Domin tunawa da Rudolf Diesel: bikin cika shekara 160 da haihuwar baiwa

Labari game da zurfin yanayin mai mafarkin kuma mahaliccin injin dizal

Designerwararren mai zanen Rudolf Diesel ya ƙirƙiri ɗayan manyan halittu a tarihin ɗan adam na masana'antu. Koyaya, ransa ya tsage yana azabtar da ma'anar duk abin da ya halitta.

A ranar soyayya, 14 ga Fabrairu, 1898, ɗan wani ɗan Sweden, Emanuel Nobel, ya isa otal ɗin Bristol da ke Berlin. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Ludwig Nobel, ya gaji kamfanin mai nasa, wanda ya kasance mafi girma a Rasha a lokacin. Emanuel yana cikin tashin hankali da damuwa domin yarjejeniyar da zai yi na da mahimmanci a gare shi. Bayan da kawunsa Alfred ya yanke shawarar ba da gudummawar gadonsa mai girma, wanda ya haɗa da wani babban kamfani mai fashewa da wani kaso mai yawa a cikin kamfanin mai na gidauniyar Nobel da ya ƙirƙira, na ƙarshe ya fara fuskantar matsalar kuɗi mai tsanani, kuma ya nemi mafita iri-iri. . A saboda wannan dalili, ya yanke shawarar sanin wani mutum da aka riga aka sani a lokacin da sunan Rudolf Diesel. Nobel yana so ya saya daga gare shi haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka don samar da injin konewa na cikin gida na Jamus kwanan nan a cikin Rasha. Emanuel Nobel ya shirya alamar zinare 800 don wannan dalili, amma har yanzu yana tunanin zai iya yin shawarwari akan rage farashin.

Ranar tana da matukar aiki ga Diesel - zai yi karin kumallo tare da Friedrich Alfred Krupp, sannan zai yi ganawa da bankin Sweden Markus Wallenberg, kuma da rana za a sadaukar da shi ga Emanuel Nobel. Washegari ma, ma’aikacin banki da ’yan kasuwa suka rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da ta kai ga kafa wani sabon kamfanin injunan diesel na Sweden. Duk da haka, tattaunawa da Nobel ya fi wahala, duk da ikirarin Diesel na cewa dan kasar Sweden ya "fi son injinsa" fiye da shi. Rashin tabbas na Emanuel ba shi da alaƙa da makomar injin - a matsayinsa na masanin fasaha ba ya shakka, amma a matsayinsa na ɗan kasuwa ya yi imanin cewa injin dizal zai ƙara yawan amfani da man fetur. Irin kayan mai da kamfanonin Nobel ke samarwa. Yana son yin cikakken bayani ne kawai.

Koyaya, Rudolph ba ya son jira kuma ba tare da yarda ba ya gaya wa Nobel cewa idan dan Sweden din bai amince da sharuddansa ba, Diesel zai sayar da takardar izininsa ga abokin hamayyarsa John Rockefeller. Menene ya ba wannan injiniyan da ke da sha'awar jujjuya fataucin lambar yabo da lambar yabo ta Nobel ta yadda ya samu nasarar da karfin gwiwa ya tsaya kan hanyar mutanen biyu masu karfi a doron kasa? Babu ɗaya daga cikin injunan sa da zai iya yin abin dogaro har yanzu, kuma kwanan nan ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da mai yin giya Adolphus Busch don haƙƙin haƙƙin kerawa a Amurka. Koyaya, baƙar fatarsa ​​ta ba da sakamako, kuma an yi yarjejeniyar tare da Nobel.

Bayan shekaru 15 ...

Satumba 29, 1913. Ranar kaka ta yau da kullun. Wani hazo mai kauri ya rufe bakin Kogin Scheldt a cikin Netherlands, kuma injunan tururin jirgin Dresden sun faɗi ta cikin wuraren riƙe, suna ɗauke da shi ta ƙetaren Tashar Ingilishi zuwa Ingila. Rudolf Diesel ne a cikin jirgin, wanda ya aika wa matarsa ​​da sakon waya jim kadan kafin tafiya mai zuwa ta yi nasara. Da alama haka ne. Da misalin karfe goma na yamma, shi da abokan aikinsa, George Carels da Alfred Luckmann, sun yanke shawara cewa lokaci ya yi da za su kwanta, yin musafaha tare da yawo a cikin gidajensu. Da safe, ba wanda zai iya samun Mista Diesel, kuma idan ma’aikatansa da ke cikin damuwa suka neme shi a cikin gida, gadon da ke cikin ɗakinsa ya kasance cikakke. Daga baya, fasinjan, wanda ya zama dan uwan ​​Shugaban Indiya Jawaharlal Nehru, zai tuna yadda aka tsara matakan mutumin zuwa layin jirgin. Madaukaki ne kawai ya san ainihin abin da ya faru a gaba. Gaskiyar ita ce a shafi na 29 ga Satumba a cikin littafin tarihin Rudolf Diesel, an rubuta ƙaramin gicciye a hankali a fensir ...

Bayan kwana goma sha daya, masu jirgin ruwa ‘yan kasar Holland suka gano gawar wani mutum da ya nitse a cikin ruwa. Saboda fitowar sa mai firgitarwa, kyaftin din ya ba da shi ne don amfanin teku, yana kiyaye abin da ya samu a ciki. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, ɗayan Rudolf, Eugen Diesel, ya gane su na mahaifinsa ne.

A cikin duhu mai zurfi na hazo ya ƙare aikin mai ban sha'awa na mahaliccin halitta mai haske, mai suna "injin dizal". Duk da haka, idan muka yi la'akari da zurfi a cikin yanayin mai zane, za mu ga cewa rai ya tsage ta hanyar sabani da shakku, wanda ya ba da dalili mai kyau don gane shi a matsayin mai iko ba wai kawai rubutun cewa ya kasance wanda aka azabtar da wakilan Jamus da ke neman hanawa ba. sayar da haƙƙin mallaka ga daular Burtaniya. a jajibirin yakin da babu makawa, amma wannan Diesel ya kashe kansa. Azaba mai zurfi wani bangare ne na duniyar ciki na hazikin mai zane.

Enirƙirar halittar baiwa

An haifi Rudolph a ranar 18 ga Maris, 1858 a Paris babban birnin Faransa. Tashin hankali na nuna ɗabi'a a Faransa yayin Yaƙin Franco-Prussian ya tilasta wa danginsa yin ƙaura zuwa Ingila. Koyaya, kudadensu basu isa sosai ba, kuma an tilasta mahaifinsa ya aika saurayi Rudolph zuwa ga ɗan'uwan matarsa, wanda ba mutum ne mai haɗari ba. Kawun Diesel a lokacin sanannen farfesa ne Barnikel, kuma tare da goyon bayan sa ya yi nasara a Makarantar Masana'antu (sai kuma Makarantar Fasaha, a yanzu Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiyuka) a Augsburg, sannan kuma a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich, yana karɓar digirin girmamawa. taba yi nasara. Ayyukan matasa suna da ban mamaki, kuma dagewar da yake ƙoƙarin cimma burinsa kawai yana ba wasu mamaki. Mafarkin Diesel na ƙirƙirar cikakken injin zafi, amma abin ban mamaki, ya ƙare a cikin injin sanyaya. A cikin 1881, ya koma Paris bisa gayyatar tsohon mai ba shi shawara, Farfesa Karl von Linde, wanda ya kirkiro mai kera kankara sunansa, kuma ya aza harsashin ginin katafaren tsarin Linde na yau. A can aka nada Rudolph darektan kamfanin. A wancan lokacin, injunan mai suna farawa, kuma a halin yanzu, an ƙirƙiri wani injin zafin. Tumbin tururi ne, wanda ɗan Swede na Faransa De Leval da Ingilishi Parsons suka ƙirƙiro kwanan nan, kuma ya fi ƙwarewa sosai ga injin tururi.

Daidai da ci gaban Daimler da Benz da sauran masana kimiyya, suna ƙoƙarin kera injina waɗanda ke aiki akan kananzir. A wancan lokacin, har yanzu ba su san yanayin sinadarin man fetur da yanayin ɓarnatar da shi ba (ƙarar fashewar abubuwa a wasu yanayi). Diesel yana lura da waɗannan abubuwan sosai kuma yana karɓar bayani game da waɗannan abubuwan kuma bayan yawancin bincike ya gano cewa duk ayyukan basu da wani abu mai mahimmanci. Ya zo da wani sabon tunani wanda ya sha bamban da injunan da suke karkashin Otto.

"Iskar da ke cikin injina za ta yi kauri sosai, sa'an nan kuma za a fara allurar mai a minti na ƙarshe," in ji injiniyan Bajamushen. "Haɓaka yanayin zafi zai sa man fetur ya kunna kansa, kuma babban matsi zai sa ya fi dacewa da man fetur." Shekara guda bayan samun takardar shaidar ra'ayinsa, Diesel ya buga wani kasida mai suna "Ka'idar da gina injin zafi mai ma'ana, wanda ya kamata ya maye gurbin injin tururi da injunan konewa na ciki a yanzu."

Ka'idar mafarki

Ayyukan Rudolf Diesel sun dogara ne akan tushen ka'idar thermodynamics. Koyaya, ka'idar abu ɗaya ce kuma yin aiki wani abu ne. Diesel dai bai da masaniyar irin halin da man da zai zuba a cikin silindar injin dinsa zai kasance. Da farko, ya yanke shawarar gwada kananzir, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a lokacin. Duk da haka, a fili na karshen ba shine mafita ga matsalar ba - a farkon gwajin, injin gwaji da aka kera a masana'antar injin Augsburg (wanda ake kira da MAN heavy truck plant) ya tsage, kuma ma'aunin matsa lamba daya ya kusa kashe wanda ya kirkiro ta hanyar. santimita masu tashi. daga kansa. Bayan yunƙurin da aka yi da yawa, Diesel ya yi nasarar sa injin ɗin na gwaji ya yi aiki, amma bayan ya yi wasu sauye-sauyen ƙira kuma sai lokacin da ya canza zuwa amfani da juzu'in mai mai nauyi, wanda daga baya ya sanya masa suna "man diesel".

Yawancin 'yan kasuwa sun fara sha'awar abubuwan da Diesel ke ci gaba, kuma ayyukansa na gab da kawo sauyi a duniyar injunan zafi, saboda a zahiri injinsa ya zama mai tattalin arziki.

An gabatar da tabbacin hakan a cikin shekara ta 1898 da tarihin mu ya fara a birnin Munich, inda aka bude baje kolin kayan inji, wanda ya zama ginshikin ci gaban nasarar Diesel da injinan sa. Akwai injuna daga Augsburg, da kuma injin 20 hp. shuka Otto-Deutz, wanda ke motsa injin don shayar da iska. Musamman mai girma shine sha'awar babur da aka samar a masana'antar Krupp - yana da 35 hp. kuma yana jujjuya ramin famfo na hydraulic, yana ƙirƙirar jet na ruwa mai tsayin mita 40. Wannan injin yana aiki akan ka'idar injin diesel, kuma bayan baje kolin, kamfanonin Jamus da na waje sun saya masa lasisi, gami da Nobel, wanda ke karɓar haƙƙin kera. injin a Rasha. .

Kamar dai wauta, da farko injin dizal ya sami juriya mafi girma a ƙasarsa. Dalilan da ke tattare da haka suna da sarkakiya, amma suna da alaka da cewa kasar na da tarin kwal da kusan babu mai. Gaskiyar ita ce, yayin da a wannan mataki ana daukar injin mai a matsayin babban abin hawa na motoci, wanda ba shi da wata hanya, za a yi amfani da man dizal ne musamman don ayyukan masana'antu, wanda kuma za'a iya yin shi da injin tururi na kwal. Yayin da yake fuskantar ƙarin masu cin zarafi a Jamus, Diesel ya tilasta yin hulɗa da masana'antun da yawa a Faransa, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Rasha da Amurka. A Rasha, Nobel tare da kamfanin Sweden ASEA, sun yi nasarar kera jiragen ruwa na farko na kasuwanci da tankunan ruwa tare da injin dizal, kuma a farkon karni na farko ya bayyana jirgin ruwan dizal na Rasha Minoga da Shark. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Diesel ya sami babban ci gaba wajen inganta injinsa, kuma babu abin da zai iya dakatar da tafarkin nasara na halittarsa ​​- har ma da mutuwar mahaliccinsa. Zai kawo sauyi kan harkokin sufuri kuma wata ƙirƙira ce ta zamanin da ba za ta iya aiki ba tare da samfuran man fetur ba.

Gwagwarmaya ta ruhaniya

Amma, kamar yadda muka fada a baya, akwai sabani da yawa a bayan wannan galibin facade. A gefe guda, waɗannan su ne abubuwan da ke faruwa a lokacin da al'amura ke faruwa, a daya bangaren kuma, ainihin Rudolf Diesel. Duk da nasarar da ya samu, a lokacin tafiya a 1913 ya sami kansa kusan ba shi da matsala. Ga sauran jama'a, Diesel ƙwararren ƙwararren mai ƙirƙira ne wanda ya riga ya zama miloniya, amma a aikace ba zai iya dogara ga garantin banki don kammala hada-hadar kasuwanci ba. Duk da nasarar da ya samu, mai zane ya fada cikin zurfin ciki, idan irin wannan lokaci ya kasance a lokacin. Farashin da ya biya don halittarsa ​​yana da yawa, kuma yana ƙara ƙulla azaba da tunanin ko ɗan adam yana buƙatarsa. Maimakon ya yi shiri don gabatar da jawabansa, ya damu da tunanin wanzuwa kuma yana karanta “aiki mai wuya amma maras iyaka” (a cikin kalmominsa). An sami wani littafi na wannan masanin falsafa a cikin gidansa da ke cikin jirgin Dresden, inda aka sanya tef ɗin alamar siliki a kan shafukan da za a iya samun waɗannan kalmomi: "Mutanen da aka haifa cikin talauci, amma godiya ga basirarsu a ƙarshe sun kai" halin da ake ciki a cikin abin da suke samun mai yawa, kusan ko da yaushe kai autoshawarar cewa gwaninta ne m ka'idar na su sirri babban birnin kasar, da kuma kayan abu ne kawai wani m kashi. Irin waɗannan mutane galibi suna ƙarewa cikin matsanancin talauci…”

Shin Diesel ya gane rayuwarsa ta ma'anar waɗannan kalmomi? Sa’ad da ’ya’yansa Eugen da Rudolf suka buɗe baitulmalin iyali a gida a Bogenhausen, sun sami maki dubu ashirin ne kawai a ciki. Duk sauran abubuwan da rayuwar iyali ta wuce gona da iri. Kuɗin shekara-shekara na 90 Reichmarks yana shiga cikin babban gidan. Hannun jari a kamfanoni daban-daban ba sa biyan riba, kuma saka hannun jari a rijiyoyin mai na Galici ya zama bariki mara tushe. Daga baya dai mutanen zamanin Diesel sun tabbatar da cewa dukiyarsa ta bace da sauri kamar yadda ta bayyana, kasancewar shi haziki ne kamar yadda yake alfahari da son kai, wanda bai ga ya dace a tattauna al'amura da wani mai kudi ba. . Girman kansa ya yi yawa ba zai iya yin shawara da kowa ba. Diesel ma yana shiga cikin ma'amaloli masu ƙima, kuma wannan yana haifar da hasara mai yawa. Yarintarsa, da kuma musamman mahaifinsa mai ban mamaki, wanda ke cinikin ƙananan abubuwa daban-daban a kan tafi, amma ana la'akari da shi a matsayin wakilin wani nau'i na sojojin baƙi, mai yiwuwa ya rinjayi halinsa sosai. A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, Diesel da kansa, wanda ya zama abin adawa da wannan ɗabi'a (dalilan irin waɗannan halayen suna cikin fagen ilimin halin ɗan adam), zai ce: “Ban ƙara tabbata ko akwai wata fa’ida daga abin da nake da shi ba. samu a rayuwata. Ban sani ba ko motocina sun kyautata rayuwar mutane. Ban tabbata da komai ba..."

Umurnin mai gyaran injiniya na Bajamushe ba zai iya shirya yawo da azaba cikin ransa ba. Idan injininta ya kona kowane digo, mahaliccinsa zai kone ...

Rubutu: Georgy Kolev