Ta yaya mai canzawar keɓaɓɓiyar mota ke aiki?

A yayin aiki da injin konewa na ciki, ana fitar da iskar gas zuwa cikin sararin samaniya, wadanda ba su ne kadai ke haifar da gurbatacciyar iska ba, har ma da daya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da cututtuka da yawa.

Wadannan gas din, wadanda suke fitowa daga tsarin shaye-shaye na ababen hawa, sun kunshi abubuwa masu cutarwa sosai, wanda yasa motocin zamani suke da kayan aiki na musamman na shaye shaye, wanda wani mai tallatawa yake kasancewa koyaushe.

Mai sauyawa mai saurin lalacewa yana lalata kwayoyin cutarwa cikin iskar gas sannan kuma ya sanya su zama masu aminci ga mutane da muhalli.

Menene mai kara kuzari?

Mai musanya nau'ikan kayan aiki wanda babban aikin sa shine rage hayaƙi mai illa daga iskar gas daga injunan mota. Tsarin kara kuzari mai sauki ne. Wannan kwantena ne na ƙarfe wanda aka girka a tsarin shaye shaye na mota.

Tankin yana da bututu biyu. Ana shigar da "shigar" na jujjuyawar da injin, kuma iskar gas ta shiga ta cikinta, kuma "fitowar" an hade ta da resonator na tsarin sharar abin hawa.

Lokacin da iskar gas daga injin ta shiga cikin kayan aikin, halayen sunadarai suna faruwa a ciki. Suna lalata iskar gas masu cutarwa kuma suna juya su zuwa iskar gas mara lahani wanda za'a iya sakin shi zuwa muhalli.

Menene abubuwan da aka sauya na musaya mai saurin gaske?

Don yin bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda mai canzawar kera motoci ke aiki, bari muga menene ainihin abubuwanda suke. Ba tare da yin cikakken bayani ba, zamu lissafa manyan abubuwan da aka gina su ne kawai.

Amfani da

Substrate shine tsarin ciki na mai kara kuzari wanda aka lullube mai karafa da karafa masu daraja. Akwai nau'o'in substrates da yawa. Babban bambancin su shine kayan da aka yi shi. Mafi sau da yawa shi ne wani inert abu cewa stabilizes aiki barbashi a saman ta.

Ɗaukar hoto

Kayan aiki mai haɓakawa yawanci ya ƙunshi alumina da mahadi kamar cerium, zirconium, nickel, barium, lanthanum da sauransu. Manufar rufin shine don faɗaɗa yanayin yanayin jiki kuma yayi aiki a matsayin tushe wanda aka ajiye karafa masu daraja.

Karafa masu daraja

Ƙarfe masu daraja da ke cikin mai canza catalytic suna aiki don aiwatar da wani abu mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci. Karfa masu daraja da aka fi amfani da su sune platinum, palladium da rhodium, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan yawancin masana'antun sun fara amfani da zinare.

Gidaje

Gidan gida shine harsashi na waje na na'urar kuma yana ƙunshe da substrate da sauran abubuwa na mai kara kuzari. Kayan da aka saba yin harka shine bakin karfe.

Bututun ruwa

Bututun suna haɗa mai canzawar abin hawa zuwa tsarin sharar abin hawa da injin. Ana yin su ne da bakin karfe.

Ta yaya mai canzawar keɓaɓɓiyar mota ke aiki?

Don aiki na injin ƙonewa na ciki, yana da mahimmanci cewa daidaitaccen tsarin ƙonewa na cakuda-mai mai iska yana faruwa a cikin matosai. A yayin wannan aikin, ana samar da iska mai cutarwa irin su carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons da sauransu.

Idan motar ba ta da mai canza kayan aiki, duk wadannan gas din masu cutarwa sosai, bayan an sallamar da su daga cikin injin din, za su bi ta cikin tsarin shaye-shayen su tafi kai tsaye zuwa cikin iskar da muke shaka.

Idan abin hawan yana da mai jujjuyawar kwalliya, iskar gas za ta gudana daga injin zuwa mai laushi ta cikin saƙar zumar da ke cikin matattarar kuma za ta amsa da ƙarfe masu tamani. Sakamakon aikin sunadarai, abubuwa masu cutarwa suna tsakaitawa, kuma sharar mara lahani, wanda galibi shine carbon dioxide, ke shiga cikin muhalli daga tsarin shaye shaye.

Mun sani daga darussan sunadarai cewa mai kara kuzari wani sinadari ne da ke haifarwa ko kuma saurin daukar kwayar cutar ba tare da ya shafe shi ba. Masu kara kuzari suna shiga cikin halayen amma ba masu amsawa ba ne ko samfurori na halayen haɓakawa.

Akwai matakai biyu ta inda iskar gas mai cutarwa a cikin mai haɓaka ke wucewa: raguwa da hadawan abu. Yadda yake aiki?

Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki na aiki ya kai matakin digiri 500 zuwa 1200 Fahrenheit ko 250-300 digiri Celsius, abubuwa biyu suna faruwa: raguwa, kuma nan da nan bayan aikin shayarwar. Wannan yana da ɗan rikitarwa, amma a zahiri yana nufin cewa kwayoyin halittar suna asara kuma suna samun electrons a lokaci guda, wanda ya canza tsarin su.

Ragewa (shaƙar oxygen) wanda ke faruwa a cikin mai haɓaka yana nufin sauya nitric oxide cikin iskar gas mai mahalli.

Ta yaya mai kera mota ke aiki a cikin yanayin dawowa?

Lokacin da nitrous oxide daga shaye-shaye na iska na mota ya shiga mai haɓaka, sinadarin platinum da rhodium da ke ciki sun fara aiki a kan bazuwar ƙwayoyin nitrogen oxide, suna mai da gas mai cutarwa zuwa gaba ɗaya mara cutarwa.

Menene ya faru a lokacin aikin shayarwa?

Mataki na biyu da ke faruwa a cikin mai kara kuzari ana kiran shi aikin maye gurbi, wanda hydrocarbons da ba a ƙone ba ya rikide zuwa carbon dioxide da ruwa ta hanyar haɗuwa da iskar oxygen (magudi).

Abubuwan da suke faruwa a cikin mai kara kuzari ya canza sunadarai na iska mai shaye shaye, yana canza tsarin kwayar zarra wacce ake yin ta. Lokacin da kwayoyin iskar gas masu cutarwa suka wuce daga inji zuwa ga mai samarwa, sai ya rarraba su zuwa atom. Atom, bi da bi, suna sake haduwa zuwa kwayoyin zuwa cikin abubuwa marasa illa kamar carbon dioxide, nitrogen da ruwa, kuma ana sakasu cikin yanayin ta hanyar tsarin shaye shaye.

Babban nau'ikan juzu'I masu jujjuyawar da ake amfani dasu a injunan mai guda biyu ne: hanya biyu da uku.

Bangaren biyu

Mai hada garu biyu (mai gefe biyu) a lokaci guda yana yin ayyuka biyu: yana sanya carbon monoxide zuwa carbon dioxide kuma yana sanya hydrocarbons (mai ƙonewa ko wani ɓangaren mai ya ƙone) zuwa carbon dioxide da ruwa.

An yi amfani da wannan nau'ikan kara kuzarin mota a cikin injunan dizal da na gas domin rage iska mai cutarwa na hydrocarbons da carbon monoxide har zuwa 1981, amma tunda ba ta iya canza sinadarin nitrogen, bayan 81 an sauya shi da hanyoyin hada abubuwa uku.

Hanyoyi uku masu saurin canzawa

Wannan nau'ikan kara kuzarin mota, kamar yadda ya bayyana, an gabatar da shi ne a shekarar 1981 kuma yanzu ana samun sa a cikin duk motocin zamani. Hanyar haɓaka uku tana yin ayyuka uku lokaci guda:

• rage nitric oxide zuwa nitrogen da oxygen;
• oxidizes carbon monoxide zuwa carbon dioxide;
• yana sanya hydrocarbons marasa wuta zuwa carbon dioxide da ruwa.

Saboda irin wannan nau'in mai canzawa na catalytic yana yin duka matakan raguwa da oxidation na catalysis, yana aiwatar da aikinsa tare da inganci har zuwa 98%. Wannan yana nufin cewa idan motarka tana da irin wannan na'ura mai juyayi, ba zai gurɓata muhalli da hayaki mai cutarwa ba.

Nau'ikan kara kuzari a injunan dizal

Ga motocin dizal, har zuwa kwanan nan, ɗayan waɗanda aka fi amfani da su don sauya fasalin itace Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC). Wannan mai kara kuzari yana amfani da iskar oxygen a cikin magudanar sharar don canza carbon monoxide zuwa carbon dioxide da hydrocarbons zuwa ruwa da carbon dioxide. Abin baƙin cikin shine, wannan nau'in mai haɓaka yana da inganci 90% kawai kuma yana sarrafawa don kawar da ƙanshin dizal da rage ƙwayoyin da ke bayyane, amma ba shi da tasiri wajen rage fitar da x x.

Injin Diesel yana fitar da iskar gas wanda ke dauke da wani abu mai matukar girma (soot), wanda ya kunshi mafi yawan sinadarin carbon, wanda masu kara karfin DOC ba zasu iya mu'amala da shi ba, don haka dole ne a cire barbashin ta hanyar amfani da abin da ake kira matattarar matattara (DPF).

Ta yaya ake ci gaba da haɓaka?

Don kauce wa matsaloli tare da mai haɓaka, yana da muhimmanci a san cewa:

• Matsakaicin rayuwa mai haɓaka kusan kilomita 160000. Bayan tafiya wannan nisa, kuna buƙatar la'akari da maye gurbin transducer.
• Idan abin hawa yana sanye da na'urar juyawa, bai kamata ku yi amfani da mai mai gubar ba, saboda yana rage tasirin mai kara kuzari. Abinda kawai ya dace da man fetur a cikin wannan yanayin ba shi da guba.

Babu shakka, fa'idodin waɗannan na'urori ga muhalli da lafiyarmu suna da yawa, amma ban da fa'idodinsu, suna da illarsu.

Daya daga cikin manyan illolin su shine kawai suna aiki ne a yanayin zafin jiki. A wata ma'anar, lokacin da kuka fara motarku, mai canzawa ba zai iya yin komai ba don rage hayaki.

Yana farawa ne kawai don aiki mai inganci bayan an shayar da iskar gas zuwa digiri 250-300 Celsius. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa wasu kamfanonin kera motoci suka dauki matakai don magance wannan matsalar ta hanyar matsawa mai kara kusantar injin, wanda a wani bangaren ya inganta aikin na’urar, amma ya rage tsawon ransa, tunda kusancinsa da injin din yana sanya shi yanayin yanayin zafi sosai.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yanke shawarar sanya mai canza canjin karkashin kujerar fasinja a nesa wanda zai ba shi damar yin aiki yadda ya kamata ba tare da fuskantar mummunan yanayin injina ba.

Sauran rashin lahani na masu kara kuzari sune yawan toshewa da kona biredi. Konewa yakan faru ne saboda rashin konewar man fetur da ke shiga cikin tsarin shaye-shaye wanda ke kunnawa a cikin abinci mai jujjuyawa. Yawan toshewa yana faruwa ne saboda rashin isassun fetur ko rashin dacewa, lalacewa da tsagewar al'ada, salon tuƙi, da sauransu.

Waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan fa'idodi ne dangane da asalin babbar fa'idodin da muke samu daga amfani da kayan masarufin kera motoci. Godiya ga waɗannan na'urori, hayakin cutarwa daga motoci yana da iyaka.

Wasu masu suka suna jayayya cewa carbon dioxide shima yana da illa. Sun yi imanin cewa ba a buƙatar mai kara kuzari a cikin mota, saboda irin wannan watsi yana ƙara tasirin greenhouse. A haƙiƙa, idan mota ba ta da na'urar da za ta iya canzawa kuma ta fitar da carbon monoxide a cikin iska, wannan oxide ɗin zai juya zuwa carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi.

Wanene Ya theirƙira Mai Catarfafa?

Kodayake masu haɓaka ba su bayyana a sarari ba har zuwa ƙarshen 1970s, tarihinsu ya fara da wuri sosai.

Mahaifin mai kara kuzari ana daukarsa a matsayin injiniyan sinadarai na Faransa Eugene Goudry, wanda a shekarar 1954 ya ba da izinin kirkirarsa da sunan "Exhaust Catalytic Converter".

Kafin wannan kirkirar, Goodry ya kirkiri fasalolin fashewa, wanda aka raba manyan sinadarai masu hade-hade cikin samfuran marasa cutarwa. Sannan ya yi gwaji da nau'ikan mai iri daban daban, burin sa shi ne ya zama mai tsafta.

Ainihin amfani da abubuwan kara kuzari a cikin motoci ya faru ne a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, lokacin da aka gabatar da ƙa'idojin kula da fitar da hayaƙi wanda ke buƙatar cire gubar daga sharar daga mai mai ƙarancin inganci.

Tambayoyi & Amsa:

Yadda za a duba gaban mai kara kuzari a kan mota? Don yin wannan, kawai duba ƙarƙashin mota. Bugu da ƙari ga babban muffler da ƙananan muffler (mai resonator wanda ke zaune a gaban tsarin shaye-shaye), mai kara kuzari shine wani kwan fitila.

Ina mai kara kuzari a cikin motar? Tun da mai kara kuzari dole ne yayi aiki a cikin yanayin zafi mai girma, yana kusa da ma'aunin shaye-shaye kamar yadda zai yiwu. Yana gaban resonator.

Menene mai kara kuzari a cikin mota? Wannan na'ura mai canzawa ce - ƙarin kwan fitila a cikin tsarin shaye-shaye. An cika shi da kayan yumbu, saƙar zuma wanda aka rufe da ƙarfe mai daraja.