Gwajin Kore Sihiri: Tarihin Injiniya Compressor II

Kashi na biyu na jerin: Zamanin kwampreso - da da na yanzu

“Karl ya taka birki yadda ba za a iya fahimta ba kuma Buick ya riske mu a hankali. Fuka-fuka masu haske masu haske sun wuce mu. Muffler ya busa hayaƙin shuɗi da ƙarfi a fuskokinmu. A hankali, Buick ya sami kusan metan ashirin na gubar, sannan kuma, kamar yadda muke tsammani, fuskar mai gidan ta bayyana ta taga, tana murmushin nasara.

Ya yi tunanin ya yi nasara ... Ya ba mu sigina musamman a cikin natsuwa, da tabbaci ga nasarar sa. A lokacin Karl ya daka tsalle. Mai kwampreso ya fashe. Kuma ba zato ba tsammani hannun da ke ɗagawa daga taga ya ɓace lokacin da Karl ya karɓi gayyatar kuma ya matso. Ya matso ba tare da kulawa ba.

1938 Erich Maria Remarque. "Uku Comrades". Ƙaunar halaka, ruhi, da darajar ƴan ƙanƙan abubuwa goma sha biyu waɗanda ke tunatar da mu cewa muna jin daɗin abubuwa masu sauƙi ne kawai idan sun shuɗe a hankali kuma ba za su sake dawowa ba. Littafin labari game da alfarmar zama anan da yanzu, yin tuƙi na jin daɗin rayuwa, babban zane game da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙimar ɗan adam da ... Carl mota ce mai girman kai, amma mai ruhi marar iyaka.

An buga Abokai uku a wani juyi a tarihin ɗan adam a cikin 1938. 'Yan watanni ne kawai bayan wallafawa, a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1939, ranar da motocin Grand Prix suka fafata a wata gasa mai karfi na Yugoslav Grand Prix, tankokin Jamus sun tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Poland kuma sun jagoranci bil'adama zuwa mafi girman faduwarsa. Wannan rana ta kawo ƙarshen wani zamani a masana'antar kera motoci. Zamanin masu damfara zai zo ga ƙarshe.

Har zuwa kwanan nan, ana iya ganin haruffan kalmomin Jamusanci "Kompressor" akan wasu samfuran Mercedes kaɗan. Tabbas, zai zama mafi dacewa don amfani da gajeriyar taƙaitacciyar sauƙi kamar CDI ko CGI, amma maƙasudin rubutun kalmomin duka a cikin wannan yanayin ba na haɗari ba ne. Ba tare da shi ba, yawancin tasirin tallan zai ɓace idan ƙalubalen shine tunawa da waɗancan lokutan ɗaukaka a rayuwar mai kera mota, lokacin da komai ya dogara da taken Kompressor oder Nichts ("compressor or nothing").

Gagaratun TSI akan murfin filastik na VW Golf GT a cikin 2005 ya fi kamewa sosai kuma ba yana nufin gina gadoji zuwa wasu kyawawan kayan tarihi ba. Girman girman kai ba shakka ba ɗaya daga cikin halayen VW bane, kuma masana'antar Wolfsburg ba za ta rasa damar da za ta iya tunawa da wasu nasarorin da ya samu ba, amma a wannan yanayin, alamar TSI dole ne ta nuna fasahar avant-garde, ba al'ada ba. Dabarar fasaha da injiniyoyin VW suka yi amfani da su ba su da mahimmanci kamar ra'ayi, mai rikitarwa kamar aiwatarwa - ƙaramin injin (a cikin wannan yanayin, kawai 1,4 lita) yana ba da kyakkyawan aiki mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi na 170 hp. godiya ga tandem na turbocharger mai ƙarfi da ƙaramin injin inji amma mai inganci wanda ya cika "rami" wanda babban ƙarfin turbocharger ya lalata kuma yana aiki azaman nau'in dope akan gazawar injin farko. Kuma a daidai lokacin da muka yi tunanin an yi nasara, wani sabon layi na injin lita biyu ya shigo wurin. Volvo, wanda ya fi ƙarfinsa yana da tsarin mai iri ɗaya tare da injina da masu turbochargers. Duk wannan ya sa mu koma tarihi kuma mu tuna da nisa samfurori na ƙwararrun injiniyan zamani. Ee, masterpieces, saboda ci gaban Volvo ya sake sanya a kan ajanda wani musamman ban sha'awa fasaha bayani da aka samu nasarar amfani a cikin wani super-tsada racing mota shekaru ashirin da suka wuce. Farashin Delta S4.

Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, babu wani abu mai rikitarwa ko ban mamaki game da ra'ayin ma'anar VW da injunan Volvo. Mun daɗe muna rayuwa ta cikin jigon lamuran ne na tsadar mai da kuma ƙalubalen ƙalubale da masu kera motoci na zamani ke fuskanta a yunƙurinsu don ƙirƙirar jiragen ƙasa masu ƙarfi da mai.

Guguwar iska mai cike da annashuwa ba za ta iya wucewa masu damfarawa a cikin nau'ikan halittunsu biyu ba. Bugu da ƙari, a yau turbochargers suna daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a cikin tseren don mafi ingancin aiki, ƙara sabon mai zuwa wutar tsohuwar labarin da ta faro tun shekara ta 1885 ...

Rudolph Diesel da injin kwampreso

Akwai wani abu na ɗanɗanon ɗanɗano na wani labari na ƙarshen ƙarni na 1896 game da motoci na konewa na farko na ciki. Duk da haka, mahaliccinsu ba kawai masu buri da jahilci “masu Alchemists” da mahaukata masu gwaji ba, amma yawanci mutane masu ilimi da yawa waɗanda abubuwan ƙirƙira suka ginu bisa tushen kimiyya. Wannan ingantaccen tushen ilimi ne ya tada a zuciyar Gottlieb Daimler ra'ayin samar da man fetur da injunan kananzir tare da injin kwampreso na waje. Abin takaici, ƙoƙarinsa na farko a wannan hanya bai yi nasara ba, kuma a ƙarshe ya yi watsi da ci gaba. A bayyane yake, a wancan lokacin, damar da za a iya pre-damfara iska mai kyau da ke shiga cikin silinda ba ta da yawa - ya isa a ce Daimler ya sake tsunduma cikin bincike mai zurfi a wannan yanki bayan karshen yakin duniya na farko. Hanyar Rudolf Diesel iri ɗaya ce. A daidai lokacin da yake ƙoƙarin gudanar da haƙƙin mallakar haƙƙin mallaka a wani babban kamfanin mai kuma ya ƙare sayar da su tsada da tsada sosai ga ’yan’uwan Nobel na Sweden da ke aiki a rijiyoyin mai na Rasha na Caucasus, ya zana zane-zane kuma ya gano yadda zai ci gaba. ingantaccen injin zafi mai inganci bisa manufa. Wani abin da ba a sani ba a yau shi ne cewa Diesel ya shigar da na'ura mai kwakwalwa a kan samfurin dakin gwaje-gwaje na biyu, yana aiki a cibiyar ci gaban MAN da ke Augsburg, kuma a cikin Disamba XNUMX jerin injunan diesel sanye take da compressors.

Mafi yawa daga baya, rawar da babban mai taimakawa injin dizal za ta taka ta turbocharger, saboda godiyar da kirkirar Rudolf Diesel zai kai matsayin ta na yanzu. Gwajin gwajin farko na Rudolf Diesel tare da kwampreso na injiniya ya lura da ƙaruwar ƙaruwar ƙarfin da ake tsammani, amma daga hangen nesa, abubuwa ba haka suke ba. Diesel, wanda tattalin arziƙin injin yake da mahimmancin gaske, yana tantance sakamakon gwajin nasa kamar mara kyau. Ga hazikin injiniya, sun zama cikakkun enigma mara narkewa, duk da sanannun dokokin sa na thermodynamics. Bayan ya gama gwaje-gwajensa a wannan fannin, sai ya rubuta kamar haka a littafinsa: “Gwajin da aka gudanar a ranar 28 ga Janairun 1897, da kuma kwatankwacinsa da gwaje-gwajen da aka yi a baya a ranar 12 ga Janairu, ya tayar da tambayar tasirin matsi. A bayyane yake, wannan cutarwa ce matuka, don haka daga yanzu dole ne mu yi watsi da wannan ra'ayin kuma mu mai da hankali kan injina masu amfani da silinda huɗu tare da shan iska mai ɗauke da iska kai tsaye daga yanayin yadda yake a yanzu. " Godiya ga Allah, mai baiwa Diesel yayi kuskure sosai a nan! Daga baya ya bayyana a fili cewa ba ra'ayin tilasta tilasta abu bane daidai ba, amma hanyar aiwatarwa….

Injin man dizal a cikin jiragen ruwa

Bayan jerin gwaje-gwajen marasa nasara da Rudolf Diesel ya yi da kuma sakamakon kuskuren da ya biyo baya, masu zanen kaya na dogon lokaci sun yi watsi da amfani da irin wannan na'urar don samar da ƙarin iska mai kyau, dogara kawai ga yanayin yanayi na yanayi. Hanya guda daya tilo da tabbatacciyar hanya don samun ƙarin iko a wancan lokacin ita ce ƙara ƙaura da matakin saurin gudu, tunda ƙarshen yana yiwuwa ta hanyar fasaha. Hazo na rudu ya dade har tsawon shekaru ashirin, har sai da fasahar ta kai matakin da ake bukata, kuma kamfanin injin MAN na birnin Augsburg na kasar Jamus ya sake sanya wannan ra'ayi a kan batun. A sakamakon gagarumin aikin da kamfanin ya yi a farkon shekaru 20 na karnin da ya gabata, an fara samar da rukunin dizal na farko tare da tilasta mai ta hanyar amfani da kwampreta na inji. A cikin 1924, akwai jiragen ruwa tare da injunan diesel na kwampreso, daga cikinsu akwai wani bayani mai ban sha'awa na fasaha wanda ba a fitar da compressors kai tsaye daga crankshaft ba, amma daga injunan lantarki na musamman (kun lura da kwatankwacin da dizal V8 na yau akan Audi). , a sakamakon haka yana ƙara ƙarfin su daga daidaitattun 900 zuwa 1200 hp. Tabbas, a cikin duk waɗannan lokuta muna magana ne game da raka'o'in da ke sarrafa injina - kodayake a farkon ƙarni an ƙirƙira ra'ayin gas compressor, lokacin da aka aiwatar da shi a cikin samfuran serial, zai zama kwana biyu. . Babban jinkirin haɓaka fasahar kwampreso ya samo asali ne saboda manyan dalilai guda biyu - rashin fahimta game da halayen man fetur tare da dabi'un su na ƙwanƙwasa da rashin tabbas game da ingancin nau'ikan nau'ikan kwampreso.

Cike injunan mai ya fara ne a cikin 1901 lokacin da Sir Dugald Clerk (wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara yin amfani da injin mai hawa biyu, ta hanya) ya yanke shawarar amfani da fanfo don tilasta ƙarin iska mai ɗaci a cikin ɗakin konewa. injin da babbar ƙaura. Magatakarda yana ɗaukar matsalolin injunan zafi da mahimmanci da kuma kimiyya kuma tare da wannan na'urar yana neman inganta ƙwarewar yanayin ƙarfin injin. Koyaya, a ƙarshe, shi, kamar Diesel a gabansa, kawai ya sami damar haɓaka ikonsa.

Masu amfani da Roots compresres da aka fi amfani dasu a yau suna dogara ne akan na'urar yin famfo wanda Frank da Philander Tushen Indiana suka mallaki a cikin 1907s. Borrowa'idar aiki na Roungiyar Tushen an aro ta daga famfon gear wanda aka kirkira a karni na 100 wanda Johannes Kepler ya kirkira, kuma gwajin farko na Gottlieb Daimler da babban injiniyan sa Wilhelm Maybach sun dogara ne akan tushen compresres. Babban sakamako mafi ban sha'awa na cika ingancin inji, ya fito ne daga Ba'amurken nan Lee Chadwick, wanda a cikin 80 ya sanya kwampreso a kan babbar injinsa mai silinda shida tare da saurin aiki sau tara na saurin crankshaft. Don haka, Chadwick ya sami ƙaruwa mai ƙarfi a cikin iko, kuma motarsa ​​ta zama ta farko a duniya da ta kai saurin rajista bisa hukuma na kilomita XNUMX a kowace awa. Tabbas, a farkon zamanin wannan fasahar, masu zane da yawa sunyi gwaji tare da wasu nau'ikan na'urorin kwampreso kamar su centrifugal da vane. Daga cikin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka ana iya samun wanda ya riga ya mallaki piston mai juyawa, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin XNUMX-ies na ƙarni na ƙarshe ta kamfanoni da yawa, da kuma matattarar vane ta Arnold Theodor Zoller.

A sakamakon haka, cika tilas ya ba da tabbacin karuwar da ake tsammani a cikin lita kuma ya zama babban kayan aiki don inganta haɓakar haɓaka na rukunin da aka riga aka tsara.

Amma ba motoci ne kawai magoya bayansa - tun a farkon 1913 akwai locomotive injuna tare da kwampreso, da kuma a lokacin yakin duniya na farko, tilasta caji ya zama manufa hanyar diyya ga rarefied iska a high-tsayin jirgin sama.

(a bi)

Rubutu: Georgy Kolev