Gwaji don neman mafarki: daga Wankel zuwa injin HCCI

Ta yaya injinan juyawa suka taimaka wa kamfanin Jafananci Mazda ya zama yadda yake a yau

Shekaru 60 bayan ƙirƙirar samfurin farko na injin Wankel, shekaru 50 bayan ƙaddamar da kamfanin Mazda da kuma sanarwar da kamfanin ya bayar na cewa ya ƙirƙiri injin HCCI mai aiki, wannan lokaci ne na komawa ga tarihin wannan na musamman. injin zafi.

Mazda ba ya ɓoye gaskiyar cewa haɓakar injin da ke aiki a cikin kewayon aiki a cikin yanayin HCCI - ko haɗaɗɗen haɗawa da kunna wuta, ya yi nasara, kuma yana da niyyar fara samar da irin wannan injin daga 2019. Ba abin mamaki bane Mazda koyaushe na iya mamakin jama'ar kera motoci. Ko da kallo mai ban sha'awa a tarihin tarihin alamar ya isa ya sami tushen wannan bayanin. Har zuwa kwanan nan, kamfanin Jafananci ya kasance mai ɗaukar nauyin ra'ayin Wankel kuma shine farkon masana'antar motoci tare da injuna da ke aiki akan zagayowar Miller (Mazda Xedos 9 daga 1993 zuwa 2003, sannan Demio, wanda aka sani a Turai kamar Mazda 2).

Abin da ya dace a ambata anan shi ne injin dizal na Comprex wave-compression diesel, cascaded, twin-jet da tilasta madaidaicin lissafi don injin mai (saukan Mazda RX-7), tsarin tuƙi na baya mai aiki 626 daga ƙarshen 80s. shekaru, tsarin farawa na farko na i-Stop, wanda farawa yana goyan bayan tsarin konewa, da tsarin dawo da makamashi ta amfani da i-Eloop capacitors. A ƙarshe, lura da gaskiyar cewa ita ce kawai masana'anta na Japan da suka ci nasarar sa'o'i 24 na Le Mans - tare da motar Wankel mai ƙarfi, ba shakka! Dangane da salo, samfura irin su Luce, wasan kwaikwayo na Wankel Cosmo Sport, da RX-7 da RX-8, da MX-5 Roadster da Mazda 6 suna magana da yawa game da keɓancewar alamar a wannan yanki. Amma ba haka ba ne - a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, injunan Skyactiv sun nuna ba wai kawai cewa injin konewa yana da nisa a gaba ba, amma Mazda na iya nuna ta hanyarsa.

Zamu fada da yawa game da cigaban injiniyoyin kamfanin bayan ziyararmu mai zuwa bisa gayyatar Mazda zuwa Japan a karshen Oktoba. Koyaya, dalilan wannan labarin ba su kaɗai ba ne za a iya samun su a cikin ƙaramin taken na sama. Saboda fahimtar dalilan da yasa masu kirkirar Mazda suka sami damar kirkirar injin su na HCCI, watakila zamu koma ga tarihin kamfanin.

Injin Rotary a matsayin tushen Skyactiv-X

Tambayi ultramarathoner wanda ya kammala hanyar kilomita 160 idan za a sami wasu matsalolin kammala tseren gudun kilomita 42. To, watakila ba zai tafiyar da su na tsawon sa'o'i biyu ba, amma tabbas zai iya ci gaba da tafiya aƙalla wasu sa'o'i 42 a cikin kyakkyawan taki. Tare da wannan tunanin, idan kamfanin ku yana da hedkwatarsa ​​a Hiroshima, idan shekaru da yawa kun yi gwagwarmaya tare da manyan matsalolin jujjuyawar injin piston kuma ku warware ɗaruruwan matsaloli tare da lubrication ko hayaki, tasirin igiyar ruwa da turbocharging, ko musamman hanyoyin konewar ɗakin sikila tare da madaidaicin toshe. ƙarar da ya danganci Wankel, za ku iya samun ingantaccen tushe don gina injin HCCI. An fara aikin Skyactiv a hukumance shekaru goma da suka gabata, a cikin 2007 (a shekarar da Mercedes ya gabatar da samfurin injin HCCI Diesotto na zamani), kuma a lokacin har yanzu ana kan samarwa da kamfanin Wankel na Mazda RX-8. Kamar yadda kuka sani, injiniyoyin kamfanin na Japan suna gwaji tare da yanayin aiki na HCCI daidai lokacin haɓaka samfura na injin jujjuyawar Skyactiv-R. Wataƙila, aikin HCCI, wanda ake kira Mazda SPCCI (Spark Plug Conrolled Compression Ignition) ko Skyactiv-X, ya haɗa da injiniyoyi daga sashen rotary da sashin injin mai da dizal, domin ko da a cikin ci gaban tsarin konewa a Skyactiv-D mu zai iya gane rubutun hannu na mutanen da ke da hannu wajen haɓaka tsarin HCCI. Allah ya san lokacin da juyin halittar injin Skyactiav ya juya ya zama tashin hankali mai kama da kai - injiniyoyin Mazda sun daɗe da sanin cewa suna da hannu a cikin wannan batu - amma wataƙila ya faru lokacin da injin Wankel yana raye.

Shekaru da yawa na kera motocin rotary, yawancin su kadai, na iya ba Mazda dawo da kudi mai tsanani, amma kuma zai kawo fahimtar ruhin ruhi, neman mafita ga matsalolin iri-iri, juriya mai ban mamaki kuma, a sakamakon haka, tarawar kwarewa mai fadi da kima. Duk da haka, a cewar Kiyoshi Fujiwara, wanda ke da alhakin tsara kayayyaki a Mazda, kowanne daga cikin masu zanen kaya da ke cikin aikin Skyactiv yana dauke da ruhun injin Wankel, amma ya zama wata dama don ingantawa akan injin na al'ada. Ko a cikin HCCI ba na gargajiya ba. "Amma sha'awar iri ɗaya ce. Ita ce ta sa Skyactiv ta zama gaskiya. Wannan kasada ta gaske ta zama babban abin farin ciki a rayuwata. Gaskiya ne cewa kowane kamfani yana yin motoci don siyar da kuɗi,” in ji Seita Kanai, shugaban ci gaban Mazda, “amma ku amince da ni, a gare mu a Mazda, gaskiyar cewa motocin da muke ginawa suna da mahimmanci. sun samo asali ne a cikin zukatanmu, kuma duk lokacin da ginin su ya zama abin ban sha'awa na soyayya a gare mu. Babban abin da ke haifar da wannan tsari shine sha'awarmu. Kasancewa mafi kyau shine soyayyar injiniya ta. "

Burin saurayi

Wataƙila a cikin 60s, injiniyoyin motar Mazda na farko da aka saki kwanan nan sun sami "littafin injiniya na kansu" a cikin injin Wankel. Domin an haifi injin rotary ne daga mafarkin wani yaro dan kasar Jamus mai shekaru 17 a shekarar 1919 kuma sunansa Felix Wankel. A lokacin, an haife shi a shekara ta 1902 a yankin Lahr na Jamus (inda aka haifi Otto, Daimler da Benz), ya gaya wa abokansa cewa motar da ya yi mafarki tana da injin da ke da rabin injin turbine, rabin piston. A wannan lokacin, bai riga ya sami ainihin ilimin sake maimaita injunan konewa na ciki ba, amma a hankali ya yi imanin cewa injinsa na iya yin aikin zagaye huɗu - ci, matsawa, aiki da shayewa lokacin da fistan ke juyawa. Wannan tunanin ne zai jagoranci shi na dogon lokaci don ƙirƙirar injin rotary mai aiki, wanda sauran masu zanen kaya ba su yi nasara ba sau da yawa tun daga karni na 16.

Mahaifin Wankel ya mutu a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, bayan haka saurayin ya sayar da bugu kuma ya karanta wallafe-wallafen fasaha da yawa. A shekara ta 1924, yana da shekaru 22, ya kafa wani karamin dakin gwaje-gwaje don ci gaban na'ura mai juyi engine, da kuma a 1927 ya yi na farko zane na "Die Drehkolbenmaschine" (Rotary fistan inji). A shekara ta 1939, ƙwararrun ma'aikatar sufurin jiragen sama ta gano wani hatsi mai ma'ana a cikin injin rotary kuma ya koma ga Hitler, wanda da kansa ya ba da umarnin a saki Wankel, wanda a lokacin yana kurkuku bisa umarnin Gauleiter na gida, kuma ya ba da dakin gwaje-gwaje na gwaji a tafkin. Constance. A can ya kera samfuran BMW, Lillethal, DVL, Junkers da Daimler-Benz. Duk da haka, injin Wankel na gwaji na farko ya yi latti don taimakawa rayuwar Reich ta Uku. Bayan mika wuya na Jamus, Faransawa sun daure Wankel - irin abin da suka riga ya yi da Ferdinand Porsche. Bayan shekara guda, an saki Felix kuma, saboda rashin aikin da ya fi dacewa, ya fara rubuta littafi akan injunan piston rotary. Daga baya ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Fasaha ta Injiniya kuma ya ci gaba da haɓaka injinan rotary da compressors don amfanin masana'antu. A 1951, wani m zanen gudanar ya shawo kan shugaban NSU wasanni sashen, Walter Frede, don ba da hadin kai. Wankel da NSU sun mayar da hankali kan ƙoƙarinsu akan injin jujjuyawar da ke da ɗaki mai siffar apple (trochoid) da kuma fistan mai bangon bangon alwatika. A shekarar 1957, na farko aiki samfur na engine aka gina a karkashin sunan DKN. Wannan ita ce ranar haihuwar injin Wankel.

60s: makoma mai fa'ida game da injin juyawa

DKM ya nuna cewa injin rotary ba mafarki bane kawai. Injin Wankel na gaske a cikin tsayayyen sigar jikin da muka sani shine KKM na gaba. NSU da Wankel tare sun aiwatar da ra'ayoyin farko da suka danganci rufewar piston, matsayar walƙiya, cika rami, sharar shaye-shaye, lubrication, hanyoyin konewa, kayan aiki da gibin masana'antu. Koyaya, matsaloli da yawa sun kasance ...

Wannan bai hana NSU sanarwar samar da injin nan gaba a hukumance a shekarar 1959 ba. Fiye da kamfanoni 100 suna ba da haɗin gwiwar fasaha, ciki har da Mercedes, Rolls-Royce, GM, Alfa Romeo, Porsche, Citroen, MAN da kuma yawan kamfanonin injiniya na sayen lasisi. Daga cikin su akwai Mazda, wanda shugabanta Tsunei Matsuda ke ganin babban tasiri a injin. Baya ga tuntubar juna tare da injiniyoyin NSU, Mazda na kafa nata sashen bunkasa Injin Wankel, wanda da farko ya hada da injiniyoyi 47.

Jaridar New York Herald Tribune ta ayyana injin Wankel a matsayin ƙirƙirar juyin juya hali. A wannan lokacin, hannun jarin NSU ya fashe a zahiri - idan a cikin 1957 sun yi ciniki akan maki 124 na Jamus, to a cikin 1960 sun kai 3000 cosmic! A cikin 1960, an ƙaddamar da motar farko mai ƙarfi Wankel, NSU Prinz III. An bi shi a cikin Satumba 1963 NSU Wankel Spider tare da injin guda 500 cc guda ɗaya, wanda ya lashe gasar Jamus bayan shekaru biyu. Duk da haka, abin mamaki a 3 Frankfurt Motor Show shi ne sabon NSU Ro 1968. Sedan mai kyan gani, wanda Klaus Lüthe ya tsara, yana da kyau a kowace hanya, kuma siffofinsa aerodynamic (wani nau'i na 80 a cikin kanta ya sa motar ta zama ta musamman. don lokacinsa) an yi shi ta hanyar ƙaramin injin tagwayen rotor KKM 0,35. Watsawa yana da clutch na hydraulic, birki na diski guda huɗu, kuma ɓangaren gaba yana kusa da watsawa. Ro 612 ya kasance mai ban sha'awa sosai don lokacinsa wanda ya ci Motar Mafi Girma a 80. A shekara mai zuwa, Felix Wankel ya sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich kuma ya sami lambar zinare ta Tarayyar Injiniya ta Jamus, lambar yabo mafi girma na nasarorin kimiyya da fasaha a Jamus.

(a bi)

Rubutu: Georgy Kolev