Ruwa mai gudana
Abubuwa
Ta yaya fasahar zamani ke canza yanayin motsawar mota
Resistancearancin juriya yana taimakawa rage amfani da mai. A cikin wannan girmamawa, kodayake, akwai manyan dama don ci gaba. Ya zuwa yanzu, ba shakka, masana aerodynamics sun yarda da ra'ayin masu zane.
"Aerodynamics ga Waɗanda Ba za su iya yin Babura ba." Waɗannan kalmomin Enzo Ferrari ne ya faɗi su a cikin shekarun 60 kuma a fili yana nuna halayen yawancin masu zane na wannan lokacin game da wannan fasahar fasahar motar. Koyaya, bayan shekaru goma kawai matsalar mai ta farko ta zo kuma dukkanin tsarin su na dabi'u ya canza sarai. Lokutan da duk karfin juriya a motsin motar, kuma musamman wadanda suka taso sakamakon wucewarsa ta hanyoyin iska, an shawo kan su ta hanyoyin magance matsaloli masu yawa, kamar kara sauyawa da karfin injina, ba tare da la’akari da yawan mai da suka ci ba, suna tafiya, kuma injiniyoyi sun fara nemi hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don cimma burin ku.
A yanzu haka, yanayin fasahar aerodynamics an lullubeshi da wani kauri na kura wanda aka manta dashi, amma ba sabo bane ga masu zane. Tarihin fasaha ya nuna cewa koda a cikin shekaru ashirin, manyan kwakwalwa masu kirkirar abubuwa kamar su German Edmund Rumpler da kuma Hungary Paul Jaray (wanda ya kirkiro tsafin Tatra T77) ya shimfida shimfidar wuri kuma ya kafa tubalin hanyar aerodynamic game da tsarin jikin mota. Na biye da su na biyu na kwararru a fannin kere kere kamar su Baron Reinhard von Kenich-Faxenfeld da Wunibald Kam, wadanda suka kirkiro ra'ayoyinsu a cikin shekarun 1930.
A bayyane yake ga kowa da kowa cewa tare da karuwar sauri akwai iyaka, wanda a sama da abin da juriya na iska ya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci wajen tuki mota. Ƙirƙirar ingantattun siffofi na iska na iya matsar da wannan iyaka zuwa sama sosai kuma ana bayyana shi ta hanyar abin da ake kira madaidaicin ruwa Cx, tunda ƙimar 1,05 tana da cube mai jujjuyawa daidai da kwararar iska (idan an juya digiri 45 tare da axis, don haka gefensa na sama ya ragu zuwa 0,80). Duk da haka, wannan ƙididdiga ɗaya ce kawai na ma'aunin juriya na iska - girman filin gaban mota (A) dole ne a ƙara shi azaman muhimmin abu. Na farko daga cikin ayyuka na aerodynamicists shi ne samar da tsabta, aerodynamically m saman (dalili na, kamar yadda za mu gani, akwai da yawa a cikin mota), wanda a karshe ya kai ga rage gudu coefficient. Don auna na biyun, ana buƙatar rami mai iska, wanda ke da tsada kuma mai matuƙar wahala - misalin wannan shine rami na Euro miliyan 2009 na BMW wanda aka ƙaddamar a cikin 170. Abu mafi mahimmanci a cikinsa ba shine katuwar fanka ba, wanda ke cinye wutar lantarki da yawa har yana buƙatar tashar taswirar daban, amma daidaitaccen abin nadi wanda ke auna duk wani ƙarfi da lokacin da jirgin sama ke yi kan motar. Ayyukansa shine kimanta duk hulɗar motar tare da iska da kuma taimakawa ƙwararrun masana don nazarin kowane daki-daki kuma su canza shi ta hanyar da ba wai kawai ya sa ya dace a cikin iska ba, amma har ma bisa ga burin masu zanen kaya. . Ainihin, manyan abubuwan jan hankali da mota ke ci karo da su suna fitowa ne daga lokacin da iskar da ke gabanta ke matsawa da motsawa kuma - wani abu mai mahimmanci - daga tsananin tashin hankali da ke bayansa a baya. A can ne aka kafa wani yanki mai matsananciyar matsa lamba wanda ke da nufin jan motar, wanda hakan ke gauraya da karfi da karfi na vortex, wanda masana aerodynamics su ma ke kiransa da “dead excitation”. Don dalilai masu ma'ana, a bayan samfuran ƙasa, matakin rage matsa lamba ya fi girma, sakamakon abin da ƙayyadaddun kwarara ya lalace.
Abubuwan jan hankali na Aerodynamic
Ƙarshen ya dogara ba kawai a kan dalilai irin su siffar mota gaba ɗaya ba, har ma a kan takamaiman sassa da saman. A aikace, gabaɗaya siffa da adadin motocin zamani suna da kashi 40 cikin ɗari na jimlar juriyar iska, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na abin da aka ƙaddara ta tsarin saman abu da fasali kamar madubai, fitilu, farantin lasisi, da eriya. Kashi 10% na juriya na iska yana faruwa ne saboda kwarara ta ramukan zuwa birki, injina da akwatin gear. 20% shine sakamakon vortex a cikin daban-daban bene da kuma tsarin dakatarwa, wato, duk abin da ke faruwa a karkashin mota. Kuma mafi ban sha'awa shi ne cewa har zuwa 30% na juriya na iska ya faru ne saboda vortices da aka yi a kusa da ƙafafun da fuka-fuki. A m nuni na wannan sabon abu ya ba da bayyanannen nuni ga wannan - yawan amfani da coefficient daga 0,28 da mota rage zuwa 0,18 a lokacin da aka cire ƙafafun da ramukan a cikin reshe an rufe tare da kammala siffar mota. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa duk ƙananan motocin da ba su da nisa, kamar na farko Honda Insight da GM's EV1 motar lantarki, suna da ɓoyayyiyar shinge na baya. Gabaɗaya siffar aerodynamic da ƙarshen rufewar gaba, saboda gaskiyar cewa motar lantarki ba ta buƙatar babban adadin iska mai sanyaya, ya ba wa masu haɓaka GM damar haɓaka ƙirar EV1 tare da ƙimar kwarara na 0,195 kawai. Tsarin Tesla 3 yana da Cx 0,21. Don rage vortex a kusa da ƙafafun a cikin motoci tare da injunan konewa na ciki, abin da ake kira. "Labulen iska" a cikin nau'i na bakin ciki a tsaye na iska ana jagorantar su daga budewa a cikin bumper na gaba, suna hurawa a kusa da ƙafafun da kuma tabbatar da vortices. Gudun zuwa injin yana iyakance ta hanyar rufewar iska, kuma ƙasa ta rufe gaba ɗaya.
Ƙananan ƙarfin da aka auna ta wurin tsayawar abin nadi, ƙananan Cx. Bisa ga ma'auni, ana auna shi a gudun 140 km / h - darajar 0,30, alal misali, yana nufin cewa kashi 30 cikin XNUMX na iskar da mota ta ratsa ta cikin sauri. Dangane da yankin gaba, karatunsa yana buƙatar hanya mafi sauƙi - don wannan, tare da taimakon laser, an tsara ma'auni na waje na mota lokacin da aka duba shi daga gaba, kuma an ƙididdige wurin da aka rufe a cikin murabba'in mita. Daga baya ana ninka ta hanyar ma'aunin kwarara don samun jimlar juriyar iskar abin hawa a murabba'in mita.
Komawa ga jita-jita na tarihi na bayanin mu na sararin samaniya, mun gano cewa ƙirƙirar daidaitaccen zagayowar ma'aunin amfani da mai (NEFZ) a cikin 1996 haƙiƙa ya taka rawa mara kyau a cikin haɓakar motsin motsi na motoci (wanda ya ci gaba sosai a cikin 1980s). ) saboda yanayin iska yana da ɗan tasiri saboda ɗan gajeren lokacin motsi mai sauri. Ko da yake madaidaicin magudanar ruwa yana raguwa a kan lokaci, haɓaka girman motocin a kowane aji yana haifar da haɓaka a yankin gaba kuma don haka haɓakar juriya na iska. Motoci irin su VW Golf, Opel Astra da BMW 7 Series suna da juriya ta iska fiye da waɗanda suka gabace su a shekarun 1990s. Wannan yanayin yana ƙara haɓaka ta hanyar ƙungiyar SUV masu ban sha'awa tare da babban yanki na gaba da tabarbarewar zirga-zirga. An soki wannan nau'in motar musamman saboda girman girmanta, amma a aikace wannan yanayin yana ɗaukar ƙaramin mahimmancin dangi tare da haɓaka saurin sauri - yayin tuki a waje da birni a cikin saurin kusan 90 km / h, ƙimar juriya ta iska shine. kusan kashi 50 cikin 80, a saurin babbar hanya, yana ƙaruwa zuwa kashi XNUMX na jimlar ja da abin hawa.
Jirgin sama mai motsa jiki
Wani misalin rawar tsayin iska a cikin aikin abin hawa shine ƙirar birni mai kyau. Mota mai kujeru biyu na iya zama mai saurin walwala da walwala a titunan birni, amma gajere kuma mai daidaitaccen jiki ba shi da tasiri ƙwarai da gaske daga mahallin iska. Dangane da asalin haske, juriya ta iska yana zama muhimmin abu kuma tare da Smart yana fara samun tasiri mai ƙarfi a saurin 50 km / h. Ba abin mamaki bane, ya faɗi ƙasa da tsammanin tsada mai tsada duk da tsarinsa mai nauyin nauyi.
Duk da gazawar Smart, duk da haka, tsarin iyaye na Mercedes game da aerodynamics yana misalta hanya, daidaito da kuma aiwatar da tsarin samar da ingantattun siffofi. Ana iya jayayya cewa sakamakon saka hannun jari a cikin ramukan iska da aiki tuƙuru a wannan fanni musamman a bayyane yake a wannan kamfani. Misali mai ban mamaki na tasirin wannan tsari shine gaskiyar cewa S-Class na yanzu (Cx 0,24) yana da ƙarancin juriyar iska fiye da Golf VII (0,28). A cikin aiwatar da neman ƙarin sararin ciki, siffar ƙirar ƙirar ta sami babban yanki na gaba, kuma madaidaicin kwararar ya fi muni fiye da na S-class saboda ɗan guntun tsayi, wanda baya ba da izini ga shimfidar wuri mai tsayi. kuma yafi saboda wani kaifi canji zuwa ga raya, inganta samuwar vortices. VW ta jajirce cewa sabuwar Golf ta ƙarni na takwas ba za ta sami ƙarancin juriya na iska ba da kuma ƙaramar siffa mai sauƙi, amma duk da sabbin ƙira da ƙarfin gwaji, wannan ya zama ƙalubale ga motar. da wannan tsari. Koyaya, tare da adadin 0,275, wannan shine mafi girman wasan Golf da aka taɓa yi. Matsakaicin adadin man da aka yi rikodin mafi ƙasƙanci na 0,22 kowace abin hawa tare da injin konewa na ciki shine na Mercedes CLA 180 BlueEfficiency.
Amfanin motocin lantarki
Wani misalin mahimmancin siffofin aerodynamic a bayan ƙimar nauyi sune samfurin zamani na zamani kuma har ma fiye da haka motocin lantarki. A alal misali, game da Prius, alal misali, buƙatar ƙirar sifa mai saurin tashi kuma ana faɗar da gaskiyar cewa yayin da sauri ke ƙaruwa, ingancin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin yana raguwa. Game da motocin lantarki, duk wani abu da ya danganci ƙarin nisan miloli a yanayin lantarki yana da mahimmanci. A cewar masana, rashin nauyi na kilogiram 100 zai kara nisan tafiyar motar da 'yan kilomitoci kawai, amma a daya bangaren, aerodynamics na da matukar muhimmanci ga motar lantarki. Na farko, saboda yawan wadannan motocin yana basu damar dawo da wasu makamashin da farfadowar ke amfani da su, kuma abu na biyu, saboda karfin karfin wutan lantarki yana bashi damar rama tasirin nauyi a lokacin farawa, kuma ingancinsa yana raguwa cikin sauri da sauri da sauri. Bugu da kari, wutar lantarki da wutar lantarki na bukatar iska mai sanyaya kadan, wanda hakan zai bayar da damar karamar budewa a gaban motar, wanda, kamar yadda muka lura, shine babban abin da ke haifar da raguwar tafiyar jiki. Wani bangare na karfafawa masu zane-zane don kirkirar ingantattun siffofi masu inganci a cikin samfuran matasan-zamani sune ba-hanzarin wutar lantarki kawai, ko abin da ake kira. jirgin ruwa. Ba kamar jiragen ruwa ba, inda ake amfani da kalmar kuma iska tana motsa kwale-kwalen, a cikin motocin da ke amfani da wutar lantarki zai karu idan motar tana da ƙarancin iska. Irƙirar fasalin haɓaka aerodynamic ita ce hanya mafi inganci mafi sauƙi don rage yawan amfani da mai.
Masu amfani da wasu sanannun motoci:
Mercedes Simplex
Kirkirar masana'antu 1904, Cx = 1,05
Rumpler sauke wagon
Kirkirar masana'antu 1921, Cx = 0,28
Hyundai Santa Fe
Kirkirar masana'antu 1927, Cx = 0,70
Kama samfurin gwaji
Wanda aka ƙera a 1938, Cx = 0,36.
Motar Mercedes
Kirkirar masana'antu 1938, Cx = 0,12
Motar VW
Kirkirar masana'antu 1950, Cx = 0,44
Volkswagen "Kunkuru"
Kirkirar masana'antu 1951, Cx = 0,40
Panhard Dina
Wanda aka ƙera a 1954, Cx = 0,26.
Porsche 356 A
Wanda aka ƙera a 1957, Cx = 0,36.
Farashin MG EX181
1957 samarwa, Cx = 0,15
Citroen DS 19
Kirkirar masana'antu 1963, Cx = 0,33
NSU Wasannin Yarima
Kirkirar masana'antu 1966, Cx = 0,38
Mercedes S 111
Kirkirar masana'antu 1970, Cx = 0,29
Volvo 245 Estate
Kirkirar masana'antu 1975, Cx = 0,47
Audi 100
Kirkirar masana'antu 1983, Cx = 0,31
Mercedes W124
Kirkirar masana'antu 1985, Cx = 0,29
Lamborghini lissafi
Kirkirar masana'antu 1990, Cx = 0,40
Kamfanin Toyota Prius 1
Kirkirar masana'antu 1997, Cx = 0,29
