta otsika a octane mu injini za ndege. Miller amapanga makina oti atseke valavu yolowera kale (Kutsekedwa Koyambirira kwa Valve, EIVC) kapena mtsogolo (Kutsekera kwa Valve ya Late Intake, LIVC), komanso kulipiritsa kusowa kwa mpweya kapena kuti mpweya ubwerere ku manifold ambiri, compressor. amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti injini yoyamba yoyeserera yomwe ikubwera pambuyo pake, yotchedwa "Miller cycle process", idapangidwa ndi mainjiniya a Mercedes ndipo agwiritsidwa ntchito mu 12-cylinder compressor engine ya W 163 masewera agalimoto kuyambira 1939. Ralph Miller asanavomereze mayeso ake.

Mtundu woyamba wopanga kugwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe ka Miller anali Mazda Millenia KJ-ZEM V6 ya 1994. Valavu yodyera imatsekedwa pambuyo pake, ndikubwezeretsanso mpweya m'makina ambiri olowa, omwe kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kocheperako ndipo makina a Lysholm amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupumira. Chifukwa chake, chiŵerengero chowonjezeka ndi chachikulu peresenti 15 kuposa kuchuluka kwa kupanikizika. Kutayika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwa mpweya kuchokera ku pisitoni kupita ku kompresa kumakwaniritsidwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa injini.

Njira zoyandikira mochedwa komanso zoyambirira kwambiri zili ndi maubwino osiyanasiyana munjira zosiyanasiyana. Katundu wocheperako, kutseka pambuyo pake kuli ndi mwayi woti kumawatsegulira panokha ndikusungunuka bwino. Katundu akachuluka, mwayi umasunthira kutsekera koyambirira. Komabe, omalizirawa sagwira ntchito mothamanga kwambiri chifukwa chakusakwanira nthawi yodzaza komanso kuthamanga kwambiri musanatuluke valavu kapena pambuyo pake.

Audi ndi Volkswagen, Mazda ndi Toyota

Pakadali pano, njira zofananazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Audi ndi Volkswagen mu zida zawo za 2.0 TFSI (EA 888 Gen 3b) ndi 1.5 TSI (EA 211 Evo), zomwe zaphatikizidwa ndi 1.0 TSI yatsopano. Komabe, amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wotsekera wotsekera asanatseke momwe mpweya wokulira utakhazikika pambuyo poti valavu yatseka kale. Audi ndi VW amatcha njirayi kukhala B-pambuyo pa injiniya wa kampaniyo Ralph Budak, yemwe adayeretsa malingaliro a Ralph Miller ndikuwagwiritsa ntchito pama injini a turbocharged. Ndi chiŵerengero cha kupanikizika kwa 13: 1, chiŵerengero chenicheni chiri pafupifupi 11,7: 1, chomwe mwa icho chokha chimakhala chokwera kwambiri ndi injini yabwino yoyatsira. Udindo waukulu pazonsezi umaseweredwa ndimakina ovuta otsegulira ma valve okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ndi sitiroko, yomwe imalimbikitsa kuzungulira ndikusintha kutengera momwe zinthu zilili. Mu injini za B-cycle, kupanikizika kwa jakisoni kumawonjezeka mpaka 250 bar. Ma Microcontroller amayendetsa njira yosinthira kusintha kwa gawo ndikusintha kuchokera ku B-njira kupita ku kayendedwe kabwino ka Otto pansi pa katundu wambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, injini za 1,5- ndi 1-lita zimagwiritsa ntchito ma turbocharger osinthika mwachangu. Mpweya wokhazikika utakhazikika umapereka kutentha kwabwinoko kuposa kupondereza kwamphamvu mu silinda. Mosiyana ndi ma turbocharger apamwamba kwambiri a Porsche a BorgWarner VTG omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mitundu yamphamvu kwambiri, mayunitsi amtundu wa VW opangidwa ndi kampani yomweyo ndi ma turbines osinthidwa pang'ono a injini za dizilo. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa chakuti, chifukwa cha zonse zomwe zafotokozedwa pakadali pano, kutentha kwakukulu kwamagesi sikupitilira madigiri 880, ndiye kuti, pang'ono pang'ono kuposa injini ya dizilo, yomwe ndi chisonyezo chothandiza kwambiri.

Makampani aku Japan amasokoneza kuchuluka kwamatchulidwe. Mosiyana ndi injini zina zamafuta a Mazda Skyactiv, Skyactiv G 2.5 T imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma turbo ndipo imagwira ntchito pamagulu osiyanasiyana komanso rpm mu kayendedwe ka Miller, koma Mazda imathandiziranso momwe mayendedwe ake a Skyactiv G amayendera mwachilengedwe. Toyota imagwiritsa ntchito 1.2 D4 -T (8NR-FTS) ndi 2.0 D4-T (8AR-FTS) m'mainjini awo a turbo, koma Mazda, amawafotokozera kuti ndi ofanana ndi injini zake zonse zachilengedwe zopangidwa ndi mitundu yamphamvu ya Dynamic Force . ndikudzazidwa kwamlengalenga ngati "ntchito paulendo wa Atkinson". Nthawi zonse, nzeru zaumisiri ndizofanana.