Abin da jikin gawa ake yi

Lokacin haɓaka sabon ƙirar mota, kowane mai ƙira yana neman haɓaka ƙarfin samfuransa, amma a lokaci guda kar a hana motar aminci. Kodayake halaye masu haɓaka sun dogara da nau'in injin, jikin motar yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Girmanta shine, ,arin ƙoƙari injin konewa na ciki zai hanzarta jigilar. Amma idan motar ba ta da haske sosai, galibi tana da mummunan tasiri ga ƙarfin aiki.

Ta hanyar sanya kayan su ya zama da sauki, masana'antun suna kokarin inganta yanayin karfin iska na jiki (menene aerodynamics, ana bayyana shi a cikin wani bita). Ana yin ragowar nauyin abin hawa ba kawai ta hanyar shigar da raka'a da aka yi da kayan haɗi mai haske ba, amma har ma da godiya ga sassan jiki masu nauyi. Bari mu gano abubuwan da ake amfani dasu don kera gawawwakin, da kuma menene fa'idodi da rashin ɗayan kowannensu.

Tarihin jikin gawa

Jikin motar ta zamani ba'a bashi kulawa kamar yadda yake sarrafa shi. Anan akwai sigogin da dole ne ya haɗu:

1. Tsayawa. A cikin karo, dole ne ya cutar da mutane a cikin sashin fasinjoji. Starfin torsional ya kamata ya tabbatar da cewa motar ta kasance cikin tsari yayin tuki a kan ƙasa mara daidai. Thearamin wannan ma'aunin shine, mafi kusantar shi shine cewa ƙirar motar ta lalace, kuma safarar ba zata dace da cigaba da aiki ba. An ba da hankali na musamman ga ƙarfin gaban rufin. Gwajin da ake kira "moose" na taimaka wa mai kera motoci yadda zai iya tabbatar da lafiyar mota yayin bugun dogo, kamar barewa ko muzurai (gaba dayan gawar ta fado kan gilashin motar da kuma saman rufin da ke sama shi).
2. Zane na zamani. Da farko dai, kwararrun masu motoci suna kula da surar jikin, kuma ba kawai bangaren fasahar motar ba.
3. Tsaro. Duk wanda ke cikin motar dole ne a kiyaye shi daga tasirin waje, gami da haɗuwa ta gefe.
4. Bayani. Abun da aka sanya jikin motar dole ne ya jure yanayin yanayi daban-daban. Baya ga kayan kwalliya, ana amfani da zane-zane don kare kayan da ke tsoron danshi.
5. Dorewa. Baƙon abu bane ga mai halitta ya adana kayan jikin, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa motar ta zama ba za ta iya aiki ba bayan justan shekaru kaɗan na aiki.
6. Kulawa. Don haka bayan karamin hatsari ba lallai ne ku jefa motar ba, ƙirar nau'ikan jikin mutum na zamani yana haifar da taron mai daidaito. Wannan yana nufin cewa za a iya maye gurbin ɓangaren da ya lalace da irin wannan sabo.
7. Araha mai tsada. Idan an yi jikin mota da abubuwa masu tsada, adadi da yawa na samfurin da ba a karɓo shi ba zai tara a rukunin kamfanonin kera motoci. Wannan yakan faru bawai saboda rashin inganci ba, amma saboda tsadar ababen hawa.

Domin samfurin jiki ya haɗu da duk waɗannan sigogin, masana'antun dole suyi la'akari da halaye na kayan da ake yin firam da bangarorin jikin waje.

Don haka ƙirar mota ba ta buƙatar albarkatu da yawa, injiniyoyin kamfanonin suna haɓaka irin waɗannan samfuran jiki waɗanda ke ba ku damar haɗa babban aikinsu da ƙarin su. Misali, manyan raka'a da sassan ciki suna hade da tsarin motar.

Da farko, ƙirar motocin a ƙasan tana da firam wanda sauran mashin ɗin ke haɗe da shi. Wannan nau'in har yanzu yana cikin wasu samfurin mota. Misalin wannan shine SUVs cikakke (mafi yawan jeep kawai suna da tsarin jiki, amma babu wata firam, ana kiran wannan nau'in SUV ƙetare hanya) da manyan motoci. A motocin farko, kowane rukuni da aka haɗe da tsarin firam ba za a iya yin ƙarfe kawai ba, har ma da itace.

Samfurin farko tare da tsarin ɗaukar nauyi mara nauyi shine Lancia Lambda, wanda ya mirgine layin taro a 1921. Samfurin Turawa Citroen B10, wanda aka fara siyarwa a 1924, ya sami tsarin jikin ƙarfe guda ɗaya.

Ya ƙaddamar da Lambda

Citroen b10

Wannan ci gaban ya zama sananne sosai saboda yawancin masana'antun waccan zamanin ba su da wata karkata daga tunanin duk wani ƙarfe mai ƙarfe. Wadannan injunan sun kasance masu aminci. Wasu kamfanoni sun ƙi ƙarfe saboda dalilai biyu. Na farko, ba a samun wannan kayan a duk ƙasashe, musamman a lokacin shekarun yaƙi. Abu na biyu, jikin karfe yana da nauyi ƙwarai, don haka wasu, don girka injin ƙone ciki tare da ƙaramin ƙarfi, an daidaita shi akan kayan jikin.

A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na biyu, ƙarfe ya yi karanci a duk duniya, tun da an yi amfani da wannan ƙarfe gaba ɗaya don bukatun soja. Saboda burin ci gaba da shawagi, wasu kamfanoni sun yanke shawarar samar da gawarwakin samfurin su daga wasu kayan. Don haka, a waɗancan shekarun, motoci masu jikin aluminium suka bayyana a karon farko. Misalin irin waɗannan samfuran shine Land Rover 1-Series (jiki ya ƙunshi bangarorin aluminium).

Wani madadin shine katako. Misalin irin waɗannan motocin shine canjin Willys Jeep Stations Wagon Woodie.

Tunda jikin katako baya jurewa kuma yana buƙatar kulawa mai mahimmanci, ba da daɗewa ba aka watsar da wannan ra'ayin, amma game da sifofin aluminium, masana'antun sunyi tunani sosai game da gabatar da wannan fasaha cikin samarwar zamani. Duk da yake babban dalilin da ya bayyana shine ƙarancin ƙarfe, wannan ba ainihin abin da ke haifar da abin da masu kera motoci suka fara neman wasu abubuwa ba.

1. Tun lokacin rikicin man fetur na duniya, yawancin motocin motoci dole ne su sake tunani game da masana'antar kera su. Da farko dai, masu sauraren da ke buƙatar matattarar motoci masu ƙarfin gaske sun ragu ƙwarai saboda tsadar mai. Masu ababen hawa sun fara neman motocin da ba su da ƙarfi. Kuma don jigilar tare da ƙaramin injin don zama mai ƙarfi, nauyi, amma a lokaci guda ana buƙatar kayan ƙarfi masu ƙarfi.
2. A duk duniya, tsawon lokaci, ƙa'idodin muhalli game da hayakin abin haya sun zama masu tsauri. A saboda wannan dalili, an fara gabatar da fasaha don rage yawan amfani da mai, inganta ingancin konewa na cakuda-mai da kuma kara ingancin bangaren wutar. Don yin wannan, kuna buƙatar rage nauyin motar duka.

Bayan lokaci, abubuwan ci gaba a cikin kayan haɗe-haɗe sun bayyana, wanda ya ba da damar ƙara rage nauyin motocin. Bari muyi la'akari da menene fifikon kowane kayan da ake amfani dasu don kera gawarwakin mota.

Jikin karfe: fa'ida da rashin amfani

Mafi yawan kayan jikin mota na zamani anyi su ne da birgima da karafan. Kaurin karfe a wasu sassan ya kai milimita 2.5. Bugu da ƙari, galibi ana amfani da kayan ƙananan carbon a cikin ɓangaren ɗaukar. Godiya ga wannan, motar tana da nauyi sosai kuma tana ɗorewa a lokaci guda.

A yau karfe ba ya cikin wadata. Wannan karfen yana da karfi mai karfi, abubuwa na siffofi daban-daban ana iya buga shi daga gareshi, kuma za'a iya sanya sassan cikin sauki a hade tare ta amfani da walda mai tabo. Lokacin da suke kera mota, injiniyoyi suna ba da kariya ga wuce gona da iri, kuma masu fasaha suna ba da hankali ga sauƙin sarrafa kayan, don haka farashin sufuri ya yi ƙasa sosai.

Kuma ga aikin karafa, aiki mafi wahala shine farantawa injiniyoyi da masu kere-kere. Tare da abubuwan da ake buƙata a zuciya, an haɓaka ƙarfe na musamman na ƙarfe wanda ke da kyakkyawar haɗuwa ta jan hankali da isasshen ƙarfi a cikin samfurin da aka gama. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa samar da bangarorin jiki kuma yana ƙara amincin ƙirar mota.

Anan ga wasu fa'idodin jikin karfe:

• Gyara kayan karafa shine mafi sauki - ya isa sayan sabon abu, misali, reshe, kuma maye gurbinsa;
• Abu ne mai sauki a sake yin amfani da shi - karfe mai sake sake sakewa sosai, don haka masu sana'anta koyaushe suna da damar da zasu samu kayan kwalliya masu arha;
• Fasaha don kera mirgina karfe ya fi sarrafa analogs masu haske-haske, don haka albarkatun ƙasa sun fi arha.

Duk da waɗannan fa'idodi, samfuran ƙarfe suna da babbar illa mai yawa:

1. Abubuwan da aka gama sune mafi nauyi;
2. Tsatsa da sauri tana bayyana akan sassan da ba a kiyaye su ba. Idan ba a kiyaye abu da fentin ba, lalacewa zai sanya jiki cikin sauri;
3. Don baƙin ƙarfe na ƙarfe ya ƙaru da ƙarfi, ɓangaren dole ne a buga shi sau da yawa;
4. Abubuwan samfuran ƙarfe shine mafi ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da ƙananan ƙarfe.

A yau, kayan ƙarfe suna ƙaruwa ta hanyar ƙarawa zuwa abubuwan da ke cikin wasu abubuwa masu sinadarai waɗanda ke ƙaruwa da ƙarfi, juriya ga shaƙuwa da halaye na filastik (TWIP na ƙarfe yana da ƙarfin miƙawa zuwa 70%, kuma mafi yawan alamun ƙarfinsa shine 1300 MPa ).

Jikin Aluminiya: fa'ida da rashin amfani

A baya can, ana amfani da aluminum ne kawai don yin bangarori waɗanda aka haɗa su da tsarin ƙarfe. Ci gaban zamani a cikin samar da aluminum yana ba da damar amfani da kayan don ƙirƙirar abubuwan firam.

Kodayake wannan ƙarfe ba shi da saukin kamuwa da danshi idan aka kwatanta shi da ƙarfe, yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi da haɓakar inji. Saboda wannan, don rage nauyin mota, ana amfani da wannan ƙarfe don ƙirƙirar ƙofofi, akwatunan kaya, hood. Don amfani da aluminium a cikin firam, mai ƙera ya ƙara kaurin samfuran, wanda sau da yawa yana aiki da saukin kai.

Yawan gami da alminiyon na allo ya fi na ƙarfe yawa, don haka rufin motsi a cikin mota mai irin wannan jikin ya fi muni. Don tabbatar da cewa cikin motar irin wannan tana karɓar ƙaramar ƙara ta waje, masana'anta na amfani da fasahohin hana amo na musamman, wanda ke sa motar ta fi tsada idan aka kwatanta da irin wannan zaɓi tare da jikin ƙarfe.

Ofirƙirar jikin aluminium a farkon matakai yayi kama da tsarin ƙirƙirar ƙarfe. An rarraba kayan albarkatu cikin zanen gado, sa'annan a like su bisa ƙirar da ake so. Ana haɗa sassa a cikin ƙirar gama gari. Wannan kawai ana amfani da walƙiyar argon. Modelsari masu tsada suna amfani da walƙiyar tabo ta laser, manne na musamman ko rivets.

Muhawara game da jikin aluminum:

• Abun takarda yana da sauki don hatimi, sabili da haka, yayin aiwatar da bangarorin masana'antu, ana buƙatar kayan aiki marasa ƙarfi fiye da bugawa daga ƙarfe;
• Idan aka kwatanta da jikin karfe, sifa iri ɗaya da aka yi da aluminium za ta fi sauƙi, yayin da ƙarfi a lokaci guda ya kasance iri ɗaya;
• Ana iya sauƙaƙa sassa da sake sakewa;
• Kayan ya fi ƙarfe ƙarfi - ba ya jin tsoron danshi;
• Kudin aikin masana'antu ya yi ƙasa idan aka kwatanta da na baya.

Ba duk masu motoci bane suka yarda su sayi mota mai jikin aluminium. Dalilin shi ne cewa ko da ɗan ƙaramin haɗari, gyaran mota zai yi tsada. Kayan albarkatun kasa da kansa sun fi ƙarfe tsada, kuma idan ana buƙatar sauya ɓangaren, mai motar zai nemi ƙwararren masani wanda ke da kayan aiki na musamman don haɗin abubuwa masu inganci.

Jikin filastik: fa'idodi da rashin amfani

Rabin na biyu na karni na ashirin an yi alama ta bayyanar filastik. Shahararren irin wannan abu saboda gaskiyar cewa ana iya yin kowane irin tsari daga gare ta, wanda zai fi haske fiye da ma da aluminum.

Roba ba ta bukatar fenti. Ya isa a ƙara dyes ɗin da ake buƙata a cikin albarkatun ƙasa, kuma samfurin yana samun inuwar da ake so. Bugu da kari, baya gushewa kuma baya bukatar fentin sa yayin da aka birgeshi. Idan aka kwatanta da karafa, filastik ya fi karko, ba ya amsawa da ruwa kwata-kwata, don haka ba ya tsatsa.

Hadi model yana da jikin roba

Kudin yin bangarorin filastik sun yi ƙasa sosai, tunda ba a buƙatar matsi masu ƙarfi don yin kwalliya. Rawananan albarkatun mai ruwa ne, saboda wanda sifofin sassan jiki na iya zama kwatankwacinsu, wanda ke da wahalar samu yayin amfani da ƙarfe.

Duk da waɗannan fa'idodi masu kyau, filastik yana da babbar matsala - ƙarfinsa yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da yanayin aiki. Don haka, idan zafin iska na waje ya sauko ƙasa da sifili, sassan zasu zama masu rauni. Koda karamin kaya zai iya sa kayan su fashe ko farfasa su. A gefe guda kuma, yayin da yawan zafin jiki ya hauhawa, sassaucinsa yana karuwa. Wasu nau'ikan robobi na nakasawa yayin zafin rana.

Don wasu dalilai, jikin filastik ba su da amfani:

• Sassan da aka lalata sune za'a iya sake yin su, amma wannan aikin yana buƙatar kayan aiki masu tsada na musamman. Haka ma masana'antar robobi.
• Yayin da ake kera kayayyakin roba, ana fitar da adadi mai yawa na cutarwa cikin yanayi;
• Ba za a iya yin sassan jiki masu ɗaukar kaya ta filastik ba, tunda ko da wani babban abu ba shi da ƙarfi kamar ƙarfe na bakin ciki;
• Idan filastik ɗin ya lalace, ana iya sauya shi cikin sauƙi kuma da sauri tare da sabo, amma ya fi tsada fiye da walda ƙarfe da ƙarafa.

Kodayake a yau akwai ci gaba daban-daban waɗanda ke kawar da yawancin matsalolin da aka lissafa, har yanzu bai yiwu a kawo fasahar zuwa kamala ba. Saboda wannan dalili, bumpers, abun sakawa na ado, gyare-gyare, kuma kawai a cikin wasu ƙirar mota - fenders galibi an yi su da filastik.

Hadakar jiki: fa'ida da rashin amfani

Kalmar hadaddiyar ma'anar abu ce wacce ta hada abubuwa sama da biyu. A yayin ƙirƙirar abu, haɗakarwar ta sami tsari mai kama da juna, saboda abin da samfurin ƙarshe zai sami kayan abu biyu (ko sama da haka) waɗanda suka ƙunshi albarkatun ƙasa.

Sau da yawa, za a samu hadadden abu ta hanyar liƙawa ko zub da yatsun kayan aiki daban-daban. Sau da yawa, don ƙara ƙarfin ɓangaren, kowane sashi na daban an ƙarfafa shi ta yadda kayan ba zai fasa ba yayin aiki.

Jikin Monocoque

Mafi yawan abin da aka saba amfani dashi a masana'antar kera motoci shine fiberglass. Ana samun kayan ta hanyar ƙara filler polymer zuwa fiberglass. Abubuwan da ke jikin jiki ana yin su ne da irin wannan kayan, misali, bumpers, radiator grilles, wani lokacin kai optics (sau da yawa ana yinsa ne da gilashi, kuma nau'ikan lightweight ana yinsu ne da polypropylene). Shigar da waɗannan sassan yana bawa mai ƙirar damar amfani da ƙarfe a cikin tsarin sassan jikin tallafi, amma a lokaci guda kiyaye samfurin ƙirar daidai.

Baya ga fa'idodin da aka lissafa a sama, kayan polymer suna da matsayi mai kyau a cikin masana'antar kera motoci saboda dalilai masu zuwa:

• Weightananan nauyin sassan, amma a lokaci guda suna da ƙarfi mai kyau;
• Samfurin da aka gama baya jin tsoron tasirin tasirin danshi da rana;
• Saboda sanyin jiki a matakin kayan abu, masana'anta na iya ƙirƙirar siffofi daban-daban na sassa, gami da mafi rikitarwa;
• Kayayyakin da aka gama suna da kyan gani;
• Kuna iya ƙirƙirar manyan sassan jiki, kuma a wasu lokuta har ma da jikin duka, kamar yadda yake a batun motocin whale (karanta ƙarin game da irin waɗannan motocin a raba bita).

Koyaya, fasahar kere-kere ba zata iya zama cikakkiyar madadin ƙarfe ba. Akwai dalilai da yawa don wannan:

1. Kudin masu cika polymer suna da yawa;
2. Siffar ƙirƙirar ɓangaren dole ne ya zama cikakke. In ba haka ba, sinadarin zai juya ya zama mara kyau;
3. Yayin aiwatar da masana'antu, yana da matukar mahimmanci a tsaftace wurin aiki;
4. Ofirƙirar bangarori masu ɗorewa suna ɗaukar lokaci, tun da yake haɗin yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don bushewa, kuma wasu sassan jikin suna da yawa. Sau da yawa ana yin jikin mai ƙarfi daga wannan kayan. Don sanya su, ana amfani da kalmar fuka-fukai "monocoque". Fasaha don ƙirƙirar nau'ikan jikin monocoque kamar haka. Layer na fiber fiber an manne shi tare da polymer. A saman sa, an shimfida wani kayan aikin, kawai don zaren ya kasance a cikin wata hanya dabam, galibi akan kusurwar dama. Bayan samfurin ya shirya, ana sanya shi a cikin murhu na musamman kuma a ajiye shi na wani lokaci a ƙarƙashin babban zazzabi don a gasa kayan kuma ya ɗauki sifar monolithic;
5. Lokacin da wani ɓangaren kayan haɗin haɗari ya ɓace, yana da matukar wahala a gyara shi (an kwatanta misalin yadda ake gyaran bumpers mota a nan);
6. Ba a sake yin amfani da sassan haɗakarwa ba, kawai an lalata su.

Saboda tsada da kuma sarkakiya na kerawa, motocin hawa na yau da kullun suna da mafi karancin sassan sassan da aka yi da fiberglass ko wasu nau'ikan analogs masu hade. Mafi sau da yawa, ana shigar da waɗannan abubuwan akan supercar. Misalin irin wannan motar shine Ferrari Enzo.

2002 Ferrari Enzo

Gaskiya ne, wasu keɓaɓɓun samfuran jerin farar hula suna samun cikakkun bayanai daga wani hadadden tsari. Misalin wannan shine BMW M3. Wannan motar tana da rufin fiber carbon. Kayan yana da ƙarfin da ake buƙata, amma a lokaci guda yana ba ku damar motsa tsakiyar nauyi kusa da ƙasa, wanda ke ƙaruwa da ƙarfi lokacin shiga sasanninta.

Wani mahimmin bayani game da amfani da kayan haske a jikin motar ya nuna ta masana'antar sanannen supercar Corvette. Kusan rabin karni, kamfanin ya kasance yana amfani da firam na sararin samaniya wanda a haɗe bangarorin keɓaɓɓe.

Jikin Carbon: fa'idodi da rashin amfani

Tare da bayyanar wani abu, aminci da kuma a lokaci guda hasken motoci ya kai wani sabon matakin. A zahiri, carbon abu ɗaya ne wanda aka haɗa dashi, kawai sabon ƙarni na kayan aiki yana ba ku damar ƙirƙirar tsayayyen tsari fiye da ƙirƙirar monocoque. Ana amfani da wannan kayan a jikin sanannun samfura kamar BMW i8 da i3. Idan ana amfani da carbon a cikin wasu motoci a baya a matsayin ado kawai, to waɗannan sune farkon motocin kera motoci a duniya, wanda jikin sa gaba ɗaya da carbon ne.

Duk waɗannan samfuran suna da irin wannan ƙirar: tushe shine dandamali mai sassauƙa wanda aka yi da aluminum. Dukkanin raka'a da hanyoyin motar suna kan kanta. Jikin motar ya ƙunshi halves biyu, waɗanda tuni suna da wasu bayanai na ciki. An haɗa su da juna yayin taro ta amfani da maƙallan maƙalli. Abubuwan da aka kirkira na waɗannan ƙirar sune cewa an gina su akan ƙa'ida ɗaya da motocin farko - tsarin ƙira (kawai mai sauƙin nauyi ne sosai), wanda duk sauran girmamawa suke.

Yayin aikin masana'antu, ana haɗa sassan da juna ta amfani da manne na musamman. Wannan yana daidaita walda na sassan karfe. Amfanin irin wannan kayan shine babban ƙarfinsa. Lokacin da motar ta shawo kan manyan kurakurai, tsaurin torsional na jiki yana hana ta lalacewa.

Wata fa'idar carbon fiber ita ce cewa tana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin ma'aikata don ƙera sassa, tunda kayan aikin fasaha ana sarrafa su ta lantarki. Ana yin jikin carbon daga ɓangarorin mutum waɗanda aka tsara su cikin sifofi na musamman. Ana yin polymer na wani abun na musamman a cikin kayan kwalliyar karkashin matsin lamba. Wannan ya sa bangarorin sun fi karko fiye da shafa mai da hannu. Bugu da kari, ana bukatar kananan murhu don gasa kananan abubuwa.

Rashin dacewar waɗannan samfuran da farko sun haɗa da tsada, saboda ana amfani da kayan aiki masu tsada waɗanda ke buƙatar sabis mai inganci. Hakanan, farashin polymer ya fi na aluminum yawa. Kuma idan ɓangaren ya karye, to ba shi yiwuwa a gyara shi da kanku.

Ga ɗan gajeren bidiyo - misali na yadda ake haɗa jikin carbon na BMW i8:

Wannan shine yadda aka tara BMW i8 din ku. Haɗa motarku BMW i8

Tambayoyi & Amsa:

Menene ya haɗa a jikin motar? Jikin motar ya ƙunshi: spar na gaba, garkuwar gaba, ginshiƙi na gaba, rufin, al'amudin B, ginshiƙi na baya, fenders, panel na akwati da kaho, ƙasa.

Menene tallafin jikin motar? Babban jiki shine tsarin sararin samaniya. Wannan tsari ne da aka yi a cikin nau'i na keji, wanda ke kewaye da dukkan kewayen jiki. Jiki yana haɗe zuwa wannan tsarin tallafi.