Mabatire a magalimoto a haibridi ndi magetsi

Munkhani yathu yapita ija, tidakambirana za batri ngati magetsi, ofunikira makamaka kuyambitsa galimoto, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi kwakanthawi kochepa. Komabe, zimafunikira zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pamabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa zida zazikulu zamagetsi, kwa ife, magalimoto a haibridi ndi magalimoto amagetsi. Mphamvu yochulukirapo yochulukirapo imafunika kuyendetsa galimoto ndipo imayenera kusungidwa kwina. M'galimoto yapamwamba yokhala ndi injini yoyaka mkati, imasungidwa mu thanki ngati mafuta, dizilo kapena LPG. Pankhani yamagalimoto amagetsi kapena galimoto ya haibridi, imasungidwa m'mabatire, omwe amatha kunena kuti ndilo vuto lalikulu lamagalimoto amagetsi.

Zomwe zilipo pakadali pano zimatha kusunga mphamvu zochepa, pomwe zimakhala zazikulu, zolemera, komanso nthawi yomweyo, kuti zibwezeretse kwambiri, zimatenga maola angapo (nthawi zambiri 8 kapena kuposa). Mosiyana ndi izi, magalimoto wamba okhala ndi injini zoyaka zamkati amatha kusunga mphamvu zochulukirapo poyerekeza ndi mabatire ang'onoang'ono, bola ngati zingotenga mphindi, mwina ziwiri, kuti zibwezeretsenso. Tsoka ilo, vuto losunga magetsi lakhala likuvutitsa magalimoto amagetsi kuyambira pomwe adayamba, ndipo ngakhale kupita patsogolo kosatsutsika, mphamvu zawo zamagetsi zofunikira kuyendetsa galimoto ndizotsika kwambiri. M'mizere yotsatira, kusunga maimelo Tikambirana zamagetsi mwatsatanetsatane ndikuyesera kuyandikira zenizeni zenizeni zamagalimoto okhala ndi magetsi kapena magetsi osakanizidwa. Pali nthano zambiri mozungulira "zamagetsi zamagalimoto" izi, chifukwa chake sizimapweteka kuyang'anitsitsa zabwino kapena zoyipa zamagalimoto otere.

Tsoka ilo, ziwerengero zoperekedwa ndi opanga ndizokayikitsa kwambiri ndipo ndizongoyerekeza. Mwachitsanzo, "Kia Venga" lili ndi galimoto magetsi ndi mphamvu 80 kW ndi makokedwe 280 NM. Mphamvu zimaperekedwa ndi mabatire a lithiamu-ion omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya 24 kWh, mtundu wa Kia Vengy EV malinga ndi wopanga ndi 180 km. Mphamvu ya mabatire imatiuza kuti, atayimitsidwa mokwanira, amatha kupereka injini ya 24 kW, kapena kudyetsa 48 kW mu theka la ola, etc. Kuwerengera kosavuta, ndipo sitingathe kuyendetsa 180 km. . Ngati tinkafuna kuganizira za mtundu wotere, ndiye kuti timayendetsa pafupifupi 60 km / h kwa maola atatu, ndipo mphamvu ya injini idzakhala gawo limodzi la khumi la mtengo wadzina, i.e. 3 kW. M'mawu ena, ndi kukwera kwenikweni (kusamala) kukwera, kumene inu pafupifupi ndithu ntchito ananyema ntchito, kukwera koteroko n'zotheka. Inde, sitiganizira za kuphatikizidwa kwa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi. Aliyense akhoza kale kulingalira zomwe kudzikana poyerekeza ndi galimoto tingachipeze powerenga. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mumatsanulira malita 8 a dizilo ku Venga yapamwamba ndikuyendetsa makilomita mazana ndi mazana popanda zoletsa. N’chifukwa chiyani zili choncho? Tiyeni tiyese kufananiza kuchuluka kwa mphamvuzi ndi kulemera kwa galimoto yachikale yomwe ingagwire mu thanki, ndi kuchuluka kwa galimoto yamagetsi yomwe ingagwire mabatire - werengani zambiri apa PANO.

Zambiri kuchokera ku chemistry ndi physics

• mafuta okwanira: 42,7 MJ / kg,
• mafuta okwanira a dizilo: 41,9 MJ / kg,
• kuchuluka kwa mafuta: 725 kg / m3,
• kachulukidwe ka mafuta: 840 kg / m3,
• Joule (J) = [kg * m2 / s2],
• Watt (W) = [J / s],
• 1 MJ = 0,2778 kWh.

Mphamvu ndikutha kugwira ntchito, kuyezedwa mu ma joules (J), kilowatt maola (kWh). Ntchito (makina) imawonetseredwa ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu panthawi ya kayendetsedwe ka thupi, imakhala ndi magawo ofanana ndi mphamvu. Mphamvu imawonetsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito yomwe yachitika pa nthawi imodzi, gawo loyambira kukhala watt (W).

Mphamvu zenizeni zamagetsi

Mphamvu zamagetsi	Mtengo wamafuta / makilogalamu makilogalamu	Mtengo wamafuta / l Mphamvu / l	Mphamvu / kg
Gasoline	42,7 MJ / kg 725 kg / m3	30,96 MJ / l 8,60 kWh / l	11,86 kWh / kg
Mafuta	41,9 MJ / kg 840 kg / m3	35,20 MJ / l 9,78 kWh / l	11,64 kWh / kg
Batire ya li-ion (Audi R8 e-tron)	42 kWh 470 makilogalamu		0,0893 kWh / kg

Kuchokera pamwambapa zikuwonekeratu kuti, mwachitsanzo, wokhala ndi calorific ya 42,7 MJ / kg ndi kachulukidwe ka 725 kg / m3, mafuta amapereka mphamvu ya 8,60 kWh pa lita imodzi kapena 11,86 kWh pa kilogalamu. Ngati timanga mabatire omwe apezeka kale mgalimoto zamagetsi, mwachitsanzo, lithiamu-ion, kuthekera kwawo kumakhala kochepera 0,1 kWh pa kilogalamu (pazosavuta, tikambirana 0,1 kWh). Mafuta wamba amatipatsa mphamvu zochulukirapo nthawi zana. Mumvetsetsa kuti uku ndikusiyana kwakukulu. Tikagawa tating'onoting'ono, mwachitsanzo, Chevrolet Cruze yokhala ndi batire ya 31 kWh imanyamula mphamvu yomwe imatha kukwana 2,6 kg ya mafuta kapena, ngati mukufuna, pafupifupi 3,5 malita a mafuta.

Mutha kudziwa momwe zingatheke kuti galimoto yamagetsi iyambe konse, osati kuti idzakhalabe ndi mphamvu zoposa 100 km. Chifukwa chake ndi chosavuta. Galimoto yamagetsi imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri potembenuza mphamvu zosungidwa kukhala zamagetsi. Nthawi zambiri, imayenera kukhala ndi 90%, pomwe injini yoyaka mkati imakhala pafupifupi 30% ya injini yamafuta ndi 35% ya injini ya dizilo. Chifukwa chake, kuti athe kupereka mphamvu yomweyo kumagetsi yamagetsi, ndikokwanira ndi nkhokwe yamagetsi yotsika kwambiri.

Kusavuta kugwiritsa ntchito zoyendetsa zilizonse

Pambuyo powunika mawerengedwe osavuta, akuganiza kuti titha kupeza pafupifupi 2,58 kWh yamphamvu yamakina kuchokera ku lita imodzi ya mafuta, 3,42 kWh kuchokera ku lita imodzi yamafuta a dizilo, ndi 0,09 kWh kuchokera pa kilogalamu ya batire ya lithiamu-ion. Kotero kusiyana sikuposa zana, koma pafupifupi nthawi makumi atatu. Iyi ndiye nambala yabwino kwambiri, koma osati pinki kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani zamasewera Audi R8. Mabatire ake odzaza kwathunthu, olemera makilogalamu 470, ali ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi malita 16,3 a petulo kapena malita 12,3 okha a dizilo. Kapena, tikadakhala ndi Audi A4 3,0 TDI yokhala ndi thanki yokwanira malita 62 a dizilo ndipo tikufuna kukhala ndi mtundu womwewo pagalimoto yoyera ya batire, tikadafunika pafupifupi 2350 kg ya mabatire. Mpaka pano, izi sizipereka galimoto yamagetsi tsogolo lowala kwambiri. Komabe, palibe chifukwa choponyera mfuti pa rye, chifukwa kukakamizidwa kuti apange "ma e-magalimoto" oterowo adzachotsedwa ndi malo ochezera ankhanza obiriwira, kotero ngati opanga magalimoto akukonda kapena ayi, ayenera kutulutsa chinachake "chobiriwira" . “. M'malo otsimikizika oyendetsa magetsi okha ndi omwe amatchedwa ma hybrids, omwe amaphatikiza injini yoyaka mkati ndi mota yamagetsi. Panopa odziwika bwino ndi, mwachitsanzo, Toyota Prius (Auris HSD ndi luso hybrid yemweyo) kapena Honda M'kati. Komabe, mitundu yawo yamagetsi yokhayo imakhala yoseketsa. Poyamba, pafupifupi 2 Km (m'mapulogalamu atsopano a Plug In akuwonjezeka "mpaka" 20 Km), ndipo chachiwiri, Honda sichigogoda ngakhale pagalimoto yamagetsi. Pakalipano, zotsatira zake muzochita sizodabwitsa monga momwe malonda ambiri amasonyezera. Zowona zawonetsa kuti amatha kuzikongoletsa ndi kayendedwe ka buluu (chuma) makamaka ndiukadaulo wamba. Ubwino wa hybrid power plant lagona makamaka mafuta mafuta pamene galimoto mu mzinda. Audi posachedwapa adanena kuti pakali pano ndikofunikira kuchepetsa kulemera kwa thupi kuti akwaniritse, pafupifupi, ndalama zomwezo zomwe mitundu ina imapeza poika makina osakanizidwa m'galimoto. Mitundu yatsopano yamagalimoto ena imatsimikiziranso kuti uku sikufuulira mumdima. Mwachitsanzo, Volkswagen Golf ya m'badwo wachisanu ndi chiwiri imagwiritsa ntchito zida zopepuka kuphunzira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ochepa kuposa kale. Opanga magalimoto aku Japan a Mazda atenganso njira yofananira. Ngakhale zonena izi, chitukuko cha "kutalika" hybrid drive ikupitilirabe. Mwachitsanzo, nditchula Opel Ampera ndipo, chodabwitsa, chitsanzo kuchokera ku Audi A1 e-tron.

Kusavuta kugwiritsa ntchito zoyendetsa zilizonse

Mphamvu zamagetsi	Kuchita bwino kwa injini	Mphamvu zothandiza / l	Mphamvu zothandiza / kg
Gasoline	0,30	2,58 kWh / l	3,56 kWh / kg
Mafuta	0,35	3,42 kWh / l	4,07 kWh / kg
Lifiyamu Ion Mabatire	0,90	-	CHABWINO. 0,1 kWh / kg

Vauxhall Ampera

Ngakhale kuti Opel Ampera nthawi zambiri imawonetsedwa ngati galimoto yamagetsi, ndimagalimoto osakanizidwa. Kuphatikiza pa mota wamagetsi, Ampere imagwiritsanso ntchito injini yoyaka mkati ya 1,4-lita 63 kW. Komabe, injini yamafuta iyi siyendetsapo mawilo mwachindunji, koma imagwira ntchito ngati jenereta ngati mabatire atha magetsi. mphamvu. Gawo lamagetsi likuyimiridwa ndi mota yamagetsi yomwe imatulutsa 111 kW (150 hp) ndi makokedwe a 370 Nm. Mphamvu yamagetsi imayendetsedwa ndi maselo a lithiamu ofanana ndi 220 T Ali ndi mphamvu yokwanira 16 kWh ndikulemera makilogalamu 180. Galimoto yamagetsi iyi imatha kuyenda makilomita 40-80 pamtunda wamagetsi. Mtundawu nthawi zambiri umakhala wokwanira kuyendetsa magalimoto m'mizinda tsiku lonse ndipo umachepetsa kwambiri ndalama zogwirira ntchito chifukwa magalimoto amzindawu amafunikira mafuta ambiri ngati pali magalimoto oyaka. Mabatire amathanso kupangidwanso kuchokera pamalo ogulitsira wamba, ndipo akaphatikizidwa ndi injini yoyaka yamkati, mtundu wa Ampera umafikira pamakilomita mazana asanu olemekezeka kwambiri.

Audi e electron A1

Audi, yomwe imakonda galimoto yachikale yokhala ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa galimoto yosakanizidwa yomwe imafuna mwaukadaulo kwambiri, idayambitsa galimoto yosangalatsa ya A1 e-tron yopitilira zaka ziwiri zapitazo. Mabatire a lithiamu-ion omwe ali ndi mphamvu ya 12 kWh ndi kulemera kwa 150 kg amaperekedwa ndi injini ya Wankel monga gawo la jenereta yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a mafuta osungidwa mu thanki ya 254-lita. injini ali buku la 15 kiyubiki mamita. masentimita ndipo amapanga 45 kW / h el. mphamvu. Galimoto yamagetsi imakhala ndi mphamvu ya 75 kW ndipo imatha kutulutsa mphamvu mpaka 0 kW munthawi yochepa. Kuthamanga kuchokera ku 100 mpaka 10 ndi pafupifupi masekondi 130 ndi liwiro lalikulu la makilomita 50 / h. Pambuyo pakutha kwa e. mphamvu imayendetsedwa mwanzeru ndi injini yoyaka mkati yozungulira ndikuwonjezeranso magetsi. mphamvu kwa mabatire. Chiwerengero chonse chokhala ndi mabatire odzaza ndi 12 malita a petulo ndi pafupifupi 250 km ndikumwa pafupifupi malita 1,9 pa 100 km. Kulemera kwa galimotoyo ndi 1450 kg. Tiyeni tiwone kutembenuka kosavuta kuti tiwone kuyerekeza kwachindunji momwe mphamvu zimabisika mu thanki ya 12 lita. Kungoganiza kuti injini yamakono ya Wankel ndi 30%, ndiye 70 kg yake, pamodzi ndi 9 kg (12 L) ya petulo, ikufanana ndi 31 kWh yamphamvu yosungidwa m'mabatire. Choncho 79 makilogalamu injini ndi thanki = 387,5 makilogalamu mabatire (mawerengedwe mu Audi A1 e-Tron zolemera). Ngati tifuna kuwonjezera thanki yamafuta ndi malita 9, tikanakhala kale ndi 62 kWh ya mphamvu yopangira galimotoyo. Kotero ife tikhoza kupitiriza. Koma ayenera kukhala ndi nsomba imodzi. Sipadzakhalanso galimoto "yobiriwira". Kotero ngakhale apa zikuwonekeratu kuti kuyendetsa magetsi kumakhala kochepa kwambiri ndi mphamvu ya mphamvu yosungidwa m'mabatire.

Makamaka, mtengo wapamwamba, komanso kulemera kwakukulu, zachititsa kuti hybrid drive mu Audi pang'onopang'ono inazimiririka kumbuyo. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti chitukuko cha magalimoto osakanizidwa ndi magalimoto amagetsi ku Audi chatsika kwambiri. Zambiri za mtundu watsopano wa A1 e-tron wawonekera posachedwa. Poyerekeza ndi yapitayi, injini yozungulira / jenereta yasinthidwa ndi injini ya 1,5 kW 94-lita ya atatu-cylinder turbocharged. Ntchito tingachipeze powerenga mkati kuyaka wagawo anakakamizika ndi Audi makamaka chifukwa cha mavuto kugwirizana ndi kufala uku, ndi injini latsopano atatu yamphamvu lakonzedwa osati kulipira mabatire, komanso ntchito mwachindunji ndi mawilo galimoto. Mabatire a Sanyo ali ndi mphamvu yofanana ya 12kWh, ndipo ma drive amagetsi awonjezeka pang'ono kufika pafupifupi 80km. Audi yati A1 e-tron yokwezedwa imayenera kukhala ndi lita imodzi pa kilomita zana. Tsoka ilo, ndalamazi zili ndi vuto limodzi. Kwa magalimoto osakanizidwa okhala ndi mitundu yotalikirapo yamagetsi. drive imagwiritsa ntchito njira yosangalatsa yowerengera kuchuluka kwakuyenda komaliza. Zomwe zimatchedwa kuti kudya sikunyalanyazidwa. mafuta kuchokera netiweki yopangira batire, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito komaliza kwa l / 100 km, kumangoganizira zakugwiritsa ntchito mafuta pagalimoto yomaliza ya 20 km, pomwe pali magetsi. mtengo wa batri. Mwachiwerengero chophweka kwambiri, tikhoza kuwerengera izi ngati mabatire anatulutsidwa moyenerera. tinayendetsa galimoto itatha. Mphamvu kuchokera ku mabatire a petulo, chifukwa chake, kumwa kumawonjezeka kasanu, ndiko kuti, malita 5 a petulo pa 100 km.

Audi A1 e-tron II. m'badwo

Mavuto osungira magetsi

Nkhani yosungira mphamvu ndi yakale monga momwe magetsi amapangidwira. Magwero oyambirira a magetsi anali maselo a galvanic. Patangopita nthawi yochepa, kuthekera kwa njira yosinthika ya kudzikundikira magetsi m'maselo achiwiri a galvanic - mabatire adapezeka. Mabatire oyamba omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito anali mabatire otsogolera, patatha nthawi yochepa nickel-iron ndi nickel-cadmium pang'ono, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kunatha zaka zoposa zana. Ziyeneranso kuwonjezeredwa kuti, ngakhale kufufuza kwakukulu kwapadziko lonse m'derali, mapangidwe awo sanasinthe kwambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano opangira zinthu, kuwongolera zida zoyambira ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopano zolekanitsa ma cell ndi zotengera, zinali zotheka kuchepetsa mphamvu yokoka pang'ono, kuchepetsa kudziletsa kwa maselo, ndikuwonjezera chitonthozo ndi chitetezo cha woyendetsa, koma ndi za izo. The kwambiri drawback, mwachitsanzo. Chiŵerengero chosakondweretsa kwambiri cha kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zosungidwa kulemera ndi kuchuluka kwa mabatire kunatsalira. Chifukwa chake, mabatirewa adagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamachitidwe osasunthika (magetsi osunga zobwezeretsera ngati magetsi akulephera, etc.). Mabatire ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la mphamvu zoyendetsera kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu.

Kupitilira kosungira magetsi

Komabe, kufunika kopanga maselo okhala ndi kuthekera pang'ono ndi kukula mu maola ampere kwawonjezeka. Chifukwa chake, ma cell amchere amchere ndi ma batri osindikizidwa a nickel-cadmium (NiCd) kenako mabatire a nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) adapangidwa. Pakutsekera kwa ma cell, mawonekedwe amtundu womwewo ndi makulidwe adasankhidwa monga ma cell wamba a zinc chloride. Makamaka, magawo omwe adakwaniritsidwa a mabatire a nickel-metal hydride amalola kuti azigwiritsa ntchito, makamaka, pama foni am'manja, ma laputopu, zida zamagetsi, ndi zina zambiri. Ukadaulo wopanga ma cellwa umasiyana ndi matekinoloje omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'maselo okhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwamaola ampere. Kapangidwe ka nyali yamakina akuluakulu amagetsi amasinthidwa ndi ukadaulo wosintha ma elekitirodi, kuphatikiza olekanitsa, kukhala coil yama cylindrical, yomwe imayikidwa ndikulumikizidwa ndimaselo owoneka bwino kukula kwa AAA, AA, C ndi D, resp. kuchulukitsa kwakukula kwawo. Pazinthu zina zapadera, maselo apadera apadera amapangidwa.

Ubwino wa ma cell a hermetic okhala ndi ma elekitirodi ozungulira ndi kuthekera kokulirapo kangapo ndikutulutsa ndi mafunde apamwamba komanso chiŵerengero cha kachulukidwe kamphamvu kwa cell kulemera ndi voliyumu poyerekeza ndi kapangidwe kake kakang'ono ka cell. Choyipa chake ndi kudziletsa komanso kuchepa kwa ntchito. Kuchuluka kwa cell imodzi ya NiMH ndi pafupifupi 10 Ah. Koma, monga ndi masilindala ena okulirapo, salola kuthamangitsa mafunde okwera kwambiri chifukwa cha kutentha kwamavuto, komwe kumachepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito magalimoto amagetsi, chifukwa chake gweroli limangogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati batire lothandizira pamtundu wosakanizidwa (Toyota Prius). 1,3 kWh).

Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pantchito yosungiramo mphamvu kwakhala kupangidwa kwa mabatire a lithiamu otetezeka. Lithium ndi chinthu chomwe chimakhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba wa electrochemical, komanso chimakhala chokhazikika kwambiri m'lingaliro la okosijeni, lomwe limayambitsanso mavuto mukamagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo cha lithiamu. Lifiyamu ikakumana ndi mpweya wa mumlengalenga, kuyaka kumachitika, komwe, malingana ndi chilengedwe, kumatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe a kuphulika. Katundu wosasangalatsawu ukhoza kuthetsedwa mwina poteteza mosamala pamwamba, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ochepera a lithiamu. Pakadali pano, mabatire ambiri a lithiamu-ion ndi lithiamu-polymer okhala ndi mphamvu ya 2 mpaka 4 Ah mu maola aampere. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwawo kuli kofanana ndi kwa NiMh, ndipo pamagetsi othamanga a 3,2 V, 6 mpaka 13 Wh a mphamvu alipo. Poyerekeza ndi mabatire a nickel-metal hydride, mabatire a lithiamu amatha kusunga mphamvu ziwiri kapena zinayi pa voliyumu yomweyo. Mabatire a lithiamu-ion (polima) ali ndi electrolyte mu gel kapena mawonekedwe olimba ndipo amatha kupangidwa m'maselo athyathyathya opyapyala ngati gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a millimeter pafupifupi mawonekedwe aliwonse kuti agwirizane ndi zosowa za ntchitoyo.

Kuyendetsa kwamagetsi m'galimoto yonyamula anthu kumatha kupangidwa ngati yayikulu komanso imodzi yokha (galimoto yamagetsi) kapena kuphatikiza, pomwe magetsi amatha kukhala gwero lalikulu komanso lothandizira la traction (hybrid drive). Kutengera kusiyanasiyana komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira pakuyendetsa galimoto komanso mphamvu zamabatire zimasiyana. M'magalimoto amagetsi, mphamvu ya batri imakhala pakati pa 25 ndi 50 kWh, ndipo ndi hybrid drive, mwachibadwa imakhala yotsika ndipo imachokera ku 1 mpaka 10 kWh. Kuchokera pamiyezo yomwe yapatsidwa zitha kuwoneka kuti pamagetsi a cell imodzi (lithium) ya 3,6 V, ndikofunikira kulumikiza ma cell angapo. Kuti muchepetse kutayika kwa ma conductor ogawa, ma inverters ndi ma windings agalimoto, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti musankhe voteji yapamwamba kuposa masiku onse pa intaneti (12 V) pama drive - zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku 250 mpaka 500 V. lero, Lithium maselo mwachionekere mtundu woyenera kwambiri. Kunena zoona, iwo akadali okwera mtengo kwambiri, makamaka tikawayerekezera ndi mabatire a asidi a mtovu. Komabe, iwo ndi ovuta kwambiri.

Mwadzina voteji wa ochiritsira lithiamu batire maselo ndi 3,6 V. Mtengo uwu ndi wosiyana ndi ochiritsira nickel zitsulo hydride maselo, motero. NiCd, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yamagetsi ya 1,2 V (kapena kutsogolera - 2 V), yomwe, ngati ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, salola kusinthasintha kwa mitundu yonse iwiri. Kulipiritsa kwa mabatire a lifiyamu kumadziwika ndi kufunikira kosunga bwino kwambiri mtengo wamagetsi okwera kwambiri, omwe amafunikira mtundu wapadera wa charger ndipo, makamaka, salola kugwiritsa ntchito zida zolipiritsa zomwe zimapangidwira mitundu ina ya maselo.

Makhalidwe apamwamba a mabatire a lithiamu

Makhalidwe apamwamba amabatire amagetsi amagetsi ndi ma hybrids amatha kuonedwa kuti ndi omwe amatulutsa komanso kutulutsa.

Kulipiritsa mawonekedwe 

Njira yolipiritsira imafunikira kuwongolera komwe kumayendetsa pano, kuwongolera kwamagetsi yama cell ndikuwongolera kutentha kwapano sikunganyalanyazidwe. Pama cell a lithiamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano omwe amagwiritsa ntchito LiCoO2 ngati ma electrode a cathode, malire oyimitsa mphamvu yamagetsi ndi 4,20 mpaka 4,22 V pa khungu. Kupitilira phindu limeneli kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu m'chipindacho ndipo, chifukwa chake, kulephera kufikira mtengowu kumatanthauza kusagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwama cell. Pakulipiritsa, mawonekedwe amtundu wa IU amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti, mgawo loyamba amalipiritsa mpaka pano mpaka mphamvu ya 4,20 V / cell ifike. Mtengo wokhoza kulipiritsa umangokhala pamlingo wololeza wofotokozedwa ndi wopanga ma cell, motsatana. zosankha zamaja. Nthawi yolipiritsa pagawo loyamba imasiyanasiyana kuchokera pamaminiti angapo mpaka maola angapo, kutengera kukula kwa kuperekera ndalama kwamakono. Mphamvu yama cell pang'onopang'ono imakwera mpaka max. mfundo za 4,2 V. Monga tanenera kale, magetsiwa sayenera kupitilizidwa chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwa selo. Mu gawo loyambilira, mphamvu 70 mpaka 80% imasungidwa m'maselo, gawo lachiwiri lotsala. Gawo lachiwiri, magetsi olipiritsa amasungidwa pamtengo wovomerezeka kwambiri, ndipo pakali pano pakutha pang'onopang'ono. Kulipira kumamalizika pakadali pano kuti kutsikira kwa pafupifupi 2-3% yazomwe ziyeretsedwezo za cell. Popeza kuchuluka kwakanthawi kwamphamvu yamagetsi pakamakhala ma cell ocheperako kumakhalanso kowirikiza kangapo kuposa komwe kumatulutsa pakali pano, gawo lalikulu lamagetsi limatha kusungidwa mgawo loyambitsira kulipiritsa. mphamvu munthawi yochepa kwambiri (pafupifupi ½ ndi ola limodzi). Chifukwa chake, pakagwa mwadzidzidzi, ndizotheka kulipiritsa mabatire amagetsi pamagetsi okwanira munthawi yochepa. Ngakhale pakakhala ma lithiamu, magetsi omwe amasonkhanitsidwa amachepetsa pakadutsa nthawi yosungira. Komabe, izi zimangochitika patatha miyezi itatu yopuma.

Makhalidwe akumaliseche

Vutoli limatsikira mwachangu mpaka 3,6-3,0 V (kutengera kukula kwa zotulutsira) ndipo zimangokhala zosasunthika pakumasulidwa konse. Pambuyo pakutha kwa imelo. mphamvu imatsitsanso mphamvu yama cell mwachangu kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kutulutsaku kuyenera kumalizidwa pasanathe mphamvu yamagetsi yotulutsa ya 2,7 mpaka 3,0 V.

Kupanda kutero, kapangidwe ka malondawo kangawonongeke. Njira yotsitsa ndiyosavuta kuyang'anira. Zimangolekezera pokhapokha phindu lamakono ndipo limayima pomwe mtengo wamagetsi otsiriza wafikira. Vuto lokhalo ndiloti zomwe maselo amtundu uliwonse amakwaniritsa sizofanana. Chifukwa chake, chisamaliro chiyenera kuchitidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti mphamvu yama cell aliwonse sigwera pansi pamphamvu yomaliza yotulutsa, chifukwa izi zitha kuwononga izi ndikupangitsa kuti batire lonse lisagwire ntchito. Zomwezo ziyenera kuganiziridwanso mukamayendetsa batri.

Mtundu womwe watchulidwa wa ma lithiamu omwe ali ndi ma cathode osiyana, momwe oxide ya cobalt, nickel kapena manganese imalowetsedwa ndi phosphide Li3V2 (PO4) 3, kumachotsa zoopsa zomwe zatchulidwazi zowononga selo chifukwa chosamvera. mphamvu yayikulu. Amanenanso kuti moyo wawo wotumikiridwa wa pafupifupi ma 2 mayendedwe azinthu (pa 000% kutulutsa) makamaka makamaka kuti khungu likatulutsidwa kwathunthu, silidzawonongeka. Ubwino wake ndiwenso wamagetsi wamagetsi pafupifupi 80 mukamayendetsa mpaka 4,2 V.

Kuchokera pazofotokozedwa pamwambapa, zitha kuwonetsedwa bwino kuti pakadali pano, mabatire a lithiamu ndi njira zokhazokha monga kusunga mphamvu zoyendetsera galimoto poyerekeza ndi mphamvu yosungidwa mu mafuta mu thanki yamafuta. Kuwonjezeka kulikonse kwakanthawi kwamabatire kumakulitsa kupikisana pamayendedwe ochezekawa. Titha kungokhulupirira kuti chitukuko sichichedwa kubwerera, koma, m'malo mwake, pitani patsogolo ma mile angapo.

Zitsanzo zamagalimoto ogwiritsa ntchito mabatire a haibridi ndi magetsi

Toyota Prius ndi mtundu wosakanizidwa wopanda mphamvu wamagetsi wamagetsi opanda magetsi. kuyendetsa

Toyota Prius imagwiritsa ntchito batri ya 1,3 kWh NiMH, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero lamagetsi lothamangitsira ndipo imalola kuyendetsa magetsi osiyana kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mtunda wa pafupifupi 2 km kutalika. liwiro la 50 km / h.Pulag-In version imagwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu-ion okhala ndi 5,4 kWh, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi woyendetsa pagalimoto yamagetsi pamtunda wa 14-20 km pamtunda wothamanga kwambiri. liwiro 100 km / h.

Opel Ampere-wosakanizidwa wokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pamaimelo oyera. kuyendetsa

Galimoto yamagetsi yotalikirapo (40-80 km), monga Opel amatchulira mipando isanu yamakona Amper, imayendetsedwa ndi mota yamagetsi yopanga 111 kW (150 hp) ndi torque ya 370 Nm. Mphamvu yamagetsi imayendetsedwa ndi maselo a lithiamu ofanana ndi 220 T Ali ndi mphamvu yokwanira 16 kWh ndikulemera makilogalamu 180. Jenereta ndi injini ya mafuta okwana 1,4 lita yokhala ndi 63 kW yotulutsa.

Mitsubishi ndi MiEV, Citroën C-Zero, Peugeot iOn-clean el. magalimoto

Mabatire a lithiamu-ion okhala ndi mphamvu ya 16 kWh amalola kuti galimoto iziyenda mpaka 150 km osabwezeretsanso, monga momwe zimayesedwa malinga ndi muyezo wa NEDC (New European Driving Cycle). Mabatire otentha kwambiri (330 V) amakhala mkati pansi ndipo amatetezedwanso ndi chimango choyambilira kuti chisawonongeke chikachitika. Ndizopangidwa ndi Lithium Energy Japan, mgwirizano pakati pa Mitsubishi ndi GS Yuasa Corporation. Pali zolemba 88 zonse. Magetsi oyendetsa amaperekedwa ndi batri ya lithiamu-ion ya 330 V, yokhala ndi ma 88 50 Ah ma cell omwe amakhala ndi 16 kWh yonse. Batire imalipidwa kuchokera kubwalo lakunyumba mkati mwa maola asanu ndi limodzi, pogwiritsa ntchito chojambulira chakunja (125 A, 400 V), batire imalipitsidwa 80% mu theka la ola.

Inenso ndimakonda kwambiri magalimoto amagetsi ndipo nthawi zonse ndimayang'anitsitsa zomwe zikuchitika m'derali, koma zenizeni pakadali pano sizikhala ndi chiyembekezo. Izi zimatsimikiziridwanso ndi zomwe zili pamwambazi, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti moyo wa magalimoto onse amagetsi ndi osakanizidwa siwophweka, ndipo nthawi zambiri masewera a manambala amadziwonetsera okha. Kupanga kwawo kudakali kovuta kwambiri komanso kokwera mtengo, ndipo kugwira ntchito kwawo kumatsutsana mobwerezabwereza. The sangathe waukulu magalimoto magetsi (hybrids) ndi otsika kwambiri enieni mphamvu ya mphamvu kusungidwa mabatire poyerekeza ndi mphamvu kusungidwa mafuta ochiritsira (dizilo, mafuta, liquefied mafuta amafuta, wothinikizidwa gasi zachilengedwe). Kuti abweretsedi mphamvu zamagalimoto amagetsi pafupi ndi magalimoto wamba, mabatire amayenera kuchepetsa kulemera kwawo ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti otchulidwa Audi R8 e-tron anayenera kusunga 42 kWh osati 470 kg, koma 47 kg. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi yolipira iyenera kuchepetsedwa kwambiri. Pafupifupi ola limodzi pa 70-80% mphamvu akadali kwambiri, ndipo ine sindikuyankhula za 6-8 maola pafupifupi pa mlandu zonse. Palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira bodza la zero kupanga magalimoto amagetsi a CO2 mwina. Tiyeni tione nthawi yomweyo mfundo yakuti Mphamvu zomwe zili muzitsulo zathu zimapangidwanso ndi zomera zotentha, ndipo sizimangotulutsa CO2 yokwanira. Osatchulanso kupanga zovuta kwambiri zagalimoto yotere, komwe kufunikira kwa CO2 pakupanga kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa wakale. Sitiyenera kuiwala za kuchuluka kwa zigawo zomwe zili ndi zinthu zolemetsa komanso zapoizoni komanso kutaya kwawo kwamavuto.

Ndi minuses yonse yomwe yatchulidwa komanso yosatchulidwa, galimoto yamagetsi (yosakanizidwa) imakhalanso ndi ubwino wosatsutsika. M'magalimoto a m'tauni kapena pamtunda waufupi, ntchito yawo yochuluka yachuma ndi yosatsutsika, chifukwa cha mfundo yosungira mphamvu (kubwezeretsa) panthawi ya braking, pamene m'magalimoto ochiritsira amachotsedwa panthawi ya braking mu mawonekedwe a kutentha kwa zinyalala mumlengalenga, osati tchulani kuthekera kwa makilomita angapo pagalimoto kuzungulira mzindawu kuti muwongolere ndalama zotsika mtengo kuchokera pa imelo. ukonde. Ngati tiyerekeza galimoto yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi yachikale, ndiye kuti mu galimoto wamba pali injini yoyaka mkati, yomwe palokha ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri. Mphamvu yake iyenera kusamutsidwa ku mawilo mwanjira ina, ndipo izi zimachitika makamaka kudzera mu bukhu lamanja kapena lodziwikiratu. Pali kusiyana kumodzi kapena zingapo m'njira, nthawi zina komanso driveshaft ndi mndandanda wa ma axle shafts. Inde, galimoto iyeneranso kutsika, injini iyenera kuziziritsa, ndipo mphamvu yotenthayi imatayika mopanda ntchito ku chilengedwe monga kutentha kotsalira. Galimoto yamagetsi imakhala yothandiza kwambiri komanso yosavuta - (siyigwiritsa ntchito pa hybrid drive, yomwe ndi yovuta kwambiri). Galimoto yamagetsi ilibe gearbox, gearbox, cardans ndi theka shafts, kuiwala za injini kutsogolo, kumbuyo kapena pakati. Ilibe radiator, i.e. yozizira komanso yoyambira. Ubwino wa galimoto yamagetsi ndikuti imatha kukhazikitsa ma mota molunjika m'magudumu. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi muli ndi ATV yabwino yomwe imatha kuwongolera gudumu lililonse mosadalira ena. Choncho, ndi galimoto yamagetsi, sizidzakhala zovuta kulamulira gudumu limodzi lokha, komanso n'zotheka kusankha ndi kulamulira kugawa kwabwino kwa mphamvu zapakona. Iliyonse ya ma motors imathanso kukhala yoboola, yodziyimira yokha popanda mawilo ena, yomwe imatembenuza mphamvu zina za kinetic kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. Chotsatira chake, mabuleki ochiritsira adzakhala ndi nkhawa zochepa. Ma injini amatha kutulutsa mphamvu zambiri zomwe zilipo pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse komanso mosazengereza. Kuchita bwino kwawo potembenuza mphamvu zosungidwa m'mabatire kukhala mphamvu ya kinetic ndi pafupifupi 90%, yomwe ili pafupifupi katatu kuposa ya injini wamba. Chifukwa chake, sizipanga kutentha kotsalira kochulukirapo ndipo sizifunika kukhala zovuta kuziziziritsa. Zomwe mukufunikira pa izi ndi zida zabwino, zida zowongolera komanso pulogalamu yabwino.

Suma sumárum. Ngati magalimoto amagetsi kapena Hybrids ali pafupi kwambiri ndi magalimoto akale okhala ndi injini zamafuta, amakhalabe ndi njira yovuta kwambiri komanso yovuta patsogolo pawo. Ndikukhulupirira kuti izi sizikutsimikiziridwa ndi manambala angapo osocheretsa kapena. kukakamizidwa mokakamizidwa ndi akuluakulu. Koma tisataye mtima. Kukula kwa nanotechnology kumayenda modumphadumpha, ndipo, mwina, zozizwitsa zili mtsogolo mwathu posachedwa.

Pomaliza, ndikuwonjezera chinthu china chosangalatsa. Pali kale malo opangira mafuta dzuwa.

Toyota Industries Corp (TIC) yakhazikitsa malo opangira magetsi pamagetsi pamagetsi ndi ma hybridi. Siteshoniyo imagwirizananso ndi gridi yamagetsi, chifukwa chake mapanelo a dzuwa a 1,9 kW ndiwonso gwero lina la mphamvu. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi (yoyendera dzuwa), siteshoni yotsatsira imatha kupereka mphamvu yayikulu ya 110 VAC / 1,5 kW, ikalumikizidwa ndi mains, imapereka 220 VAC / 3,2 kW.

Magetsi osagwiritsidwa ntchito ochokera pamagetsi a dzuwa amasungidwa m'mabatire, omwe amatha kusunga 8,4 kWh kuti adzawagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo. Ndikothekanso kupereka magetsi ku netiweki yogawa kapena zowonjezera zama station. Ma choucha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pasiteshoni ali ndi ukadaulo wolumikizirana wokhoza kuzindikira magalimoto, motsatana. eni awo pogwiritsa ntchito makhadi anzeru.

Mawu ofunikira mabatire

• Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu - imasonyeza kuchuluka kwa magetsi (kuchuluka kwa mphamvu) zosungidwa mu batri. Imatchulidwa m'maola ampere (Ah) kapena, ngati zida zazing'ono, m'maola a milliamp (mAh). Batire la 1 Ah (= 1000 mAh) ndiloti limatha kutulutsa 1 amp kwa ola limodzi.
• Kukaniza kwamkati - ikuwonetsa kuthekera kwa batri kuti ipereke zochulukira kapena zocheperako. Mwachitsanzo, zitini ziwiri zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, imodzi yokhala ndi chotulukira chaching'ono (kukanika kwakukulu kwamkati) ndi ina yokulirapo (kutsika kwamkati mkati). Tikaganiza zochotsa, chitini chokhala ndi dzenje laling'ono chimatha pang'onopang'ono.
• Mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi - kwa mabatire a nickel-cadmium ndi nickel-metal hydride, ndi 1,2 V, lead 2 V ndi lithiamu kuchokera ku 3,6 mpaka 4,2 V. Panthawi yogwira ntchito, magetsiwa amasiyana mkati mwa 0,8 - 1,5 V kwa nickel -cadmium ndi nickel-metal hydride mabatire, 1,7 - 2,3 V ya kutsogolera ndi 3-4,2 ndi 3,5-4,9 ya lithiamu.
• Nawuza panopa, kumaliseche panopa - amawonetsedwa mu amperes (A) kapena milliamp (mA). Ichi ndi chidziwitso chofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito batire yomwe ikufunsidwa pa chipangizo china. Imatsimikiziranso zikhalidwe za kuyitanitsa kolondola ndi kutulutsa batire kuti mphamvu yake igwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri komanso nthawi yomweyo osawonongedwa.
• Kulipiritsa acc. kumaliseche pamapindikira - Imawonetsa kusintha kwamagetsi kutengera nthawi yomwe ikuyitanitsa kapena kutulutsa batire. Batire ikatulutsidwa, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusintha pang'ono kwamagetsi pafupifupi 90% ya nthawi yotulutsa. Choncho, n'zovuta kudziwa momwe batire ilili panopa kuchokera kumagetsi oyezera.
• Kudzimasula, kudziletsa - Batire silingasunge magetsi nthawi zonse. mphamvu, popeza zomwe zimachitika pa maelekitirodi ndi njira yosinthika. Batire yochangidwa pang'onopang'ono imatuluka yokha. Izi zitha kutenga masabata angapo mpaka miyezi. Pankhani ya mabatire a lead-acid, izi ndi 5-20% pamwezi, kwa mabatire a nickel-cadmium - pafupifupi 1% yamagetsi amagetsi patsiku, ngati mabatire a nickel-metal hydride - pafupifupi 15-20% mwezi, ndipo lithiamu imataya pafupifupi 60%. mwayi kwa miyezi itatu. Kudzichotsa pawokha kumadalira kutentha komwe kumakhalapo komanso kukana kwamkati (mabatire okhala ndi kukana kwapakati kutulutsa pang'ono) ndipo ndithudi mapangidwe, zipangizo zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ntchito ndizofunikira.
•  Battery (zida) - Pazochitika zapadera ndi mabatire omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito payekha. Nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa mu seti, pafupifupi nthawi zonse amalumikizidwa mndandanda. Kuchuluka kwamakono kwa seti yotereyi ndi kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwamakono kwa selo la munthu aliyense, voteji yovomerezeka ndi chiwerengero cha mavoti ovomerezeka a maselo amtundu uliwonse.
•  Kudzikundikira kwa mabatire.  Batire yatsopano kapena yosagwiritsidwa ntchito iyenera kuyikidwa kamodzi koma makamaka zingapo (3-5) zoyenda pang'onopang'ono komanso zocheperako. Njira yochepayi imayika magawo a batri pamlingo wofunikira.
•  Kukumbukira - Izi zimachitika pamene batire imayimbidwa ndikutulutsidwa pamlingo womwewo ndi pafupifupi mosalekeza, osati pakali pano, ndipo sipayenera kukhala kudzaza kwathunthu kapena kutulutsa kwambiri kwa selo. Zotsatira zoyipazi zidakhudza NiCd (ocheperanso NiMH).