Manyan injina 4-Silinda a duniya

Bude murfin motar kuma akwai damar 90% na karo tare da injin silinda hudu. Tsarinsa mai sauki ne kuma mara tsada don ƙerawa, ƙarami, kuma yana samar da wadatattun fasali ga yawancin ababen hawa.

Duk da haka, don Allah a lura: yawancin waɗannan injunan suna da nauyin aiki na 1,5-2 lita, watau. girman kowane Silinda bai wuce lita 0,5 ba. Da wuya injin silinda huɗu yana da ƙaura mafi girma. Kuma ko da a lokacin, da Figures ne kawai dan kadan mafi girma: 2,3-2,5 lita. Misali na yau da kullun shine dangin Ford-Mazda Duratec, wanda ke da injin mai lita 2,5 (wanda aka samu a cikin Ford Mondeo da Mazda CX-7). Ko, ka ce, 2,4-lita, wanda aka sanye take da Kia Sportage ko Hyundai Santa Fe crossovers.

Me ya sa masu zanen kaya ba sa ƙara yawan aikin? Akwai cikas da yawa. Da fari dai, saboda vibration: a cikin wani 4-Silinda engine, inertial sojojin jere na biyu ba su daidaita, da kuma karuwa a cikin girma da kuma kara da ƙarfi matakin (kuma wannan take kaiwa zuwa rage ba kawai a cikin ta'aziyya amma kuma a AMINCI). . Maganin yana yiwuwa, amma ba sauki ba - yawanci tare da tsarin daidaita ma'auni mai rikitarwa.

Har ila yau, akwai matsalolin ƙira mai tsanani - babban karuwa a bugun jini yana hana shi ta hanyar karuwa a cikin nauyin inertial, kuma idan diamita na silinda ya karu sosai, konewar man fetur na al'ada yana da matsala kuma hadarin fashewa yana ƙaruwa. Bugu da ƙari, akwai matsaloli tare da shigarwa kanta - alal misali, saboda tsayin murfin gaba.

Duk da haka akwai dogon jerin keɓancewa a cikin tarihin masana'antar kera motoci. Diesel injuna da gangan ba a haɗa a cikin zaɓin Motoci - musamman ga manyan motoci, wanda girmansa ya kai lita 8,5. Irin waɗannan motocin suna da jinkirin jinkirin, don haka haɓakar haɓakar inertial lodi ba haka ba ne mai muni a gare su - a ƙarshe suna da alaƙa da saurin dogaro na quadratic. Bugu da ƙari, tsarin konewa a cikin injunan diesel ya bambanta.

Hakazalika, ba a haɗa gwaje-gwaje daban-daban na farkon ƙarni na 20, kamar injin mai mai nauyin Silinda 21,5 na Daimler-Benz 60. Sannan samar da injuna har yanzu yana kan karagar mulki, kuma injiniyoyin ba su da masaniyar illolin da ke faruwa a cikinsa. A saboda wannan dalili, hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna ƙattai huɗu ne kawai waɗanda aka haifa a cikin shekaru XNUMX na ƙarshe.

Toyota 3RZ-FE - 2693 cc

Injin ya samu ci gaba ne a ƙarshen shekarun 80 musamman don motocin HiAce van, Prado SUVs da Hilux. Abubuwan da ake buƙata don irin waɗannan injunan sun bayyana: don tuki a kan hanya ko tare da kaya mai nauyi, kuna buƙatar ƙwanƙwasa mai kyau a ƙananan rpm da haɓakar ƙarfi (duk da cewa a kan iyakar ƙarfin iko). Lowari da ƙananan kuɗi, wanda yake da mahimmanci ga motocin kasuwanci.

Injin lita 2,7 shine mafi tsufa a cikin layin man fetur "hudu" na jerin RZ. Tun daga farkon, an tsara su tare da tsammanin haɓaka ƙarar, don haka an tattara tubalin simintin ƙarfe mai ɗorewa sosai: nisa tsakanin silinda ya kai milimita 102,5. Don ƙara ƙarar zuwa 2,7 lita, da Silinda diamita da piston bugun jini ne 95 millimeters. Ba kamar ƙananan injunan jerin RZ ba, wannan an sanye shi da ma'auni don rage girgiza.

Don lokacinta, injin yana da ƙirar zamani, amma ba tare da ƙarancin ra'ayi ba: an toshe tubalin baƙin ƙarfe da kai mai bawul 16, yana da sarkar lokaci, babu masu ɗaga wutar lantarki. Isarfin ƙarfin 152 ne kawai, amma mafi girman karfin 240 Nm ana samunsa a 4000 rpm.

A shekara ta 2004, an fito da wani ingantacciyar sigar injiniya tare da 2TR-FE index, wanda ya karɓi sabon shugaban Silinda tare da masu ba da wutar lantarki da canjin lokaci a mashigar (kuma tun daga 2015 - a kanti). An ƙara ƙarfinsa a alamance zuwa ƙarfin dawakai 163, amma matsakaicin ƙarfin ƙarfin 245 Nm yana samuwa a 3800 rpm.

GM L3B - 2727 cc

Anan ga yadda ragin saukar ruwa a Amurka yayi kama: A matsayin madadin injina masu son 8-Silinda, General Motors yana haɓaka babbar injin mai-silinda huɗu tare da fiye da lita 2,7.

Tun da farko, an kera injin ɗin don ɗaukar cikakken girma. Don ƙarin juzu'i a ƙananan revs, an yi shi tare da bugun jini mai tsayi: guntun milimita 92,25 kuma bugun piston shine milimita 102.

A lokaci guda, an tsara injiniya bisa ga mafi yawan samfuran zamani: allurar mai kai tsaye (tare da injectors na gefe), sauye-sauye na lokaci, ana amfani da tsarin rufe silinda a ɓangaren ɗaukar kaya, ana amfani da famfo na lantarki na tsarin sanyaya. Ginin silinda da kai an yi su ne da gami da allurar aluminium, kuma an shigar da kayan shaye-shaye a cikin kai, BorgWarner turbocharger yana da tashoshi biyu kuma tare da yanayin da ba na al'ada ba.

Ikon wannan turbo engine ya kai 314 horsepower, da karfin juyi ne 473 Nm a kawai 1500 rpm. An shigar a kan tushe versions na babban Chevrolet Silverado motar daukar hoto (dan'uwan Chevrolet Tahoe SUV), amma daga shekara ta gaba za a shigar a karkashin kaho ... a kan Cadillac CT4 m raya-dabaran drive sedan - ko a maimakon haka, akan sigar sa ta “mai gaskiya” ta CT4-V. A gare shi, da ikon za a ƙara zuwa 325 horsepower, da matsakaicin karfin juyi - har zuwa 515 Nm.

Farashin GML

A wajajen karnin, General Motors ya kaddamar da dukkanin dangin Atlas na injunan hadaka na matsakaitan matsakaita, SUVs da pickups. Dukkansu suna da kawunan bawul na zamani guda, bugun fiston iri ɗaya (millimita 102), diamita biyu na silinda (93 ko 95,5 milimita) da lambobi daban daban (huɗu, biyar ko shida).

Silinda hudu suna da fihirisa LK5 da LLV, girman aikinsu shine 2,8 da 2,9 lita, kuma karfinsu shine 175 da 185 dawakai. Kamar injunan ɗaukar hoto, suna da halayen "ƙarfi" - matsakaicin karfin juyi (251 da 258 Nm) ya kai 2800 rpm. Za su iya juya har zuwa 6300 rpm. An shigar da injunan 4-Silinda da ake tambaya a ƙarni na farko na Chevrolet Colorado da GMC Canyon masu girman girman girman kuma an dakatar da su tare da samfura biyu (ƙarni na farko da ake tambaya) a cikin 2012.

Porsche M44/41, M44/43 da M44/60 - 2990cc cm

Yawancin injina a cikin wannan zaɓin na'urori ne masu sauƙi waɗanda aka tsara don ɗaukar kaya, motoci, ko SUVs. Amma wannan shari'ar ce ta daban: an ƙirƙiri wannan injin ɗin ne don motar motar Porsche 944.

An yi ta sukar ƙaramin motar da ba ta da tsada tare da injin Porsche 924 na gaba-gaba na ƙarshen 1970s saboda rashin ƙarfi mai lita 2 mai huɗu daga Audi. Abin da ya sa, bayan sabunta motar motar wasanni sosai, masu zanen Porsche suna yin ta da injin daban. Gaskiya ne, babban iyakance shine girman injin injin, wanda tun farko an tsara shi don shigar da "huɗu".

Porsche 944, wanda aka saki a cikin 1983, a zahiri yana da rabin rabin aluminum V8 daga babban Porsche 928. Sakamakon injin lita 2,5 yana da ɗan gajeren bugun jini da babbar fa'ida na milimita 100: tare da 4 cylinders wannan yana ba da kyakkyawan aiki mara daidaituwa. , don haka wajibi ne a yi amfani da tsarin haƙƙin mallaka na Mitsubishi tare da ma'auni na daidaitawa. Amma injin ya juya ya zama mai jujjuyawa - motar tana farawa a cikin kaya na biyu ba tare da wata matsala ba.

Sa'an nan an ƙara ƙaurawar injin da farko zuwa lita 2,7, wanda ya haifar da diamita na Silinda ya karu zuwa 104 millimeters. Sa'an nan kuma bugun piston ya karu zuwa 87,8 millimeters, wanda ya haifar da girma na 3 lita - daya daga cikin mafi girma "hudu" a cikin tarihin masana'antar kera motoci! Bugu da ƙari, akwai duka nau'ikan yanayi da turbocharged.

Da dama versions na uku-lita engine da aka saki: Porsche 944 S2 tasowa 208 horsepower, yayin da Porsche 968 riga yana da 240 horsepower. Dukkanin injunan da ake nema a zahiri na lita uku suna sanye da kan silinda mai bawul 16.

Mafi iko version na jerin ne 8-bawul turbo engine cewa tasowa 309 horsepower. Koyaya, da alama ba za ku taɓa ganin sa a raye ba, saboda an sanye shi da Porsche 968 Carrera S kawai, wanda aka samar da raka'a 14 kawai. A cikin nau'in tsere na Turbo RS, wanda aka samar a cikin kwafi uku kawai, an haɓaka wannan injin zuwa ƙarfin dawakai 350. Af, an ƙera injin turbo mai bawul 16, amma kawai a matsayin samfuri.

Pontiac

Kamar yadda kake gani, ƙarar lita uku don injin silinda huɗu ba iyaka! An ketare wannan alamar ta 4 Pontiac Trophy 1961 engine tare da ƙaura na 3,2 lita.

Wannan injin yana daya daga cikin 'ya'yan itatuwan aikin John DeLorean, wanda a lokacin ya jagoranci sashen Pontiac na General Motors. Sabuwar samfurin Pontiac Tempest (ƙaddamar da ka'idodin Amurka - tsayin 4,8 m) yana buƙatar injin tushe mai arha, amma kamfanin ba shi da kuɗi don haɓaka shi.

Dangane da roƙon DeLorean, an ƙera injin daga ƙasa tun daga ƙwararren makanikan tsere Henry "Smokey" Unique. A zahiri yana yankewa cikin rabin na Lita 6,4 Babban Takwas daga Iyalan V8 Trophy.

Sakamakon injin yana da nauyi (240 kg), amma yana da arha don kera - bayan duk, yana da komai kamar V8. Duk injinan biyu suna da bugu ɗaya da bugun jini, kuma suna da jimillar abubuwa 120 a cikin ƙirar. Ana kuma samar da su a wuri guda, wanda ke haifar da gagarumin tanadin farashi.

Injin mai-silinda ya ci gaba tsakanin 110 zuwa 166 mai karfin doki, ya danganta da sigar motar kera. An rufe injin a cikin 1964, a layi daya tare da ci gaban ƙarni na biyu Tempest.

IHC Comanche - 3212 cu. cm

Hakanan, V8 a farkon 1960s ya zama injin Comanche na silinda huɗu don International Harvester Scout SUV. Yanzu wannan alamar an manta da ita kwata-kwata, amma sai ta samar da injunan aikin gona, manyan motoci, na ɗoki, kuma a cikin 1961 ta saki ƙaramin motar Scout da ke kan hanya.

An ƙirƙiri jerin silinda huɗu na Comanche don injin tushe. International Harvester karamin kamfani ne wanda ke da iyakacin albarkatu, don haka sabon injin an tsara shi ta hanyar tattalin arziki kamar yadda zai yiwu: masu zanen kaya sun yanke lita biyar da aka yi nufin shigarwa na tsaye (misali, don fitar da janareta), masu zanen kaya sun yanke shi cikin rabi. .

Kuma a shekarar 1968, kamfanin yana gina katuwar hanya iri ɗaya: an samu injin mai-lita 3,2 bayan an yanke rabin lita 6,2 V8 da aka nufa don kayan aiki masu nauyi. Sabon injin ya kirkiro da karfin doki 111 ne kawai, kuma a karshen shekarun 70, saboda tsaurara bukatun da ake da shi na yawan guba, karfinsa ya ragu zuwa mai karfin 93.

Duk da haka, tun kafin wannan, rabonsa a cikin samar da shirin ya rushe lokacin da aka fara shigar da injunan V8 mafi ƙarfi da santsi a kan SUV Scout. Duk da haka, wannan ba kome ba kuma - bayan duk, wannan engine ya sauka a tarihi a matsayin mafi girma 4-Silinda da aka taba shigar a cikin mota!