Batura masu gudana: don Allah zubam ni lantarki!

Masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Fraunhofer da ke Jamus suna gudanar da ayyukan ci gaba mai tsanani a fannin batir lantarki, maimakon na gargajiya. Tare da fasahar kwararar redox, tsarin adana wutar lantarki ya bambanta sosai ...

Ana zuba batura masu ruwa a matsayin mai, a cikin mota mai injin mai ko dizal. Yana iya zama kamar utopian, amma ga Jens Noack na Cibiyar Fraunhofer a Pfinztal, Jamus, wannan shine ainihin rayuwar yau da kullum. Tun daga shekara ta 2007, ƙungiyar ci gaban da ke da hannu a ciki tana haɓaka wannan nau'i mai ban sha'awa na baturi mai caji a cikin sauri. A gaskiya ma, ra'ayin kwarara-ta ko abin da ake kira kwarara-ta hanyar redox baturi ba shi da wahala, kuma alamar farko a wannan yanki ta koma 1949. Kowanne daga cikin filayen tantanin halitta guda biyu, wanda membrane (mai kama da man fetur), an haɗa shi da tafki mai ɗauke da takamaiman electrolyte. Saboda dabi'ar abubuwan da ke haifar da mu'amala da sinadarai a tsakanin su, protons suna canjawa wuri daga wannan electrolyte zuwa wani ta cikin membrane, kuma ana sarrafa electrons ta hanyar mabukaci na yanzu da ke da alaƙa da sassan biyu, sakamakon haka wutar lantarki ke gudana. Bayan wani ɗan lokaci, sai a zubar da tankuna guda biyu kuma a cika su da sabon electrolyte, kuma wanda aka yi amfani da shi yana "sake yin fa'ida" a tashoshin caji.

Duk da yake wannan duka yayi kyau, abin takaici har yanzu akwai cikas da yawa ga amfani da irin wannan baturi a cikin motoci. Yawan kuzarin batirin vanadium electrolyte redox yana cikin kewayon 30 Wh a kowace kilogiram, wanda yayi kusan daidai da na batirin gubar acid. Don adana adadin kuzari daidai da batirin lithium-ion na zamani 16 kWh, a matakin fasahar redox na yanzu, baturin zai buƙaci lita 500 na electrolyte. Bugu da ƙari, duk abubuwan da ke kewaye, ba shakka, ƙarar wanda kuma yana da girma - wani keji da ake bukata don samar da ikon kilowatt ɗaya, kamar akwatin giya.

Irin waɗannan sigogi ba su dace da motoci ba, ganin cewa baturin lithium-ion yana adana makamashi sau huɗu a kowace kilogram. Duk da haka, Jens Noack yana da kyakkyawan fata, saboda abubuwan da ke faruwa a wannan yanki sun fara farawa kuma masu yiwuwa suna da alƙawarin. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, baturan da ake kira vanadium polysulfide bromide suna samun karfin kuzari na 70 Wh a kowace kilogiram kuma suna kama da girman batir hydride na nickel da ake amfani da su a yanzu a cikin Toyota Prius.

Wannan yana rage adadin da ake buƙata na tankuna a cikin rabi. Godiya ga tsarin caji mai sauƙi kuma mara tsada (famfutoci biyu suna fitar da sabon electrolyte, tsotsa biyu masu amfani da lantarki), ana iya cajin tsarin cikin mintuna goma don samar da kewayon kilomita 100. Ko da tsarin caji mai sauri kamar wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Tesla Roadster ya wuce sau shida.

A wannan yanayin, ba abin mamaki bane cewa yawancin kamfanonin kera motoci sun juya ga binciken Cibiyar, kuma jihar Baden-Württemberg ta ware Euro miliyan 1,5 don ci gaba. Koyaya, har yanzu zai ɗauki lokaci kafin a kai ga matakin fasahar kera motoci. "Wannan nau'in baturi na iya aiki sosai tare da tsarin wutar lantarki, kuma mun riga mun samar da tashoshin gwaji na Bundeswehr. Duk da haka, a fannin motocin lantarki, wannan fasaha za ta dace da aiwatarwa cikin kimanin shekaru goma, "in ji Noack.

Ba a buƙatar abubuwa masu ban mamaki don samar da batura masu gudana-ta hanyar redox. Ba a buƙatar masu ƙara tsada irin su platinum da ake amfani da su a cikin ƙwayoyin mai ko polymers kamar batir lithium-ion da ake buƙata. Babban farashin tsarin dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda ya kai Yuro 2000 a kowace kilowatt na wutar lantarki, ya faru ne kawai saboda kasancewarsu iri ɗaya ne kuma ana yin su da hannu.

A halin da ake ciki, kwararrun cibiyar suna shirin gina nasu tashar iska, inda za a yi cajin wutar lantarki, wato zubar da wutar lantarki. Tare da redox flow, wannan tsari ya fi dacewa fiye da sanya ruwa zuwa hydrogen da oxygen da amfani da su a cikin man fetur - batura nan take suna samar da kashi 75 na wutar lantarki da ake amfani da su don yin caji.

Za mu iya tunanin tashoshin caji waɗanda, tare da caji na yau da kullun na motocin lantarki, suna aiki azaman masu kare nauyi akan mafi girman nauyin tsarin wutar lantarki. A yau, alal misali, yawancin injinan iska a arewacin Jamus dole ne a kashe su duk da iskar, saboda idan ba haka ba za su yi amfani da grid.

Dangane da batun tsaro, babu hadari a nan. “Lokacin da kuka hada electrolytes guda biyu, akwai gajeriyar sinadari da ke ba da zafi kuma zazzabi ya tashi zuwa digiri 80, amma ba abin da ya faru. Tabbas, ruwa kadai ba shi da lafiya, amma haka ma man fetur da dizal. Duk da yuwuwar kwarara-ta hanyar batir redox, masu bincike a Cibiyar Fraunhofer suma suna aiki tuƙuru wajen haɓaka fasahar lithium-ion ...

rubutu: Alexander Bloch

Redox kwarara baturi

Batir mai gudana na redox shine ainihin giciye tsakanin baturi na al'ada da tantanin mai. Wutar lantarki yana gudana ne saboda hulɗar da ke tsakanin electrolytes guda biyu - ɗayan yana da alaƙa da madaidaicin sandar tantanin halitta kuma ɗayan zuwa mara kyau. A wannan yanayin, ɗayan yana ba da ions masu inganci (oxidation), ɗayan kuma yana karɓar su (raguwa), don haka sunan na'urar. Lokacin da wani matakin jikewa ya kai, amsawar tana tsayawa kuma caji ya ƙunshi maye gurbin electrolytes da sabo. Ana dawo da ma'aikata ta amfani da tsarin baya.