Littafin Aerodynamics
Mafi mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi tasirin iska na abin hawa
Resistancearancin juriya yana taimakawa rage amfani da mai. Koyaya, game da wannan, akwai babban ɗaki don ci gaba. Idan, ba shakka, masana aerodynamics sun yarda da ra'ayin masu zane.
"Aerodynamics ga Waɗanda Ba za su iya kera Babura ba." Waɗannan kalmomin Enzo Ferrari ne ya faɗi su a cikin shekaru sittin kuma suna nuna halayen masu zane da yawa na wannan lokacin game da wannan fasahar motar. Koyaya, bayan shekaru goma ne kawai rikicin man ya faru, wanda ya canza tsarin tsarin su gaba ɗaya. Lokutan da duk karfin juriya yayin motsin motar, kuma musamman wadanda suka taso lokacin da ta ratsa ta iska, ana shawo kan su ta hanyar hanyoyin magance su, kamar kara kaura da karfin injina, ba tare da la’akari da yawan mai da suka ci ba, suna tafiya, kuma injiniyoyi sun fara duba hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don cimma burin ku.
A halin yanzu, yanayin fasaha na aerodynamics an lullubeshi da wani kauri wanda ya manta da ƙurar, amma ga masu zanen kaya wannan ba labarai bane. Tarihin fasaha ya nuna cewa ko da a shekarun 77, masu hankali da tunani kamar su Jamusanci Edmund Rumpler da ɗan Hungary Paul Zharai (wanda ya kirkiro Tatra TXNUMX mai ban mamaki) mai fasali mai fasali kuma ya kafa harsashin hanyar aerodynamic game da ƙirar motar mota. Hakan ya biyo bayan su na biyu na kwararru aerodynamics kamar su Baron Reinhard von Könich-Faxenfeld da Wunibald Kam, waɗanda suka haɓaka ra'ayoyinsu a cikin XNUMXs.
A bayyane yake ga kowa da kowa cewa tare da karuwar saurin ya zo da iyaka, sama da abin da juriya na iska ya zama muhimmiyar mahimmanci don tuki mota. Ƙirƙirar ingantattun siffofi na aerodynamically na iya tura wannan iyaka da yawa kuma ana bayyana shi ta hanyar abin da ake kira kwarara factor Cx, tun da darajar 1,05 tana da cube mai jujjuyawa daidai da iskar iska (idan yana jujjuya digiri 45 tare da axis, ta yadda za a sama. gefen yana raguwa zuwa 0,80). Koyaya, wannan ƙididdiga ɗaya ce kawai na ƙimar juriya ta iska - dole ne ku ƙara girman gaban gaban motar (A) azaman muhimmin kashi. Na farko daga cikin ayyuka na aerodynamicists shi ne ƙirƙirar tsabta, aerodynamically m saman (dalili na, kamar yadda za mu gani, da yawa a cikin mota), wanda a ƙarshe ya kai ga m kwarara coefficient. Auna na karshen yana buƙatar ramin iska, wanda tsari ne mai tsada kuma mai sarƙaƙƙiya - misalin wannan shine rami da aka ba da izini a cikin 2009. BMW, wanda ya kashe kamfanin Yuro miliyan 170. Abu mafi mahimmanci a cikinsa ba shine katuwar fan ba, wanda ke cinye wutar lantarki da yawa har yana buƙatar wani tashar transfoma daban, amma madaidaiciyar abin nadi wanda ke auna duk wani ƙarfi da lokacin da jet na iska ke motsa mota. Ayyukansa shine kimanta dukkanin hulɗar motar tare da iska da kuma taimakawa ƙwararru don nazarin kowane daki-daki kuma canza shi don haka ba kawai tasiri a cikin iska ba, har ma daidai da bukatun masu zanen kaya. . Ainihin, manyan abubuwan jan hankali da mota ke ci karo da su suna fitowa ne daga lokacin da iskar da ke gabanta ke matsawa da motsawa, kuma - mai mahimmanci - daga tsananin tashin hankali a bayanta. Akwai wani yanki mara ƙarfi wanda ke ƙoƙarin jan motar, wanda kuma yana haɗuwa da tasirin vortex mai ƙarfi, wanda masana aerodynamics kuma ke kiransa "matattu excitation". Don dalilai masu ma'ana, bayan ƙirar wagon tasha, matakin vacuum ya fi girma, sakamakon abin da adadin kuzari ya lalace.
Abubuwan jan hankali na Aerodynamic
Ƙarshen ya dogara ba kawai a kan dalilai irin su siffar mota gaba ɗaya ba, har ma a kan takamaiman sassa da saman. A aikace, gabaɗaya siffa da adadin motocin zamani suna da kashi 40 cikin ɗari na jimlar juriyar iska, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na abin da aka ƙaddara ta tsarin saman abu da fasali kamar madubai, fitilu, farantin lasisi, da eriya. Kashi 10% na juriya na iska yana gudana ne ta hanyar magudanar ruwa zuwa birki, inji da watsawa. 20% ne sakamakon vortex a daban-daban bene da kuma dakatar da kayayyaki, wato, duk abin da ya faru a karkashin mota. Kuma abin da ya fi ban sha'awa - 30% na juriya na iska shine saboda vortices da aka yi a kusa da ƙafafun da fuka-fuki. Nuni mai amfani na wannan al'amari yana nuna hakan a sarari - yawan kwarara daga 0,28 kowace abin hawa yana faɗuwa zuwa 0,18 lokacin da aka cire ƙafafun kuma an rufe magudanar iska. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa duk motocin da ba su da ƙarfi - kamar Insight na farko na Honda da motar lantarki ta GM EV1 - suna da ɓoyayyiyar shingen baya. Gabaɗaya siffar aerodynamic da ƙarshen rufewar gaba, saboda gaskiyar cewa motar lantarki ba ta buƙatar iska mai sanyaya mai yawa, ya ba masu zanen GM damar haɓaka ƙirar EV1 tare da ma'aunin kwarara na 0,195 kawai. Model Tesla 3 yana da Cx 0,21. Don rage hawan motsin motsi a cikin motoci tare da injunan konewa na ciki, abin da ake kira. "Labulen iska" a cikin nau'i na bakin ciki a tsaye iska kwarara directed daga bude a gaban gaban, busa a kusa da ƙafafun da kuma tabbatar da vortices, da kwarara zuwa engine yana da iyaka da aerodynamic shutters, kuma kasa gaba daya rufe.
Ƙananan ƙimar ƙarfin da aka auna ta wurin tsayawar abin nadi, ƙarami Cx. Yawanci ana auna shi a gudun kilomita 140/h - darajar 0,30, alal misali, yana nufin cewa kashi 30 cikin XNUMX na iskar da mota ke bi ta cikinta yana kara saurinsa. Game da gaba, karatunsa yana buƙatar hanya mafi sauƙi - don wannan, an tsara ma'auni na waje na mota tare da laser lokacin da aka duba daga gaba kuma an ƙididdige wurin da ke kewaye a cikin murabba'in mita. Sannan ana ninka shi ta hanyar ma'aunin kwarara don samun jimlar juriyar iskar motar a cikin murabba'in mita.
Komawa ga jigo na tarihi na labarin mu na iska, mun gano cewa ƙirƙirar daidaitaccen zagayowar ma'aunin amfani da man fetur (NEFZ) a cikin 1996 a zahiri ya taka rawa mara kyau a cikin juyin halittar iska na motoci (wanda ya ci gaba sosai a cikin 7s). ) saboda yanayin iska yana da ɗan tasiri saboda ɗan gajeren lokacin motsi mai sauri. Duk da raguwar adadin yawan amfani da aka yi a cikin shekaru da yawa, haɓakar girman abubuwan hawa na kowane aji yana haifar da haɓaka a yankin gaba kuma, saboda haka, haɓaka juriya na iska. Motoci irin su VW Golf, Opel The Astra da BMW 90 Series sun sami juriya mafi girma fiye da na magabata a cikin 90s. Wannan yanayin yana sauƙaƙe ta samfuran SUV masu ban sha'awa tare da babban yanki na gaba da haɓaka haɓakawa. An soki irin wannan nau'in abin hawa musamman saboda girman girmansa, amma a aikace wannan lamarin ya zama ƙasa da mahimmancin dangi tare da haɓaka saurin - lokacin tuki a waje da birni a cikin saurin kusan 50 km / h, ƙimar juriya ta iska shine game da Kashi 80 cikin XNUMX, a gudun babbar hanya yana ƙaruwa zuwa kashi XNUMX cikin ɗari daga juriyar da motar ke fuskanta.
Jirgin sama mai motsa jiki
Wani misali na rawar juriyar iska a cikin aikin abin hawa shine samfurin Smart City na yau da kullun. Mai kujeru biyu na iya zama mai ƙwanƙwasa kuma maras kyau a kan titunan birni, amma gajeriyar aikin jikinsa ba shi da inganci sosai daga mahangar sararin samaniya. A kan bango na ƙananan nauyi, juriya na iska ya zama wani abu mai mahimmanci, kuma tare da Smart ya fara samun tasiri mai karfi a cikin gudu na 50 km / h. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa duk da ƙananan ƙira, bai rayu har zuwa tsammanin. na ɗan ƙaramin farashi.
Koyaya, duk da gazawar Smart, halayen iyaye na Mercedes game da aerodynamics misali ne na tsari, daidaito da kuma aiwatar da tsarin samar da sifofi masu ban mamaki. Ana iya jayayya cewa sakamakon zuba jari a cikin ramukan iska da aiki tuƙuru a wannan yanki suna da mahimmanci musamman a cikin wannan kamfani. Misali mai mahimmanci na tasirin wannan tsari shine gaskiyar cewa S-Class na yanzu (Cx 0,24) yana da ƙarancin juriyar iska fiye da Golf VII (0,28). A cikin neman ƙarin sararin ciki, siffar ƙirar ƙirar ta sami wani yanki mai girma na gaba, kuma madaidaicin magudanar ruwa ya fi muni fiye da na S-class saboda ɗan gajeren tsayinsa, wanda baya ba da izini ga shimfidar wurare da yawa da yawa. Kara. - riga saboda kaifi canji daga baya, bayar da gudummawa ga samuwar vortices. Koyaya, VW ya dage cewa ƙarni na gaba na Golf zai sami ƙarancin juriya na iska kuma a saukar da shi kuma a daidaita shi. Matsakaicin ƙimar amfani da mai mafi ƙasƙanci na 0,22 akan kowace motar ICE shine Mercedes CLA 180 BlueEfficiency.
Amfanin motocin lantarki
Wani misalin mahimmancin yanayin aerodynamic da nauyi sune samfurin zamani na zamani har ma da karin motocin lantarki. A alal misali, game da Prius, alal misali, buƙatar ƙirar ƙirar ƙirar iska kuma ana yin shi ne saboda gaskiyar saurin haɓaka, ingancin ƙarfin wutar lantarki yana raguwa sosai. Game da motocin lantarki, duk abin da ya danganci haɓaka nisan miloli a yanayin lantarki yana da mahimmanci. A cewar masana, rage nauyi da kilogiram 100 zai kara nisan tafiyar motar da 'yan kilomitoci kawai, amma a daya bangaren, aerodynamics na da matukar muhimmanci ga motar lantarki.
Na farko, saboda yawan adadin wadannan motocin yana ba su damar dawo da wasu makamashin da ake amfani da su don farfadowa, na biyu kuma, saboda karfin karfin wutar lantarki yana ba ka damar rama sakamakon nauyi a lokacin farawa, kuma ingancinsa yana raguwa. a high gudun da kuma high gudun. Bugu da ƙari, na'urorin lantarki da na'urorin lantarki suna buƙatar iska mai sanyaya ƙasa, wanda ke ba da damar samun ƙaramin buɗewa a gaban motar, wanda, kamar yadda muka rigaya ya lura, shine babban dalilin da ke haifar da lalacewa a cikin jiki. Wani abu na kwarin gwiwa na masu zanen kaya don ƙirƙirar ƙarin ingantattun siffofi a cikin nau'ikan toshe-in matasan yau shine yanayin motsi ba tare da hanzari ba kawai tare da taimakon injin lantarki, ko abin da ake kira. jirgin ruwa. Ba kamar jiragen ruwa na tuƙi ba, inda kalmar ta fito da kuma inda iska ya kamata ta motsa jirgin, motocin lantarki za su kara nisan mil idan motar tana da ƙarancin juriya na iska. Ƙirƙirar ingantacciyar sifar iska ita ce hanya mafi tattalin arziƙi don rage yawan mai.
Rubutu: Georgy Kolev
Masu amfani da wasu sanannun motoci:
Mercedes Simplex
1904 samarwa, Cx = 1,05
Rumpler Tropfenwagen
1921 samarwa, Cx = 0,28
Ford Model T
1927 samarwa, Cx = 0,70
Gwajin gwaji Kam
1938 samarwa, Cx = 0,36
Motar Mercedes
1938 samarwa, Cx = 0,12
Motar VW
1950 samarwa, Cx = 0,44
VW "kunkuru"
1951 samarwa, Cx = 0,40
Panhard Dina
1954 samarwa, Cx = 0,26
Porsche 356
1957 samarwa, Cx = 0,36
Farashin MG EX181
1957 samarwa, Cx = 0,15
Citroen DS 19
1963 samarwa, Cx = 0,33
NSU Wasannin Yarima
1966 samarwa, Cx = 0,38
Mercedes C 111
1970 samarwa, Cx = 0,29
Volvo 245 Van
1975 samarwa, Cx = 0,47
Audi 100
1983 samarwa, Cx = 0,31
Mercedes W 124
1985 samarwa, Cx = 0,29
Toyota Prius 1
1997 samarwa, Cx = 0,29
