Motar gwajin aiki tare: menene ma'anarsa?

Motocin lantarki har yanzu suna ci gaba da lullube da haɓakar batir

Haɓaka saurin bunƙasa hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma ci gaban da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a fannin motocin lantarki shine babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan haɓaka fasahar batir. Suna buƙatar mafi girman albarkatu daga masu haɓakawa kuma sune babban ƙalubale ga masu ƙira. Duk da haka, bai kamata a yi la'akari da gaskiyar cewa ci gaban ci gaban fasahar lithium-ion yana tare da gagarumin ci gaba a fannin sarrafa wutar lantarki da na'urorin lantarki ba. Ya juya cewa duk da cewa injinan lantarki suna da inganci sosai, amma suna da babban filin ci gaba.

Masu zanen kaya suna tsammanin wannan masana'antar za ta yi girma sosai, ba wai kawai saboda motocin lantarki sun zama ruwan dare ba, har ma da wutar lantarkin motocin da ke amfani da konewa wani muhimmin kashi ne na matakan fitar da hayaki da aka tsara a Tarayyar Turai.

Kodayake motar lantarki tana da tsohon tarihi, a yau masu zanen kaya suna fuskantar sababbin ƙalubale. Motocin lantarki, dangane da manufar, na iya samun ƙunƙuntaccen zane da babban diamita ko ƙaramin diamita da tsayin jiki. Halinsu a cikin motocin lantarki masu tsabta ya bambanta da na hybrids, inda zafin da injin konewa ya haifar dole ne a yi la'akari da su. Don motocin lantarki, kewayon saurin ya fi fadi, kuma waɗanda aka shigar a cikin tsarin haɗaɗɗiyar layi ɗaya a cikin watsawa dole ne a inganta su don aiki a cikin kewayon saurin injin konewa. Yawancin injuna suna aiki ne akan babban ƙarfin lantarki, amma injinan lantarki masu ƙarfin ƙarfin volts 48 za su ƙara shahara.

Domin AC Motors

Duk da cewa tushen wutar lantarki a cikin mutum na baturi yana kai tsaye, masu tsara tsarin lantarki a halin yanzu ba sa tunanin yin amfani da injin DC. Ko da la'akari da asarar tuba, raka'o'in AC, musamman masu aiki tare, sun fi naúrar DC. Amma menene ainihin ma'anar ma'anar ma'auni ko asynchronous motor? Zamu gabatar muku da wannan bangare na duniyar motoci domin kuwa motocin lantarki sun dade suna wanzuwa a cikin motoci ta hanyar farauta da na'ura, kwata-kwata an bullo da sabbin fasahohi a wannan fanni.

Toyota, GM da BMW a halin yanzu suna daga cikin ƴan tsirarun masana'antun da suka ɗauki nauyin haɓakawa da kera injinan lantarki da kansu. Hatta kamfanin Toyota na Lexus yana ba da waɗannan na'urori ga wani kamfani, Aisin na Japan. Yawancin kamfanoni sun dogara da masu samar da kayayyaki kamar ZF Sachs, Siemens, Bosch, Zytec ko kamfanonin China. Babu shakka, saurin bunƙasa wannan kasuwancin yana ba wa irin waɗannan kamfanoni damar cin gajiyar haɗin gwiwa tare da masu kera motoci. Dangane da bangaren fasaha na abubuwa, a zamanin yau, don buƙatun motocin lantarki da hybrids, ana amfani da injin ɗin synchronous AC tare da na'ura mai juyi na waje ko na ciki.

Ƙarfin juyar da batir ɗin DC daidai gwargwado zuwa AC mai hawa uku da akasin haka yana da yawa saboda ci gaban fasahar sarrafawa. Koyaya, matakan yanzu a cikin na'urorin lantarki sun kai matakan sau da yawa sama da waɗanda aka samu a cikin hanyar sadarwar gida, kuma galibi suna wuce amperes 150. Wannan yana haifar da zafi mai yawa wanda na'urorin lantarki zasu iya magance su. A halin yanzu, ƙarar na'urorin sarrafa lantarki har yanzu suna da girma saboda na'urorin sarrafa semiconductor na lantarki ba za a iya rage su da sihirin sihiri ba.

Dukansu injunan aiki tare da asynchronous nau'ikan injunan lantarki na filin maganadisu ne masu jujjuyawa waɗanda ke da mafi girman ƙarfin ƙarfi. Gabaɗaya, mai jujjuyawar injin induction ya ƙunshi fakiti mai sauƙi na fakiti masu ƙarfi tare da gajeriyar iska. Yana gudana a halin yanzu a cikin iskar stator a cikin saɓanin nau'i-nau'i, tare da halin yanzu daga ɗaya daga cikin matakai uku masu gudana a cikin kowane nau'i biyu. Tun da a cikin kowane ɗayansu an canza shi a cikin lokaci ta digiri 120 dangane da ɗayan, ana samun abin da ake kira filin maganadisu na juyawa. Wannan, bi da bi, yana haifar da filin maganadisu a cikin na'ura mai juyi, da kuma hulɗar da ke tsakanin filayen maganadisu guda biyu - juyawa a cikin stator da filin maganadisu na rotor, yana haifar da ƙaddamarwa na ƙarshe da juyawa na gaba. Sai dai a irin wannan nau’in injin na’urar lantarki, na’urar na’ura ta na’ura ta kan kasance a bayan filin domin idan babu motsin dangi tsakanin filin da na’urar, hakan ba zai haifar da na’urar maganadisu a cikin na’urar ba. Don haka, an ƙayyade matakin matsakaicin matsakaici ta hanyar mitar kayan aiki da kayan aiki. Koyaya, saboda mafi girman inganci na injinan aiki tare, yawancin masana'antun suna tsayawa tare da su.

Motoci masu aiki tare

Waɗannan raka'a suna da inganci mafi girma da ƙarfin ƙarfi. Bambanci mai mahimmanci daga injin induction shine cewa filin maganadisu a cikin rotor ba a ƙirƙira shi ta hanyar hulɗa tare da stator ba, amma sakamakon ko dai na yanzu yana gudana ta ƙarin iskar da aka sanya a cikinsa, ko kuma maganadisu na dindindin. Don haka, filin da ke cikin rotor da filin a cikin stator suna aiki tare, kuma matsakaicin saurin motar shima ya dogara da jujjuyawar filin, bi da bi, akan mitar na yanzu da kaya. Don guje wa buƙatar ƙarin samar da wutar lantarki ga iska, wanda ke ƙara yawan amfani da wutar lantarki kuma yana rikitar da ƙa'idodin yau da kullun a cikin motocin lantarki na zamani da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan, ana amfani da injinan lantarki tare da abin da ake kira tashin hankali akai-akai, watau. tare da maganadisu na dindindin. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, kusan duk masana'antun irin waɗannan motoci a halin yanzu suna amfani da nau'ikan nau'ikan wannan nau'in, sabili da haka, a cewar masana da yawa, har yanzu za a sami matsala tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin abubuwa masu tsada na duniya neodymium da dysprosium. Synchronous Motors zo a cikin daban-daban iri da kuma gauraye fasahar mafita kamar BMW ko GM, amma za mu gaya muku game da su.

Gina

Injunan abin hawa na lantarki zalla yawanci ana haɗa su kai tsaye zuwa bambancin axle na tuƙi kuma ana tura wutar lantarki zuwa ƙafafun ta hanyar raƙuman gatari, yana rage asarar watsa injin inji. Tare da wannan shimfidar wuri a ƙarƙashin bene, tsakiyar nauyi ya ragu kuma gabaɗayan ƙirar toshe ya zama ƙarami. Halin ya bambanta gaba daya tare da shimfidar samfuran matasan. Don cikakken hybrids kamar yanayi ɗaya (Toyota da Lexus) da yanayin Dual (Chevrolet Tahoe), wanda aka haɗa da injin lantarki a cikin matasan da ke cikin ƙasa ya zama mai tsayi da karami a ciki diamita. A cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Bosch da ZF Sachs sun dogara da ƙirar juzu'i mai siffar diski. Hakanan akwai nau'ikan rotor - yayin da a cikin Lexus LS 600h ana jujjuya kashi a ciki, a wasu samfuran Mercedes rotor mai jujjuyawa yana waje. Zane na ƙarshe kuma yana da matuƙar dacewa a cikin lokuta inda aka shigar da injinan lantarki a cikin wuraren motsi.

Rubutu: Georgy Kolev