Yesani zaka 80 zopanga magalimoto a BMW

Kuwerengera kwa mfundo zoyambira za kampani yaku Bavaria BMW Mphamvu zoyeserera.

Kupanga magalimoto a BMW kudayamba zaka 80 zapitazo pomwe DA 3 yokhala ndi 15/2 hp idayambitsidwa, yomwe idadziwika m'mbiri ya Dixi. Ngakhale pamenepo, mfundo yayikulu ya BMW pakupanga ndi kupanga magalimoto inali yabwino kwambiri kuphatikiza mphamvu zowoneka bwino. Mfundo yomwe yatsimikizira kukhala yopambana kwambiri m'mbiri ya kampaniyo ndipo yatsimikizira kuti dzina lake ndi liti. Maziko a BMW EfficienDynamics adakhazikitsidwa zaka 80 zapitazo. Njira yonseyi ikuphatikizapo zinthu zingapo zomwe zimachepetsa kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafuta ndi mpweya potulutsa kapena kuwonjezera mphamvu ndi mphamvu, chifukwa chomwe BMW imapanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje angapo omwe amakhazikitsa miyezo yatsopano pamakampani agalimoto.

Kunyumba

Zofalitsa zotsatsa pa 9 July 1929 zidadziwitsa anthu kuti BMW inali kale yopanga magalimoto. Usiku watha, ochepa mwayi, oitanidwa ku chipinda chowonetsera chatsopano cha BMW pakati pa Berlin, anali ndi mwayi woyamba kusilira galimoto yaying'ono yokhala ndi dzina 3/15 PS DA 2, zilembo ziwiri zomaliza kukhala chidule cha Deutsche Ausführung, kapena "Kusintha kwa Germany". Posachedwapa, galimoto yoyamba ya mtundu wa BMW inakhala yotchuka ndipo mpaka lero ndi lodziwika bwino ngati Dixi.

Galimoto yoyamba idachoka pamsewu pa Marichi 22, 1929 pamalo opangira BMW pafupi ndi eyapoti yakale ya Berlin-Johannisthol. Ichi ndi chiyambi cha china choposa kupanga magalimoto a BMW. Ngakhale kuti Dixi imakhazikitsidwa makamaka ndi mtundu womwe ulipo kale wokhala ndi zida zina zomwe zidapangidwa kale, galimotoyi mosakayikira imakhala ndi kalembedwe ka BMW: kuyambira koyambirira, magwiridwe antchito ndi mphamvu zake ndizofunika kwambiri pakampaniyo ndipo ndizofunikira pakudziwika ndi kampaniyo. mtundu. Pakadali pano, BMW imadziwika popanga zinthu zambiri zachuma komanso zapamwamba kwambiri monga injini za ndege ndi njinga zamoto.

BMW isanayike chizindikiro choyera ndi buluu pa Dixi grille, galimotoyo idasinthidwa mwaukadaulo ndi coupe yopangidwa ndi chitsulo monga gawo lake lalikulu. Zotsatira zake, BMW 3/15 idapambana mpikisano wapadziko lonse wa Alpine Rally polowera koyamba mu 1929, ndikumaliza mayendedwe onse aatali a Alps paulendo womwe unatenga masiku asanu athunthu.

Kuphatikiza pakudalirika, Dixi imakopa ogula ndi chuma chake chosunthika komanso mtengo wotsika: kudya malita asanu ndi limodzi okha a mafuta, Dixi ndiyotsika mtengo kuposa njanjiyo, ndipo ogula amatha kulipira 2 Reichsmark za mtundu woyambira pang'onopang'ono. Chifukwa chake, BMW idakhala yotsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa Hanomag yofananira ndipo idapikisana ndi wogulitsa nthawiyo. Chule chamtengo wa Opel.

Tekinoloje ya VANOS mu 1938

Gawo ndi sitepe, mainjiniya a BMW adakwaniritsa ukadaulo wawo pazaka zambiri kuti athe kuchita bwino ndikugwira bwino ntchito, ndikupatsa mwayi wopambana omwe akupikisana nawo. Mwachitsanzo, kumbuyo mu 1930, BMW idasanthula nthawi yamagetsi yamagetsi ndikusintha patent yake yoyamba yaukadaulo uwu mu 1938/39.

Ma prototypes a injini ya aero ya BMW 802 ali ndi ukadaulo womwe, ngakhale lero, mwachilengedwe umapita kumtunda wapamwamba, umasunga magwiridwe antchito apamwamba a injini zonse zamafuta a BMW - Twin VANOS. Mu injini ya ndege ya BMW ya 2 ndiyamphamvu, mavavu olowera ndi kutulutsa amayendetsedwa ndi ma disc okhala ndi zosintha zosinthika panthawi yogwira ntchito.

Mu 1940, BMW idayambitsa kwa nthawi yoyamba chinthu china chofunikira komanso chofunikira kwambiri cha Efficient Dynamics, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zopepuka. BMW 328 Kamm Racing Coupé ndi chitsanzo chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha BMW 328 yochita bwino kwambiri mu motorsport. Galimoto yopangidwa ndi tubular imapangidwa ndi alloy Ultra-light ndipo imalemera makilogalamu 32 okha. Pamodzi ndi thupi la aluminiyamu ndi injini ya silinda sikisi, galimoto zoletsa kulemera ndi 760 makilogalamu okha. Aerodynamics yabwino kwambiri, monga chitsanzo cha Wunibald Kamm, m'modzi mwa ochita upainiya m'gawoli, amapatsa galimoto kukoka kokwana pafupifupi 0.27. Izi, pamodzi ndi mphamvu ya 136 hp. injini awiri-lita amapereka liwiro la 230 Km / h.

BMW idabwereranso ku lingaliro ili pambuyo pa nkhondo, kutsatira nzeru yomweyo mu 1971 mu BMW 700 RS. Galimoto yatsopano yamtunduwu imakhala ndi zomanga zopepuka kwambiri, chimango chamatayala chabwino ndi chopepuka chopepuka cha aluminiyamu.

Galimoto yothamanga imalemera makilogalamu 630 kuphatikiza zida zamkati, zomwe sizovuta kwa injini yopangidwira mtunduwu: yamphamvu iwiri yokhala ndi 70 hp. mudzi ndi voliyumu yogwira 0.7 l. Liter mphamvu 100 HP s./l, kupambana kopambana lero, chifukwa chake liwiro lapamwamba limafika ku 160 km / h. Ndi wothamanga wamkulu waku Germany Hans Stuck atayendetsa BMW 700 RS, adapambana kupambana m'mipikisano yambiri yamapiri.

1968: BMW injini yamphamvu sikisi

Mu 1968, kutsatira kupambana kodabwitsa kwa magalimoto awo atsopano ndi mitundu 02, BMW idayambiranso miyambo ya 1930 ndikupanga injini zamphamvu zamphamvu zisanu ndi chimodzi. Komanso ndi kuwonekera koyamba kugulu kwa BMW 2500 ndi 2800, komwe kampaniyo imabwerera kumsika wamagalimoto akuluakulu m'ma sedan ndi coupe.

Mitunduyi, yofanana pamitundu yonseyi, imangoyendetsedwa ndi 30 °, magetsi amafika pa crankshaft, amayenda mayendedwe osachepera asanu ndi awiri, ndikuphatikizanso zotsutsana khumi ndi ziwirizi kuti zisasunthike mopitilira muyeso, zowonjezeredwa ndi camshaft yapamutu.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zamakono zamitundu iwiriyi, yofanana ndi mapangidwe awo, ndi chipinda choyaka katatu cha hemispherical rotary-movable combustion chomwe chimalumikizana ndi ma pistoni amapangidwe ofanana. Kukonzekera kolondola kumatsimikizira njira yoyaka bwino, pamenepa ikupereka mphamvu zambiri pamene ikupulumutsa mafuta: injini ya 2.5-lita imapereka mphamvu yochuluka ya 150 hp. s., 2.8 l - chidwi ngakhale 170 L. Ndi zokwanira kutsimikizira BMW 2800 malo mu gulu lapadera la magalimoto ndi liwiro lapamwamba 200 Km / h. Mitundu yonseyi imakhalabe yosagonjetseka, ndipo injini za BMW za silinda zisanu ndi chimodzi zimayika muyeso wa chitukuko cha injini kwa zaka zambiri.

Kuthandizira kwakukulu pakupambana uku kumapangidwa ndi galimoto yothamanga yokhala ndi zabwino zapadera za EfficientDynamics panthawiyi, BMW 1971 CSL yomangidwa mu 3.0. Apanso, kamangidwe kanzeru kopepuka kumapangitsa mtundu wodabwitsawu kukhala wamphamvu kwambiri, pomwe ma aerodynamics abwino kwambiri amathandizanso kukhathamiritsa kwa injini. Makhalidwe a mtundu uwu wa coupe wopepuka, wamphamvu komanso wothamanga adapangitsa kuti zisapambane kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo BMW idapambana onse kupatula umodzi mwa mpikisano wamagalimoto a ku Europe pakati pa 1973 ndi 1979.

Masewera a Olimpiki a 1972: Galimoto yamagetsi ya BMW

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 70s, opanga ma BMW adangoyang'ana zoposa kusintha kwakukulu mu motorsport. Masewera a Olimpiki a 1972 adayambitsa chiyambi chofufuza kwambiri zaukadaulo wamagetsi wamagetsi. Gulu laling'ono lama BMW 1602 okhala ndi lalanje okhala ndi ma motors amagetsi adakhala chizindikiro cha Masewera a Munich. Kwa zaka makumi atatu zotsatira, BMW anali m'modzi mwa atsogoleri padziko lonse yamagalimoto amagetsi.

Patangopita chaka chimodzi, BMW idavumbulutsanso mtundu wina wopangidwa mwaluso, wokhala ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wa nthawi yake: BMW 2002 Turbo idakhala galimoto yoyamba kupanga ku Europe kukhala ndi injini yamagetsi. Izi zimapatsa BMW gawo lotsogola pakupanga ukadaulo wa turbocharging pakupanga konsekonse ndi motorsport.

Gawo lotsatira lothandiza la BMW linali BMW M1978 mchaka 1. Galimoto yamasewera yabwino kwambiri yomwe ili ndiukadaulo wamagetsi anayi imayika gawo latsopano pakukweza kwamphamvu yamphamvu. BMW idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulowu bwino mu motorsport kumapeto kwa ma 60 ndikuisintha kukhala mndandanda wazaka khumi pambuyo pake. Tekinoloje yokhotakhota yamphamvu yamtunduwu idatengeredwa kumitundu ina ya BMW monga M635CSi, M5 ndi M3.

Mu 1979, ukadaulo wa digito udathandizira kukwaniritsa magwiridwe antchito kwanthawi yoyamba chifukwa cha kasamalidwe ka injini za digito mu BMW 732i. Kukula kumeneku kumalimbikitsidwanso ndikuchepetsa komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito mafuta pochepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamafuta mpaka zero pamafuta amafuta. Chifukwa chake, makampani opanga magalimoto alowa mgulu latsopano laukadaulo waukadaulo, ndipo BMW ikukhala mpainiya pankhani zamagetsi zamagalimoto.

BMW nthawi zonse amalabadira kwambiri ntchito yofunika ya dalaivala m`kati kukonza dzuwa la galimoto. Pachifukwa ichi, mu 1981, kupambana kwina kwa magetsi kunayambitsidwa - dziko loyamba la dziko lapansi la mafuta, lomwe lili ndi mndandanda wachisanu wa BMW. Chiwonetsero chatsopanochi chimakopa chidwi cha dalaivala pakugwiritsa ntchito mafuta, kuwawonetsa bwino momwe angayendetsere bwino. Pakadali pano, chizindikiro chogwiritsa ntchito mafuta chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamalingaliro a BMW EfficientDynamics strategy.

BMW 524td: mwala wapangodya waukadaulo wa dizilo

Lingaliro la BMW kulowa msika wa dizilo ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zasintha kwambiri m'mbiri yamakampani. Mitundu yatsopano ya injini ikuwonetsa izi.

BMW 524td, anayambitsa mu June 1983, okonzeka ndi injini dizilo, Chili ubwino luso dizilo ndi makhalidwe BMW - mphamvu kwambiri ndi ntchito bwino. Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale injini ya BMW turbo-diesel, yomwe idapangidwa kuchokera ku mayunitsi asanu ndi limodzi omwe alipo mu mzere kuyambira 2.0 mpaka 2.7 malita.

Pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa turbocharging komanso magawo akulu a injini ya 2.4-lita yolowa ndikutulutsa, mainjiniya a BMW adakulitsa kutulutsa kwake kukhala 115 hp. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kuyaka m'chipinda choyaka moto kumawonjezereka kwambiri, kupereka maziko abwino ochepetsa mafuta ndi phokoso loyaka. Malinga ndi muyezo wa DIN, BMW turbodiesel yamakono imagwira 7.1 l / 100 km, ngakhale kuthamanga kwambiri pagalimoto ndi 180 km / h ndipo kuthamanga kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 100 km / h kumatheka m'masekondi 12.9.

Lingaliro lapaderadera: injini ya eta

Lingaliro lina latsopano lomwe linayambitsidwa ndi BMW, nthawi ino m'munda wa injini zamafuta, ndi eta. Ukadaulo uwu wagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi BMW kuyambira m'dzinja 1981 mu BMW 528e yogulitsidwa pamsika waku US. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 1983, chitsanzo ichi chinatsatiridwa ndi BMW 525e yopangidwa ku Germany, ndipo mu 1985 BMW 325e inayambitsidwa ku msika wa ku Ulaya.

Kalata "e" imayimira izi, chizindikiro chakuchita bwino. Zowonadi, injini ya malita asanu ndi awiri a 2.7-lita imakonzedwa popanda kunyengerera magwiridwe antchito ndi chuma. Amangodya 8.4 l / 100 km, ngakhale mphamvu ya injini ndi 122 hp. Panthawiyo, mafuta otsika chonchi okhala ndi injini yamphamvu yamphamvu sikisi yamphamvu adawonedwa ngati chosangalatsa kwenikweni. Lingaliro la injini yamphamvu yopanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa silinali lachilendo konse ku Europe panthawiyo ndipo likadali lapadera masiku ano.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80, BMW idayambanso kupanga galimoto ya hydrogen, kutsogolera pantchitoyi. Pamodzi ndi Germany Institute for Space Technology Research and Testing, adapanga mitundu ingapo yoyeserera mpaka 1984. Imodzi mwa magalimoto otere inali BMW 745i Hydrogen.

BMW imathandizira nthawi zonse ndikupanga chitukuko, ndikupanga kuyesera kwa BMW 7 pa hydrogen m'mibadwo yonse yamagalimoto.

Kuchepetsa kukokera pakuyendetsa ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zakukula kwa magalimoto awiri amasewera a BMW kumapeto kwa 80s. Yoyamba mwa zitsanzozi ndi BMW Z1, chitsanzo chenicheni cha luso lamakono ndi luso lapamwamba, lomwe linayambitsidwa mu 1988 ndipo limadziwika osati chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha thupi lake lopangidwa ndi zipangizo zapadera zopangira, komanso chifukwa cha kukoka kokwanira kwa 0.36.

Chitsanzo china cha miyezo yatsopano mu aerodynamics ndi BMW 850i Coupé yomwe inayambitsidwa chaka chotsatira. Ngakhale magwero amphamvu a injini ya silinda khumi ndi ziwiri, chokopa chokongolachi chili ndi kokwana kokwana ndendende 0.29. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa cha zigawo zambiri za aerodynamic pamapangidwe agalimoto, monga magalasi akunja, omwe adapangidwa mosamala kwambiri popanda kusokoneza mpweya.

Mu 1991, BMW idabwereranso ku lingaliro lamagalimoto amagetsi, kuwonetsa zomwe zidakwaniritsidwa m'derali ndi BMW E1. Gawo lofunikira kwambiri masiku ano, galimoto yoyamba yamagetsi iyi imapereka malo okwanira okwera anayi ndi katundu wawo.

Mogwirizana ndi lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopepuka, thupi limapangidwa kuchokera ku kuphatikiza mbiri ya aluminiyamu yotulutsidwa ndi pulasitiki ndi aluminiyamu. Cholinga cha galimoto yapaderayi ndikukwaniritsa zosangalatsa zoyendetsa BMW pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri. Izi zakwaniritsidwa modabwitsa chifukwa zikutsimikizira kuti kuthekera kwa BMW kupanga ma powertrains ena ndikwatsopano komanso kwamphamvu monga momwe amapangira injini wamba.

Mu 1992, BMW inayambitsa njira yosiyana kwambiri yoyendetsera ma valve, BMW VANOS mu M3. Mphamvu ndi torque zawongoleredwa bwino, komanso kasamalidwe kamafuta ndi kutulutsa mpweya. Pofika chaka cha 1992, VANOS idaphatikizidwa ngati chowonjezera cha injini za BMW za silinda sikisi, m'malo mwa 1995 ndi mapasa a VANOS, omwe adayambitsidwanso ku injini za BMW V1998 kuyambira '8.

1995: BMW XNUMX Series ndi Intelligent Lightweight Construction

Mu 1995, m'badwo wotsatira BMW 5 udalowa msika ngati chiwonetsero choyamba cha lingaliro la zomangamanga zopepuka. Aka ndi koyamba kupanga galimoto yayikulu padziko lonse lapansi yokhala ndi chassis ndikuyimitsidwa kwathunthu kopangidwa ndi aloyi opepuka, kuchepetsa kulemera kwa galimotoyo pafupifupi 30%.

Magalimoto onse a aluminiyamu nawonso ndi 30 kg. opepuka kuposa kale, motero amachepetsa kulemera kwa BMW 523i ndi 1 kg. pa 525 kg.

Chaka chomwecho, BMW idayambitsanso mitundu ya 316g ndi 518g, magalimoto oyamba agasi ku Europe omwe adayamba kupanga zingapo. Makina ena a injini athandiza kuchepetsa mpweya wa CO2 pafupifupi 20% ndikupanga ma hydrocarbon (HCs) otaya ozoni ndi 80%. Nthawi yomweyo, injini zatsopanozi zikuthandizira kukulitsa ma injini a hydrogen chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mafuta awiriwo. Magalimoto onse a BMW omwe amapangidwa ndi gasi afikira mayunitsi 2000 pofika 842.

Mu 2001, BMW idakulitsa ukadaulo wa VANOS wosintha nthawi ya ma valve - nthawi ya VALVETRONIC ikubwera. Muukadaulo uwu, womwe udakali wapadera, palibe matupi a carburetor. Ndi BMW 316ti anayi yamphamvu injini, izi zikutanthauza ntchito zambiri ndi mafuta ochepa, makamaka pamene refueling, kuchepetsa mafuta ndi 12% kwambiri poyerekeza chitsanzo m'mbuyomu. Ubwino wina waukulu waukadaulo uwu ndikuti utha kugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi popanda zofunikira zamafuta apamwamba kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, BMW inayambitsa VALVETRONIC mu injini zina za petulo, kuphatikizapo injini ya 2006 yamphamvu. MINI idakhazikitsidwa mu XNUMX

BMW EfficientDynamics - chuma chamtengo wapatali

BMW Group ikukulitsa ndikukulitsa zomwe zikuchitika kuti ikwaniritse bwino ntchito kuphatikiza kukonza ndi kupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe kogwiritsa ntchito BMW EfficientDynamics. Matekinoloje ndi ntchito monga kubwereketsa mphamvu yakukonzanso mphamvu, kuyambitsa / kupulumutsa, kusintha kosinthira, njira zothandizira oyendetsa pakufunidwa, malingaliro opepuka anzeru ndi ma aerodynamics apamwamba ndizofanana pamitundu yonse yatsopano yophatikizira yoyenera. Kutsatira mfundo ya BMW EfficientDynamics, mtundu uliwonse watsopano umaposa womwe udalipo m'malo mwake potengera kuchepa kwamafuta ndi kusintha kwamphamvu.

Ziwerengero zomwe zakonzedwa ndi Germany Automobile Directorate sizimangowonetsa kupambana kwakukulu kwa BMW EfficientDynamics pamatekinoloje ofanana omwe amatsatiridwa ndi opanga ena oyamba, komanso akuwonetseratu kutchuka kwa BMW Gulu padziko lonse lapansi. Mitundu yatsopano ya BMW ndi MINI yolembetsedwa ku Germany imakhala ndi mafuta wamba 5.9 l / 100 km ndi mpweya wa CO2 wama 158 magalamu pa kilomita. Ziwerengero zonsezi ndizotsika pang'ono kuposa magalimoto onse atsopano olembetsedwa ku Germany mu 2008, omwe ndi magalamu 165 pa kilomita. Pa mulingo wa EU, ma BMW ndi MINI ma brand amakwaniritsa chuma chamafuta komanso mpweya wa CO2 wocheperako kuchuluka kwaopanga magalimoto ku Europe. Pakati pa 1995 ndikumapeto kwa 2008, BMW Group idachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamafuta kwamagalimoto ake ogulitsidwa ku Europe ndi 25%, zomwe zimakwaniritsa kudzipereka kwa BMW Group ku Association of European Automobile Manufacturers (ACEA). ).

Mwa malire owerengera, BMW kapena MINI amadya mafuta ochepa poyerekeza ndi omwe amagulitsidwa ku Germany. Ponena za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zombo zake, zochepa zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi oyang'anira magalimoto aku Germany, BMW Group imapambananso ngakhale opanga akulu kwambiri aku Europe motero ndiyofanana kwathunthu ndi opanga ambiri omwe amayang'ana kwambiri magalimoto ang'onoang'ono mdera lawo.

Lemba: Vladimir Kolev