Gwajin gwajin sihirin wuta: tarihin fasahar kwampreso
Gwajin gwaji

Gwajin gwajin sihirin wuta: tarihin fasahar kwampreso

Gwajin gwajin sihirin wuta: tarihin fasahar kwampreso

A cikin wannan jerin zamuyi magana game da tilasta mai da haɓaka injunan ƙone ciki.

Annabi ne a cikin littattafan gyaran mota. Shi ne mai ceton injin dizal. Shekaru da yawa, masu zanen injin gas sun yi watsi da wannan al'amari, amma a yau ya zama ruwan dare. Turbocharger ne... Yafi kowane lokaci.

Hisan uwansa, mai ba da kwampreso ta hanyar inji, ba shi da niyyar barin matakin. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance a shirye don ƙawancen da zai haifar da kyakkyawan alaƙa. Don haka, a cikin rikice-rikicen kishiyoyin fasaha na zamani, wakilan magabatan biyu masu adawa da juna a zamanin da, sun haɗu, suna tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa gaskiyar ta kasance ɗaya ba tare da banbancin ra'ayi ba.

Amfani da 4500 l / 100 km da yawan oxygen

Lissafin yana da sauƙi mai sauƙi kuma ya dogara ne kawai akan dokokin kimiyyar lissafi… Idan aka ɗauka cewa mota mai nauyin kilogiram 1000 kuma tare da ja-in-ja mara nauyi tana tafiya mita 305 daga tsayawa cikin ƙasa da daƙiƙa 4,0, ta kai gudun kilomita 500 / h a ƙarshe. na sashin, ƙarfin injin wannan motar dole ne ya wuce 9000 hp. Haka lissafin ya nuna cewa a cikin wani sashe, jujjuyawar injin da ke jujjuyawar rpm 8400 kawai zai iya jujjuya kusan sau 560, amma hakan ba zai hana injin lita 8,2 ya sha kusan lita 15 na man fetur ba. A sakamakon daya more sauki lissafi, ya bayyana a fili cewa, bisa ga misali ma'auni na man fetur amfani da talakawan amfani da wannan mota ne fiye da 4500 l / 100 km. A cikin kalma - lita dubu hudu da dari biyar. A zahiri, waɗannan injunan ba su da tsarin sanyaya - ana sanya su ta hanyar mai ...

Babu wani abu almara a cikin wadannan alkaluma ... Waɗannan su ne manyan, amma quite real dabi'u daga duniya na zamani ja racing. Yana da wuya daidai don komawa ga motocin da ke shiga cikin tsere don matsakaicin hanzari a matsayin motocin tsere, tun da abubuwan da aka yi masu kafa hudu, wanda aka rufe a cikin hayaki mai launin shuɗi, ba za su iya kwatanta su ba har ma da kirim na fasahar mota na zamani da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Formula 1. Saboda haka, za mu yi amfani da sanannen sunan “jawo” . - Babu shakka mai ban sha'awa a cikin nasu hanyar, motoci na musamman waɗanda ke ba da jin daɗi na musamman ga masu sha'awar a waje da waƙar 305-mita da kuma matukan jirgi waɗanda kwakwalwarsu, a saurin haɓakar 5 g, mai yiwuwa yana ɗaukar nau'in hoto mai launi biyu mai launi akan baya na kwanyar

Waɗannan dodannin da ake shakku sune mafi shahararrun nau'ikan shahararren motar motsa jiki a cikin Amurka, waɗanda ke cikin rukunin Man Fetur mai rikici. Sunan ya dogara ne akan tsananin aikin sinadarin nitromethane wanda injunan wuta ke amfani dashi azaman man injina. Underarƙashin tasirin wannan abin fashewar, injunan suna aiki cikin yanayi na wuce gona da iri kuma a cikin 'yan tsere kaɗan sun zama tarin ƙarfe da ba dole ba, kuma saboda yawan man da ke ci gaba da fashewa, sautin ayyukansu yana kama da rurin girgizar dabbar da ke ƙididdige lokutan ƙarshe na rayuwar ku. Tsarin aiki a cikin injuna kawai za'a iya kwatanta shi da cikakkiyar hargitsi mara izini, iyaka kan bin halakar kai ta zahiri. Galibi ɗayan silinda yake kasa zuwa ƙarshen sashin farko. Ofarfin injiniyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan mahaukacin wasan ya kai ƙimar da babu maƙerin motsi a duniya da zai iya aunawa, kuma cin zarafin injina da gaske ya wuce duk iyakokin tsattsauran ra'ayin injiniya ...

Amma bari mu dawo cikin zuciyar labarin mu kuma muyi dubi sosai kan kaddarorin mai na nitromethane (wanda aka cakuda shi da 'yan methanol na daidaitaccen kashi), wanda ba tare da wata shakka ba shine mafi karfin abu da ake amfani da shi a kowane irin tseren mota. aiki. Kowane carbon atom a cikin kwayar halittarsa ​​(CH3NO2) yana da ƙwayoyin oxygen guda biyu, wanda ke nufin cewa man yana ɗauke da mafi yawan abubuwan da ake buƙata don konewa. A saboda wannan dalili, makamashin da ke cikin kowace lita na nitromethane ya yi kasa da kowace lita ta mai, amma tare da adadin iska mai kyau da injin din zai iya tsotsewa a cikin dakunan konewa, nitromethane zai samar da karin cikakken karfi a yayin konewa. ... Wannan mai yiyuwa ne saboda shi kansa yana dauke da isashshen oxygen kuma saboda haka yana iya sanya yawancin kayan mai na hydrocarbon (galibi ba mai saurin kunnawa idan babu iskar oxygen). Watau, nitromethane na da kuzari sau 3,7 fiye da mai, amma tare da adadin iska, ana iya yin nitromethane sau 8,6 fiye da mai.

Duk wanda ya saba da hanyoyin konewa a cikin injin mota ya san cewa ainihin matsalar "matsi" ƙarin wutar lantarki daga injin konewa na ciki ba shine ƙara kwararar mai a cikin ɗakunan ba - famfo mai ƙarfi na hydraulic sun isa ga wannan. kai matsanancin matsin lamba. Babban kalubalen shine samar da isasshiyar iska (ko iskar oxygen) don isar da iskar gas da kuma tabbatar da konewa mafi inganci. Abin da ya sa man fetur na dragster yana amfani da nitrogetan, ba tare da wanda ba zai iya yiwuwa ba don cimma sakamakon wannan tsari tare da injin tare da motsi na 8,2 lita. A lokaci guda, da motoci aiki tare da fairly arziki gaurayawan (a karkashin wasu yanayi, nitromethane iya fara oxidize), saboda abin da wasu daga cikin man da aka oxidized a cikin shaye bututu da Forms ban sha'awa sihiri fitilu sama da su.

Karfin juyi 6750 Newton mita

Matsakaicin karfin karfin wadannan injuna ya kai 6750 Nm. Wataƙila kun riga kun lura cewa akwai wani baƙon abu a cikin duk wannan ƙididdiga ... Gaskiyar ita ce, don isa ga ƙimar ƙimar da aka nuna, kowane daƙiƙa dole ne injin da ke aiki a 8400 rpm ya tsotse ba fiye da haka ba, ƙasa da 1,7 cubic meters na iska mai dadi. Akwai hanya ɗaya kawai don yin wannan - cikawar tilastawa. Babban rawa a cikin wannan harka ne da wata babbar classic Tushen-type inji naúrar, godiya ga wanda matsa lamba a cikin manifolds na ja engine (wahayi da prehistoric Chrysler Hemi Elephant) ya kai 5 mashaya.

Don ƙarin fahimtar abin da kaya ke da hannu a cikin wannan yanayin, bari mu ɗauki misali ɗaya daga cikin almara na zamanin zinare na injin kwampreso - 3,0-lita tseren V12. Mercedes-Benz W154. Ikon wannan na'ura shine 468 hp. tare da., amma ya kamata a la'akari da cewa kwampreshin drive ya ɗauki nauyin 150 hp. tare da., Ba a kai ga ƙayyadadden mashaya 5 ba. Idan yanzu mun ƙara 150 dubu s zuwa asusun, za mu zo ga ƙarshe cewa W154 yana da 618 hp mai ban mamaki don lokacinsa. Kuna iya yin hukunci da kanku nawa ƙarfin gaske na injunan da ke cikin ajin Top Fuel suke samu da nawa ne abin da injin kwampreshin injin ɗin ke ɗauka. Tabbas, yin amfani da turbocharger a cikin wannan yanayin zai kasance mafi inganci, amma ƙirarsa ba zai iya jure wa matsanancin nauyin zafi daga iskar gas ba.

Fara kwangila

Ga mafi yawan tarihin mota, kasancewar sashin tilasta wuta a cikin injunan konewa na ciki ya kasance wata alama ce ta sabuwar fasahar zamani don matakin ci gaban da ya dace. Wannan haka al'amarin ya kasance a shekarar 2005 lokacin da aka gabatar da babbar lambar yabo ta kere-kere ta kere-kere a masana'antar kera motoci da wasanni, mai suna bayan wanda ya kirkiro mujallar, Paul Peach, ga shugaban ci gaban injin Injin VW Rudolf Krebs da tawagarsa ta ci gaba. aikace-aikacen fasahar Twincharger a cikin injin mai na lita 1,4. Godiya ga haɗakar cika silinda ta amfani da wani tsari mai daidaito na makanikai da turbocharger, ƙwarewar ƙungiyar tana haɗu da daidaiton rarraba karfin juzu'i da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi irin na injunan da aka zaba ta hanyar ƙaura tare da babban ƙaura tare da tattalin arziki da tattalin arziƙin ƙananan injina. Shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, injin TSI na lita 11 na VW (tare da ƙara matsuguni don rama aikinta na ƙanƙanci saboda zagaye Miller da aka yi amfani da shi) yanzu yana haɓaka fasahar VNT turbocharger mai ci gaba sosai kuma an sake zaɓar ta don Kyautar Paul Peach.

A gaskiya ma, na farko samar da mota tare da man fetur engine da turbocharged m lissafi, Porsche 911 Turbo aka saki a 2005. Dukansu compressors, tare da injiniyoyin Porsche R&D tare da abokan aikinsu a Borg Warner Turbo Systems, VW suna amfani da sanannen sanannen ra'ayin da aka daɗe da kafawa na sauye-sauyen lissafi a cikin rukunin turbodiesel, wanda ba a aiwatar da shi a cikin injunan mai ba saboda matsala. tare da mafi girma (kimanin digiri 200 idan aka kwatanta da dizal) matsakaicin zafin iskar gas. Don wannan, an yi amfani da kayan haɗaɗɗen haɗaɗɗun zafi daga masana'antar sararin samaniya don injin jagororin iskar gas da algorithm mai ƙarfi mai sauri a cikin tsarin sarrafawa. Nasarar injiniyoyin VW.

Zamanin zinariya na turbocharger

Tun da katsewar 745i a 1986, BMW ya dade kare kansa zane falsafar ga man fetur injuna, bisa ga abin da kawai "Orthodox" hanya don samun ƙarin iko shi ne ya gudanar da engine a high revs. Babu bidi'a da kwarkwasa da injina compressors a la Mercedes (C 200 Kompressor) ko Toyota (Corolla Compressor), babu son rai ga VW ko Opel turbochargers. Masu ginin injin Munich sun gwammace ciko mai-girma da matsi na yanayi na yau da kullun, amfani da manyan hanyoyin fasaha kuma, a cikin matsanancin yanayi, ƙaura mafi girma. Gwaje-gwajen kwampreso bisa injunan Bavarian kusan an canja su gaba ɗaya zuwa "fakirs" ta kamfanin tuning Alpina, wanda ke kusa da damuwa na Munich.

A yau, BMW baya kera injunan man fetur na zahiri, kuma layin injin dizal ya riga ya haɗa da injin turbocharged mai silinda huɗu. Kamfanin Volvo na amfani da injin mai da injina da injin turbocharger, Audi ya kera injin dizal mai hade da injin kwampresar wutar lantarki da cajar cacade guda biyu, Mercedes na da injin mai mai lantarki da injin turbocharger.

Duk da haka, kafin yin magana game da su, za mu koma baya don gano tushen wannan canji na fasaha. Za mu koyi yadda masana'antun Amurka suka yi ƙoƙarin yin amfani da fasahar turbo don rama rage girman injina sakamakon rikicin mai guda biyu a cikin shekaru tamanin da kuma yadda suka gaza a waɗannan yunƙurin. Za mu yi magana game da m yunkurin Rudolf Diesel ya haifar da kwampreso engine. Za mu tuna da daukakar zamanin da kwampreso injuna a cikin 20s da 30s, da kuma tsawon shekaru na mantuwa. Tabbas, ba za mu rasa bayyanar samfuran farko na samar da turbochargers ba bayan rikicin mai na farko na 70s. Ko don tsarin fili na Scania Turbo. A takaice - za mu ba ku labarin tarihi da juyin halittar fasahar kwampreso ...

(a bi)

Rubutu: Georgy Kolev

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