Gwajin Dindindin Ciki II
Gwajin gwaji

Gwajin Dindindin Ciki II

Gwajin Dindindin Ciki II

Nau'in Man shafawa da Hanyar Man shafawa na Banban Injin Daban-daban

Nau'in shafawa

Abubuwan hulɗa na wurare masu motsi, gami da gogayya, shafawa da sawa, sakamakon ilimin kimiyya ne da ake kira tribology, kuma idan ya zo ga nau'ikan gogayya da ke tattare da injunan ƙonewa na ciki, masu zanen kaya suna ayyana nau'ikan mai mai da yawa. Hydrodynamic lubrication shine mafi yawan nau'ikan da ake buƙata na wannan tsari kuma asalin wurin da yake faruwa shine a cikin manyan sandunan sandar haɗawa na crankshaft, waɗanda ke fuskantar manyan ɗumbin nauyi. Ya bayyana a cikin ƙaramin sarari tsakanin ɗaukar da V-shaft, kuma an kawo shi ta wurin famfon mai. Yanayin motsi na ɗaukewar sannan yana aiki azaman famfon kansa, wanda yake yin famfo da rarraba mai gabaɗaya kuma daga ƙarshe yana haifar da cikakken fim mai kauri a ko'ina cikin sararin ɗaukar. A saboda wannan dalili, masu zanen kaya suna amfani da kayan hannun riga don waɗannan abubuwan injunan, tunda mafi ƙarancin wurin tuntuɓar ƙwallon ƙwallon yana haifar da babban ɗora nauyi a kan layin mai. Bugu da ƙari, matsin lamba a cikin wannan fim ɗin mai na iya zama kusan sau hamsin fiye da ƙarfin da famfo ɗin ke samarwa da kansa! A aikace, ana watsa ƙarfi a cikin waɗannan ɓangarorin ta hanyar layin mai. Tabbas, don kiyaye yanayin man shafawa na hydrodynamic, ya zama dole tsarin lubrication na injin koyaushe yana samar da isasshen adadin mai.

Mai yiyuwa ne a wani lokaci, a ƙarƙashin tasirin matsin lamba a wasu sassa, fim ɗin mai shafawa ya zama ya fi karko da ƙarfi fiye da ɓangarorin ƙarfe da yake shafawa, har ma ya haifar da lalacewar saman ƙarfe. Masu haɓaka suna kiran wannan nau'in lubrication elastohydrodynamic, kuma yana iya bayyana kanta a cikin kwalliyar ƙwallon da aka ambata a sama, a cikin ƙafafun gear ko a cikin masu ɗaga bawul. A yayin da saurin saurin juzu'i ya shafi junan su ya ragu sosai, lodin yana ƙaruwa sosai ko kuma babu wadataccen mai, abin da ake kira lubrication na kan iyaka yakan faru. A wannan yanayin, shafa man shafawa ya dogara da mannewar ƙwayoyin mai zuwa ɗakunan tallafi, don haka ana raba su ta hanyar fim mai ɗan siriri amma har yanzu ana samun sa. Abun takaici, a cikin waɗannan lokuta akwai haɗari koyaushe cewa fim ɗin siriri zai kasance "huda" ta ɓangarorin kaifi na ɓarna, sabili da haka, ana ƙara kayan adon riga mai dacewa a cikin mai, wanda ke rufe ƙarfe na dogon lokaci kuma yana hana ƙarfinta ta hanyar tuntuɓar kai tsaye. Hydropatic man shafawa yana faruwa a cikin hanyar fim na bakin ciki lokacin da kaya ta canza alkibla ba zato ba tsammani kuma saurin ɓangarorin motsi ba shi da ƙasa sosai. Ya kamata a lura a nan cewa kamfanoni masu ɗauka kamar manyan sandunan haɗi kamar su Federal-Mogul sun haɓaka sabbin fasahohi don sa su don su iya magance matsaloli tare da tsarin dakatarwa kamar ɗaukar kaya a kan farawa farawa ta wani ɓangare. cewa anyi musu ladabi da kowane sabon shiri. Wannan za a tattauna a gaba. Wannan farawa da ake yi akai-akai, bi da bi, yana haifar da sauyawa daga wani nau'in mai mai zuwa wani kuma an fassara shi azaman "fim mai gauraya mai".

Tsarin man shafawa

Injin farko na motoci da babur na cikin gida, har ma da ƙira daga baya, sun sami "lubrication" wanda man ya shiga injin daga wani nau'in man shafawa na "atomatik" ta hanyar nauyi kuma yana gudana ko ƙonewa bayan wucewa ta ciki. Masu zanen kaya a yau sun ayyana waɗannan tsarin man shafawa, da kuma tsarin man shafawa na injinan bugun jini guda biyu, inda aka gauraya man da mai, a matsayin "tsarin lubrication na asarar duka." Daga baya, an inganta waɗannan tsarin tare da ƙara famfon mai don samar da mai a cikin injin da kuma (galibi ana samun) jirgin bawul. Koyaya, waɗannan tsarin yin famfo ba su da wata alaƙa da fasahohin man shafawa da aka tilasta daga baya wanda har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. An sanya famfunan a waje, suna ciyar da mai a cikin kwandon shara, sannan ya isa sassan gobarar ta hanyar fesawa. Abubuwa na musamman a ƙasan sanduna masu haɗawa sun fesa mai a cikin akwati da shinge na silinda, sakamakon abin da aka tara mai mai yawa a cikin ƙaramin wanka da tashoshi kuma, a ƙarƙashin aikin nauyi, ya kwarara zuwa cikin babban da haɗa sandunan camshaft bearings. Wani nau'in juzu'i zuwa tsarin tare da tilasta man shafawa a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba shine injin ƙirar Ford Model T, wanda ƙwallan yana da wani abu kamar ƙafafun injin injin ruwa, wanda aka yi niyyar ɗaga mai da bututu a cikin akwati (da lura da watsawa), sannan ƙananan sassan crankshaft da sandunan haɗin gwiwa sun goge mai sannan suka ƙirƙiri wanka mai don shafa sassan. Wannan ba shi da wahala musamman ganin cewa camshaft ɗin yana cikin akwati kuma bawuloli suna tsaye. Yaƙin Duniya na Farko da injunan jirgin sama waɗanda kawai ba sa aiki da irin wannan man shafawa ya ba da ƙarfi a wannan hanyar. Wannan shine yadda aka haifi tsarin da ke amfani da famfunan cikin gida da matsin lamba da kuma fesa mai, wanda daga nan aka yi amfani da sabbin injunan mota masu nauyi.

Babban abin da ke cikin wannan tsarin shine injin da injin ke sarrafawa wanda yake tuka mai a matsi kawai zuwa manyan abubuwan da ake kaiwa, yayin da wasu bangarorin suka dogara da shafa mai. Don haka, ba lallai ba ne a samar da tsagi a cikin crankshaft, waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga tsarin tare da shafa mai yadda ya kamata. Latterarshen ya tashi azaman larura tare da haɓaka injina waɗanda ke haɓaka gudu da ɗora kaya. Wannan kuma yana nufin cewa ɗaukar abubuwan da ake buƙata ba lallai kawai a shafa musu man shafawa ba amma har ma a sanyaya.

A cikin waɗannan tsarin, ana ba da man da aka matsa zuwa babban da ƙananan igiyoyin haɗin haɗin haɗin gwiwa (na ƙarshe yana karɓar mai ta hanyar tsagi a cikin crankshaft) da camshaft bearings. Babban fa'idar waɗannan tsarin shine cewa mai a zahiri yana yawo ta hanyar waɗannan nau'ikan, watau. ya wuce su ya shiga cikin akwati. Don haka, tsarin yana ba da man fetur da yawa fiye da yadda ake bukata don lubrication, sabili da haka ana sanyaya su sosai. Misali, a cikin shekarun 60s, Harry Ricardo ya fara gabatar da wata doka da ta tanadar da zagayawa na lita uku na mai a kowace awa, wato, injin 3 hp. - Lita XNUMX na zagayawa mai a minti daya. Kekunan yau ana maimaita su sau da yawa.

Rarraba mai a cikin tsarin shafawa ya haɗa da hanyar sadarwa na tashoshi waɗanda aka gina a cikin jiki da injin injina, wanda rikitarwarsa ta dogara da lamba da wurin da yake da silinda da kuma tsarin lokaci. Saboda amincin da karko na injiniya, masu zanen kaya sun daɗe suna da fifikon tashoshi mai fasali maimakon bututu.

Wani famfo da injin ke tukawa yana ɗebo mai daga cikin matatar kuma ya kai shi matattarar layin da aka ɗora a bayan gidan. Hakanan zai ɗauki ɗaya (don cikin layi) ko wasu tashoshi biyu (don ɗan dambe ko injina masu fasali na V), yana faɗaɗa kusan dukkanin injin ɗin. Bayan haka, ta amfani da ƙananan tsattsauran tsattsauran kwalliyar, ana nufar da shi zuwa manyan kwatancen, ana shigar da su ta mashiga ta cikin babban kwasfa. Ta wani bangare na gefe a cikin kayan, an rarraba wani sashi na man a dai-dai gwargwadon yanayin domin sanyaya da shafa mai, yayin da dayan bangaren kuma aka nufa da shi zuwa ga sandar da ke dauke da ita ta hanyar wata huda da ke cikin ramin da aka hada shi da wannan ramin. Shafa mai ɗauke da sandar sama yana da wahala a aikace, saboda haka ɓangaren sama na sandar haɗawa galibi wani tafki ne da aka tsara don ƙunshe da fesawar mai a ƙarƙashin piston. A wasu tsarukan, mai ya kai ga ɗaukewa ta cikin bura a sandar haɗa kanta. Ingsaukar fayel na piston, bi da bi, fesa fesawa.

Kama da tsarin jijiyoyin jini

Lokacin da aka shigar da camshaft ko sarkar drive a cikin crankcase, wannan motar ana lubricated tare da mai kai tsaye, kuma lokacin da aka shigar da shaft a cikin kai, ana sanya sarkar tuƙi ta hanyar sarrafa mai daga tsarin tsawaita na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa. A cikin injin Ford 1.0 Ecoboost, bel ɗin camshaft ɗin shima ana shafawa - a cikin wannan yanayin ta nutsewa cikin kwanon mai. Yadda ake ba da man mai ga camshaft bearings ya dogara ne akan ko injin yana da ƙasa ko sama - na farko yakan karɓe shi ne daga babban belin crankshaft kuma na ƙarshen ya haɗa da babban ragi na ƙasa. ko a kaikaice, tare da keɓaɓɓen tashar gama gari a cikin kai ko a cikin camshaft kanta, kuma idan akwai ramuka biyu, ana ninka wannan ta biyu.

Masu zanen kaya suna neman ƙirƙirar tsarin wanda za'a shafa mai bawul a daidai gwargwadon gudu don gujewa ambaliyar ruwa da kwararar mai ta hanyar jagororin bawul a cikin silinda. Complexarin rikitarwa an ƙara shi ta gaban kasancewar hawan hydraulic. Ana shafawa duwatsu, abubuwan da basu dace ba a cikin wanka na mai ko ta hanyar fesawa a cikin ƙaramin wanka, ko ta hanyoyin da man ke bi ta babbar tashar.

Amma bangon silinda da siket na piston, ana shafa musu gaba ɗaya ko sashi tare da mai mai fitowa da bazuwa a cikin akwakun daga ƙananan sandar ɗaukar sandar. An tsara injunan gajeru ta yadda silinda suke samun ƙarin mai daga wannan asalin saboda suna da babban diamita kuma suna kusa da crankshaft. A cikin wasu injina, ganuwar silinda tana karɓar ƙarin mai daga ramin gefe a cikin gidan sandar haɗawa, wanda galibi ana karkata shi zuwa gefen inda fiston ke yin ƙarin matsin lamba a kan silinda (abin da fiston ke matsa lamba a yayin konewa yayin aiki). ... A cikin injina-V, abu ne na yau da kullun a sanya mai daga sandar haɗawa da ke motsawa zuwa cikin silinda kishiyar zuwa bangon silinda don a shafa mai saman gefen, sannan a ja shi zuwa gefen ƙasa. Yana da kyau a lura a nan cewa game da injunan turbocharges, mai ya shiga ɗaukar na karshen ta hanyar babbar tashar mai da bututun mai. Koyaya, galibi suna amfani da tashoshi na biyu wanda ke jagorantar kwararar mai zuwa wasu nozzles na musamman da aka gabatar akan piston, waɗanda aka tsara don sanyaya su. A waɗannan yanayin, famfon mai ya fi ƙarfi.

A cikin tsarin ramin bushewa, famfon mai yana karɓar mai daga tankin mai daban kuma yana rarraba shi ta hanya ɗaya. Pampo na taimakon yana tsotar cakudadden mai / iska daga matattarar (don haka dole ne ya sami babban ƙarfi), wanda ke gudana ta cikin na'urar don raba na biyun kuma mayar da shi cikin tafkin.

Tsarin shafawa na iya haɗawa da radiator don sanyaya mai a cikin injina masu nauyi (wannan ya zama al'ada gama gari ga tsofaffin injina ta amfani da mai mai sauƙi) ko kuma mai musayar zafi da aka haɗa da tsarin sanyaya. Wannan za a tattauna a gaba.

Farashin mai da bawul din taimako

Famfunan mai, gami da nau'ikan kayan aiki, sun dace da aikin tsarin mai don haka ana amfani da su sosai a cikin tsarin lubrication kuma a mafi yawan lokuta ana fitar da su kai tsaye daga crankshaft. Wani zaɓi shine famfo mai juyawa. Kwanan nan, an kuma yi amfani da famfunan fanfuna masu zamewa, gami da nau'ikan sauye-sauyen ƙaura, waɗanda ke inganta aikin kuma don haka aikinsu dangane da sauri da rage yawan kuzari.

Tsarin mai yana bukatar bawul din taimako saboda da saurin gudu karuwar adadin da ake samu ta hanyar famfo na mai bai yi daidai da adadin da zai iya wucewa ta cikin abubuwan da aka kawo ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a waɗannan yanayin, an kafa rundunonin tsakiya masu ƙarfi a cikin man mai ɗauka, suna hana wadatar da sabon adadin mai zuwa ɗaukar. Bugu da kari, fara injin a yanayin zafi mara kyau a waje yana kara juriyar mai tare da karin danko da raguwar koma baya a cikin hanyoyin, wanda hakan yakan haifar da kyawawan dabi'u na matsin mai. Yawancin motocin wasanni suna amfani da firikwensin matsa lamba na mai da firikwensin zafin jiki na mai.

(a bi)

Rubutu: Georgy Kolev

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