Mafi kyawun matasan da aka taɓa halitta

Haɗaɗɗen yanayi biyu na BMW A haƙiƙa, nuni ne na fasaha mai matuƙar haɓaka.

Kamfanonin kera motoci galibi suna zana hotunan kammala a cikin labaransu, amma a aikace ba za su iya hango abubuwan da ke faruwa a duniya ba kuma su tsara yadda za su bi ta hanyar da ta dace. Wasu lokuta ana buƙatar yin canje-canje a kan tashi, wani lokacin da sauri, wani lokacin ba sosai ba. Ko ta yaya, sun zo da kwarewar da ba za a iya auna ta ba, kuma haɓakar jigilar BMW babban misali ne na wannan. Yana yawo a hanyoyi daban-daban har sai ya samo wadatattun sifofin, bayyanawa da wasu halaye da yake dasu a halin yanzu.

Tsarin haɓaka girma a cikin farashin mai, wanda ya fara a farkon ƙarni na 1993 kuma ya ci gaba da sauri cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, ya ba da mamaki ga manazarta da yawa kuma ya haifar da manyan canje -canje a masana'antar kera motoci. A lokacin, BMW ta riga tana da injunan dizal na musamman, amma waɗannan motocin sun kasance fifiko a kasuwar Turai. A lokaci guda, Toyota ya dage kan tsarin sa na matasan, wanda ya zama abin dogaro kuma ya canza zuwa Lexus na marmari. Tun lokacin da aka fara haɓakawa a cikin 1997, tare da ƙaddamar da Prius na farko a cikin XNUMX da haɓaka sannu -sannu na jigon matasan Toyota, kamfanin bai yi jinkiri na biyu ba. Lokacin da farashin mai ya fara hauhawa, a karshe kamfanin na iya girbe ladar aiki da jajircewarsa. Af, har yanzu, bayan abin kunya na dizal (har yanzu ba a san dalilin da yasa Toyota ya guji amfani da manyan batura da ayyukan maye gurbin ba). A Toyota, kamfanoni kamar BMW ba sa son ji game da hakan, kuma yawancin shugabannin GM kamar Bob Lutz har ma sun yi musu ba'a.

Hyungiyar haɗin gwiwar duniya

Akwai kyawawan dalilai don ƙaddamar da BMW Project i a 2007. Lokacin da ya bayyana karara cewa hauhawar farashin mai yayi sauri da tsayayye kuma ya gwada kasancewar masana'antar kera motoci kamar yadda take a da, kamfanoni da yawa sun canza yadda suke kallon fasahar haɗin kai. Daga cikin su, BMW, a bayyane yake ba a shirye yake don abin da ke faruwa ba. Hakanan za'a iya faɗi game da mai fafatawa kai tsaye Daimler-Benz, wanda a halin yanzu ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɓaka tsarin haɗin gwiwa tare da… GM. Haka ne, yana iya zama baƙon abu, amma a aikace GM yana da mahimmin fasaha mai mahimmanci saboda sashin watsa shirye-shiryenta na Allison ya riga ya haɓaka ingantaccen tsarin ƙira don motocin New Flyer. A shekarar 2005, wadanda ke kula da kamfanin na BMW suka yanke shawarar shiga hadaka da BMW don haka suka fara abin da ake kira hadin kan duniya.

Babban aikin injiniyoyin kamfanonin uku shi ne "rauni" na tsarin motar bas mai suna "Two-Mode Hybrid" - fasaha ce mai kama da fasahar Toyota mai injin janareta guda biyu da kayan haɗin duniya, amma a aikace fiye da haka. . cikakke saboda yana da ƙarin kayan aikin duniya waɗanda suka ƙara ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki zuwa tsarin. Dukkan kamfanoni uku sun yi ƙoƙari sosai, amma a ƙarshe, sakamakon aikin haɗin gwiwar, an haifi BMW ActiveHybrid X6, bi da bi. Mercedes ML450 Hybrid da Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid, da bambance-bambancen da yawa na karshen daga sauran sassan GM. Samfurin BMW tare da injin biturbo mai ƙarfi guda takwas na silinda kai tsaye ya zama mafi ci gaba a cikinsu.

Ba da daɗewa ba ya bayyana ga Mercedes da BMW cewa wannan tsarin ba zai zama mafita ba a cikin dogon lokaci. Abubuwan da ke tattare da dalilai da dalilai na hakan tabbas mutane ne kawai daga manyan kamfanonin biyu suka sani, amma watakila babban shine tsarin hadadden tsarin yana da tsada sosai. A cikin 2011, alal misali, Active Hybrid X6 ya kamata ya biya € 103, yayin da wanda aka yi amfani da shi don farashin X000 6i "kawai" € 50.

Har wala yau, BMW ya yi watsi da batun gabaɗayan nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i)) kuma ya yi watsi da wannan gaskiyar daga tarihinsa. Amsoshi sun fito daga "haɗin kai tare da Mercedes da GM kawai sun haɗa da ci gaba" zuwa "mun sami kwarewa mai yawa." Ko da a lokacin, shugaban bincike da ci gaba, Klaus Draeger, bai yi cikakken bayani ba kuma ya mayar da hankali ga gaskiyar cewa tsarin tsarin dual-mode shine kawai hanyar haɗi a yawancin fasahar zamani da sashensa ke aiki a kai. A gefe guda kuma, duk wannan ba ya canza mahimmin bayani na fasaha na musamman, wanda a aikace ya tabbatar da cewa ya zama mafi inganci ya zuwa yanzu, kuma gaskiyar cewa bai daɗe ba ya haifar da ƙarin aura na sufi a kusa da shi. A yau, BMW ActiveHybrid X6s guda uku ne kawai ake iya samu a cikin ɗimbin bayanai na mobile.de.

Ka'idodin aiki: menene su?

Koda lokacin shirya ActiveHybrid X6, Mercedes da BMW tuni suna bin wani reshe na juyin halitta daban don wasu samfuran matasan. Momentididdigar ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa ya haifar da haɗin haɗin haɗin haɗin farkon nau'ikan fasali na S-Class (S400 Hybrid) da BMW Active Hybrid 7. Dukansu motocin sun riga sun sami batirin layi na ion, rarraba kayan haɗin lantarki na inasashen waje da kuma tsarin gine-gine iri ɗaya tare da hadadden baturi. a cikin watsa wutar lantarki. Bayan su, kamfanonin biyu daga karshe sun hau kan hanyar su wacce ta kai su ga matsayin da suke a yanzu tare da samun kaso mafi girma na wutar lantarki a cikin tuki da kuma yin amfani da fasahar toshe-kayan hadin lantarki tare da tsaftar lantarki.

Amma fa kar mu sha gaban kanmu. A ƙarshen shekaru goma na farko na karni na 6, BMW da Mercedes har yanzu suna da hangen nesa daban-daban game da tsarin motsa jiki. Tuni a cikin hanyoyi biyu, Mercedes 'tsarin haɗin gwiwa yana ƙaddamar da ƙarin direbobi masu matsakaici ta amfani da injin kewaya na Atkinson mai ɗari shida, kuma iri ɗaya aka yi amfani da shi don S-Class. Akasin haka, BMW ta yi la'akari da tsarin tsarin na baƙon abu, wanda ya kamata a yi amfani da shi azaman ƙarin "ƙarfafawa" don injunan kuma ba wai kawai ya ɓata halayen haɓaka ba, amma kuma ya zama fa'ida ta wannan hanyar. A wannan yanayin, acronym ActiveHybrid ya ba da ma'ana sosai kuma masu zanen sun ƙara injin lantarki zuwa injina masu ƙarfi. Dukansu ActiveHybrid X7 (duba akwatin) da ActiveHybrid 4,4 duk suna da ƙarfi ta babban injin lita 407 na 2009 bhp biturbo. Kuma yayin da wutar lantarki ta kasance 2013kW kawai daga 01 zuwa 7 a cikin F15 Series 3 kuma har yanzu tana ba da ƙwarin ƙwarin ƙwarai yayin hanzarta, a cikin ActiveHybrid 30 (F5) da ActiveHybrid 10 (F306). zuwa injin-turbo 40 hp na shida. an kara wa danniyar karfin karfin lantarki mai karfin 5 kW, wanda aka hada shi a layi daya da gearbox mai gudun takwas. Lokacin da sauri daga kawai sama da sakan 100 zuwa 1 km / h, motocin biyu sun nuna kyawawan halaye masu kishi. Tambaya daban ita ce tsawon lokacin da wannan zai iya ɗauka tare da batura tare da ƙarfin kusan XNUMX kWh.

Koyaya, wannan falsafar a fili ba ta yi aiki ba, saboda duk samfuran uku ba su ci nasara a kasuwa ba. An dakatar da Makon ActiveHybrid shekaru huɗu daga baya, kuma ActiveHybrid 5 da 3, waɗanda aka gabatar a cikin 2011 da 2012, bi da bi, sun rayu har ma da gajerun rayuka kuma sun daina wanzuwa a 2015. Har ila yau, akwai sabuwar falsafar da aka tsara ta jagororin Project i, wanda ba ya haɗa da rukunin mai mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, amma ƙaramin bambance-bambancen silinda huɗu (har ma na X5 da Series 7), wanda ke da ƙarfin injina masu ƙarfin lantarki da yawa, batirin lithium-ion mai ƙarfi. babban iko da damar yin tafiya kusan kilomita 40 a kan hanyar lantarki zalla. Waɗannan sune ƙa'idodin zamani, kuma ga Turai, tare da harajin muhalli a cikin biranen Turai da yawa, wannan falsafar ta kasance cikakke. Lokacin da badakalar fitar da mai ta dizal ta barke, kamfanoni da yawa, gami da BMW, sun haskaka waɗannan samfuran hoton da aka ƙirƙira don haɓaka zangon.

BMW's yanayin yanayi biyu zai kasance fasaha ta musamman

ActiveHybrid X6 ya kasance ƙwararren injiniyanci, abin takaici yana da tsada sosai. Tsarin yana ba da ta'aziyya mara misaltuwa, kuma taushin canzawa daga wannan yanayin zuwa wani kuma daga wannan kayan zuwa wancan yana da daɗi fiye da na kyakkyawan watsa mai sauri takwas na ZF. Ya haɗa da injina guda biyu masu kama da na Toyota kuma suna aiki da ɗan ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodinta, amma yana da ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki - wani abu da Toyota ya ƙaddamar da shi kwanan nan tare da nau'ikan nau'ikansa masu yawa. Abin takaici, wannan ƙirar batirin nickel-metal hydride baturi yana da nauyin kilogiram 250 fiye da takwaransa na yau da kullun, duk da rashin na'urori masu ƙarfi da kuma dakatarwa. A gefe guda, lantarki mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, wanda ke ƙarƙashin babban rigar ruwan sama akan murfin gaba, sarrafa wutar lantarki da zaɓin yanayi tare da madaidaicin madaidaici. Shin duk yana da ma'ana? Amsar ita ce e. A cikin ainihin sake zagayowar gwaji na motar motsa jiki da wasanni, gami da babban gudu, ActiveHybrid X6 ya nuna yawan man fetur mai ban mamaki na lita 9,6. Lokacin tuki a cikin birni, ƙimar kimanin 9,0 l / 100 km ya yiwu. Wannan shi ne ainihin shaida ga masu kirkiro tsarin tsarin nau'i biyu da masu zanen Bavarian. Duk da haka, wannan shi ne cikakken-size model na SUV nauyi ton biyu da rabi, tare da katon gaban karshen da tayoyin da fadin ... 325 millimeters.

Rubutu: Georgy Kolev