Gudun awo Iri da na'urar. Daidai da fasali

Kusan tare da samar da motoci na farko, sun fara wadatar dasu da kayan aikin da ake bukata, daga cikinsu akwai na'urar kara gudu. Motocin kera motoci suna taimakawa sarrafa matakan da ake buƙata, yanayin fasaha, matakin da yanayin zafin ruwa.

Menene mitocin mota?

Mizanin awo na'urar aunawa ce wacce ke nuna ainihin saurin abin hawa. Don motoci, ana amfani da ma'aunin awo na lantarki da lantarki, kuma ana nuna saurin a mil ko kilomita a awa ɗaya. Mizanin gudu yana kan dashboard, yawanci a gaban direba, an haɗa shi da odometer. Hakanan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka waɗanda aka tura ɓangaren kayan aiki zuwa tsakiyar torpedo kuma yana fuskantar direba.

Menene injin gwada sauri don?

Wannan na'urar tana taimaka wa direba a ainihin lokacin koya game da:

• tsananin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa;
• saurin motsi;
• amfani da mai a wani takamaiman gudun.

Af, sau da yawa akan masu saurin gudu matsakaiciyar alamar saurin ta ɗan fi ta wacce aka nuna a cikin halayen motar.

Tarihin halitta

Mitocin farko na farko wanda aka girka akan motar fasinja ya bayyana a shekarar 1901, kuma saboda haka motar ta kasance Oldsmobile. Koyaya, akwai ra'ayi akan Intanit cewa masanin fasaha na Rasha Yegor Kuznetsov ne ya ƙirƙira kwatancen farko na saurin gudu. A karo na farko, mitar sauri ya zama zaɓi na tilas a 1910. OS Autometer shine farkon masana'anta wanda ya saki masu saurin gudu na abin hawa.

A shekara ta 1916, Nikola Tesla ya kirkiro na’urar auna gudu ta sauri tare da asalin tsarinta, wanda har yanzu ana amfani da shi.

Daga 1908 zuwa 1915, an samar da ganga da saurin sauri. Daga baya sun fara amfani da dijital da nunawa. Af, duk masu kera motocin sun zaɓi ma'aunin bugun kira saboda sauƙin karanta karatun.

Daga 50s zuwa 80s na karnin da ya gabata, ana amfani da masu saurin bel, mafi yawanci akan motocin Amurka, kamar na drum. Waɗannan nau'ikan saurin gudu an watsar da su saboda ƙarancin bayanan bayanai, wanda zai haifar da yanayi mai haɗari akan hanya.

A cikin shekarun 80, Jafananci a hankali suna gabatar da mitocin dijital, amma wannan bai karɓi amfani da yawa ba saboda wasu matsalolin. Ya juya cewa alamun alamun analog sun fi karantawa. Masu saurin gudu na dijital sun sami hanyar zuwa cikin babura na wasanni, inda ya tabbatar da cewa ya dace da gaske.

Iri

Duk da cewa akwai bambance-bambancen da yawa a cikin masu saurin gudu, an rarraba su cikin nau'i biyu:

• wacce hanya ake auna ta;
• wane irin alama.

An rarraba nau'ikan zuwa nau'ikan 3:

• na inji;
• lantarki;
• lantarki.

Don fahimtar saurin canjin motsi na mota, wanda ma'aunin saurin ya nuna, da kuma yadda aka samar da ma'auni, za mu yi la'akari dalla-dalla takamaiman aikin da sarrafa bayanai.

Hanyar aunawa

A cikin wannan rukunin, an rarraba masu saurin gudu a cikin mota zuwa masu zuwa:

• tsarin halitta. Aiki ya dogara ne akan odometer da karatun agogo - nisa da aka raba ta lokacin da ya wuce. Hanyar ta dogara da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi;
• centrifugal. Hanyar ta dogara ne akan aikin karfi na tsakiya, inda madafan ikon hannu wanda aka gyara ta bazara ya koma zuwa ɓangarorin saboda ƙarfin centrifugal. Nisan biya diyya daidai yake da tsananin zirga-zirga;
• jijjiga. Saboda rawar girgizan abin ɗaukar hoto ko firam, ana ƙirƙirar faɗakarwar da aka daidaita daidai da adadin juyawar dabaran;
• shigar da hankali. Ana ɗaukar aikin filin magnetic a matsayin tushe. Ana amfani da maganadisu na dindindin a kan sandar, inda ake samar da wani abu mai kyau yayin da motar ke juyawa. Faifai tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa yana cikin motsawar, wanda ke da alhakin ƙididdigar ƙididdigar kibiyar saurin gudu;
• lantarki. Mai firikwensin saurin, lokacin da yake motsawa, yana aika sigina, wanda yawansu ya yi daidai da adadin motsi na motar firikwensin;
• lantarki. Anan, ana samarda ɓangaren inji ta hanyar bugun jini na yanzu wanda ake watsawa lokacin da sandar juyawa. Ana karɓar bayanin ta hanyar lissafin, wanda ke ƙayyade mita don tsayayyen lokaci. Ana canza bayanan zuwa kilomita a awa daya kuma ana nuna su akan dashboard.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! M gabatarwa da injina masu saurin inji sun fara ne a 1923, tun daga nan ne ƙirar su ta ɗan canza zuwa zamaninmu. Mitocin saurin lantarki na farko sun bayyana a cikin shekaru 70, amma sun zama gama gari bayan shekaru 20.

Ta hanyar nuni

Dangane da nuni, an rarraba saurin gudu zuwa analog da dijital. Na farko yana aiki ne ta hanyar watsa karfin juyi saboda juyawar gearbox, wanda aka hada shi da gearbox ko axle gearbox.

Mitocin lantarki yana cin nasara tare da daidaitattun alamun, kuma odometer na lantarki koyaushe yana nuna ainihin nisan miloli, nisan miloli na yau da kullun, kuma yana faɗakar da kiyaye tilas a wani nisan miloli. 

Yadda na'urar inji ke aiki, ƙa'idar aiki

Mita mai saurin inji ta ƙunshi manyan abubuwa masu zuwa:

• firikwensin gudun abin hawa;
• m shaft watsa bayanai zuwa ga kayan aiki panel;
• ma'aunin sauri kanta;
• nisan tafiya (node)

Assemblyungiyar haɗuwa da maganadisu, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin tushe don mitocin inji, ya haɗa da madaidaicin maganadisu wanda aka haɗa shi da mashin ɗin tarko, kazalika da murfin silinda na silinda. Cibiyar tana tallafawa ta hanyar ɗaukar nauyi. Don hana kurakurai a cikin karatu, saman murfin an rufe shi da allon na aluminium wanda ke kariya daga tasirin tasirin maganadisu. 

Akwai kayan roba a cikin gearbox, ko saitin giya, wanda ke sadarwa tare da ɗayan gearbox, kuma yana watsa bayanai na farko ta hanyar kebul. 

Mita-sauri na aiki kamar haka: lokacin da murfin ke jujjuyawa, sai a kirkiri igiyoyin ruwa, saboda hakan ya fara karkacewa ta wani bangare, wanda kuma hakan ya dogara da saurin motar.

Ana amfani da mitocin sauri ta hanyar watsa karfin juzu'i ta hanyar firikwensin da sassauƙan shaft zuwa gunbin gear. Ana samarda ƙaramin kuskuren karatu ta hanyar haɗi kai tsaye tare da juyawar ƙafafun tuki.

Electromechanical speedometer aiki

Wannan nau'in mitar gudun ya fi shahara, musamman a kan motocin da ake kerawa a cikin gida. Jigon aikin ya tsallaka da inji, amma ya sha bamban wajen aiwatar da aikin. 

Gwajin lantarki na lantarki yana amfani da na'urori masu auna sigina kamar:

• kaya tare da ingancin shaft na biyu da ƙafafun hagu na hagu;
• bugun jini (Mai haska Hall);
• hade;
• shigar da hankali.

Speedungiyar mai saurin sauri da aka gyara tana amfani da nuni na na'urorin magnetoelectric. Anyi amfani da milliammeter don daidaito na alamun. Ana aiwatar da aikin irin wannan tsarin ta microcircuit wanda ke watsa sigina zuwa naúrar lantarki, yana aika karatu zuwa allura mai saurin awo. Arfin halin yanzu ya dace daidai da saurin motar, don haka a nan injin gwada sauri yana nuna mafi amintaccen bayani.   

Kayan aikin lantarki

Mitocin lantarki ya bambanta da waɗanda aka bayyana a sama saboda yana da alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa odometer. Yanzu duk motoci suna da kayan aiki tare da wannan tsarin, wanda da ƙyar ya ba da hanyoyi masu sauƙi don daidaita nisan miloli, wanda wasu 'yan ƙungiyoyi ke' haddace '. 

Me yasa yake kwance: kuskuren da yake ciki

An tabbatar da cewa a cikin yawancin motoci, tare da babban yiwuwar, saurin awo ba ya nuna cikakken gudu. An yarda da bambancin 10% a hanzarin 200 km / h, a 100 km / h yawan abin zai wuce kusan 7%, kuma a 60 km / h babu kuskure.

Game da dalilai na waje don kuskuren, akwai da yawa daga cikinsu:

• shigar da ƙafafu da tayoyi na babban diamita;
• maye gurbin gearbox tare da wani babban nau'i;
• maye gurbin gearbox tare da wasu nau'ikan giya.

Babban matsalar aiki da sauri

Akwai manyan nau'ikan rashin aiki guda 5 waɗanda ke faruwa yayin aikin dogon lokaci na mota:

• lalacewa ta jiki da hawaye na giya filastik;
• karyewar kebul din a mahadar tare da bangaren juyawa;
• lambobin sadarwa;
• layin wutar lantarki da ya lalace;
• lantarki mai larura (yana buƙatar rikitarwa masu rikitarwa, gami da saurin firikwensin).

A mafi yawan lokuta lalacewa, baku buƙatar zama ƙwararren masani, babban abu shine bincika asalin aikin daidai kuma ɗaure kanku da mafi ƙarancin kayan aiki tare da multimeter.

Gano kayan aikin Injiniya da Shirya matsala

Don daidaitaccen ganewar asali, yi amfani da algorithm na ayyuka masu zuwa:

1. Iseaga gefen fasinja na abin hawa ta amfani da jack. 
2. Amfani da umarnin gyara da aiki na motarka, mun rabu da kayan aikin kayan aikin da kyau.
3. Cire kitsen goro na kebul na saurin gudu, cire garkuwar, fara injin sannan ya shiga kaya na 4.
4. A cikin rumbun kariya, kebul ɗin dole ne ya juya. Idan wannan ya faru, karkatar da tip ɗin kebul ɗin, sake kunna gear na 4 tare da injin yana gudana kuma kimanta karatun akan mai nuna alama. Za a nuna rashin aiki ta hanyar sauya matsayi na kibiya. 

Idan kebul ɗin bai juya ba, to dole ne a wargaje shi daga gefen gearbox kuma a tabbata cewa siffar titin ta murabba'i ne. Gwada jawo kebul ɗin da kanka - juyawa ya kamata ya zama iri ɗaya a ƙarshen duka, kuma idan haka ne, matsalar tana cikin kayan aiki. 

Gyara da kuma ganewar asali na saurin gwada lantarki

A nan, gyaran yana da rikitarwa ta gaskiyar cewa wajibi ne a sami akalla mai nuna alama, a matsayin matsakaicin, oscilloscope ko na'urar daukar hoto don karanta aikin injuna tare da allurar man fetur na lantarki. Babu shakka duk motocin da aka kera daga ƙasashen waje bayan shekara ta 2000 suna da na'ura mai kwakwalwa da ke kan jirgin da ke yin gwajin cutar kansa kafin tada motar. Idan akwai kuskure, ana iya tantance lambar sa ta hanyar komawa kan tebur na lambobin kuskure don takamaiman alamar mota. 

Idan akwai kuskuren da ya danganci rashin aiki na saurin awo, to tare da taimakon oscilloscope muna haɗuwa da tsakiyar tuntuɓar firikwensin saurin, sai mu jefa “+” akan batirin. Gaba, motar tana farawa kuma gear yana aiki. Mitar firikwensin aiki ya banbanta daga 4 zuwa 6 Hz, kuma ƙarfin lantarki aƙalla 9 volts ne.  

 Siffofin aiki

Babban rashin dacewar da wasu na'urori suka rasa shine rashin daidaito. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, madaidaicin saurin karatu ya dogara da tsangwama daga waje a cikin bidiyo na girka manyan ƙafafu da sassan watsawa tare da rabe-raben kaya daban-daban. Game da lalacewar kayan aiki mai mahimmanci, karatun awo-sauri “tafiya” da wani 10%. 

Na'urori masu auna sigina na lantarki zasu iya nuna saurin da nisan miloli ba tare da kuskure ba, idan har ana bin dokokin aiki kuma ba tare da wuce girman ƙafafun motar ba. 

Idan ma'aunin saurin ba ya aiki, an hana shi sarrafa motar, tare da irin wannan matsala, bisa ga ka'idodin hanya.

Bambance-bambance: injin gwada sauri da odometer

Odometer firikwensin firikwensin da ke karanta jimillar nisan motar da kullun. Odometer yana nuna nisan nisan, ma'aunin saurin gudu yana nuna saurin. A baya can, na'urori masu ƙima sun kasance injiniyoyi, kuma masu siyar da motoci marasa gaskiya sun yi birgima sosai. Na'urorin nisan miloli na lantarki suma sun koyi yadda ake gyarawa, amma akwai na'urori masu sarrafawa da yawa a cikin motar da ke rikodin nisan miloli. Kuma sashin kula da injin, a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyarsa, yana gyara duk kurakuran da ke faruwa a wani ƙayyadaddun nisan miloli.

Tambayoyi & Amsa:

Menene sunan ma'aunin gudu a cikin motar? Wasu masu ababen hawa suna kiran odometer da ma'aunin saurin gudu. Hasali ma, ma’aunin saurin gudu yana auna saurin motar, kuma na’urar na’urar na iya auna nisan tafiyar.

Menene ma'anar ma'aunin saurin gudu na biyu a cikin mota? Daidai ne a kira shi odometer. Yana auna jimlar nisan abin hawa. lambobi na biyu na odometer shine ma'aunin miloli na yau da kullun. Na farko ba a jefar da shi, yayin da na biyu za a iya jefar da shi.

Ta yaya zan san ainihin gudun mota? Don wannan, akwai ma'aunin saurin gudu a cikin motar. A cikin motoci da yawa, a cikin gear 1, motar tana haɓaka zuwa 23-35 km / h, 2nd - 35-50 km / h, 3rd - 50-60 km / h, 4th - 60-80 km / h, 5. th - 80-120 km / h. amma ya dogara da girman ƙafafun da kuma rabon kaya na akwatin gear.

Menene sunan gudun da aka auna da ma'aunin gudu? Ma'aunin saurin gudu yana auna saurin yadda motar ke tafiya a wani lokaci. A cikin samfuran Amurka, mai nuna alama yana ba da mil a cikin awa ɗaya, a cikin sauran - kilomita a cikin awa ɗaya.