Gwajin fitar da motocin lantarki: wannan lokacin har abada

Daga Camilla Genasi ta hanyar GM EV1 zuwa Tesla Model X, ko tarihin motocin lantarki

Labarin game da motocin lantarki ana iya bayyana shi azaman aiki uku. Babban labarin har zuwa yau ya kasance a fagen buƙatar na'urar lantarki mai dacewa, yana tabbatar da isasshen ƙarfi don buƙatun abin hawa na lantarki.

Shekaru biyar kafin Karl Benz ya gabatar da babur dinsa mai sarrafa kansa a shekara ta 1886, Bafaranshe Gustav Trouv ya tuka motarsa ​​mai amfani da wutar lantarki mai yawan tayoyin ta hanyar Exposition D'Electricite a birnin Paris. Duk da haka, za a tuna da Amirkawa cewa ɗan ƙasarsu Thomas Davenport ya kirkiro irin wannan abu shekaru 47 da suka gabata. Kuma wannan zai zama kusan gaskiya, saboda hakika a cikin 1837, Maƙerin Davenport ya ƙirƙira motar lantarki kuma ya "kore" tare da rails, amma wannan gaskiyar tana tare da ƙaramin daki-daki - babu baturi a cikin motar. Don haka, a zahiri, a tarihi, ana iya ɗaukar wannan motar a matsayin farkon na tram, ba motar lantarki ba.

Wani Bafaranshe, masanin kimiyyar lissafi Gaston Plante, ya ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci wajen haifuwar motar lantarki ta gargajiya: ya ƙirƙiri batirin gubar-acid kuma ya gabatar da shi a cikin 1859, a daidai lokacin da aka fara samar da mai na kasuwanci a Amurka. Shekaru bakwai bayan haka, a cikin sunayen zinare waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka injinan lantarki, an rubuta sunan Bajamushe Werner von Siemens. Ayyukansa na kasuwanci ne ya haifar da nasarar nasarar injin lantarki, wanda, tare da baturi, ya zama wani tasiri mai karfi don bunkasa motar lantarki. A shekara ta 1882, ana iya ganin wata mota mai amfani da wutar lantarki a kan titunan birnin Berlin, kuma wannan taron ya nuna mafarin samun saurin bunkasuwar motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki a kasashen Turai da Amurka, inda aka fara samun sabbin kayayyaki. Don haka, an ɗaga labule akan aikin farko na electromobility, wanda makomarsa ta kasance mai haske a lokacin. An riga an ƙirƙira duk wani abu mai mahimmanci da mahimmanci don wannan, kuma tsammanin injin konewa na cikin gida mai hayaniya da wari yana ƙara zama mara kyau. Ko da yake a ƙarshen karni ƙarfin ƙarfin baturan gubar-acid ya kasance watts tara kacal a kowace kilogiram (kusan sau 20 ƙasa da na baya-bayan nan na batirin lithium-ion), motocin lantarki suna da ingantacciyar kewayon har zuwa kilomita 80. Wannan babban nisa ne a lokacin da ake auna tafiye-tafiyen rana ta hanyar tafiya, kuma ana iya rufe shi saboda ƙarancin wutar lantarki. A haƙiƙa, ƴan manyan motocin lantarki ne kawai ke iya kaiwa sama da kilomita 30 a cikin sa'a.

Dangane da wannan yanayin, labarin wani ɗan Beljiyam mai suna Camilla Genazi ya kawo tashin hankali ga rayuwar tawali'u ta yau da kullun na motar lantarki. A cikin 1898, "jan shaidan" ya ƙalubalanci Faransanci Gaston de Chasseloup-Laub da motarsa, Jeanto, zuwa babban duel mai sauri. Motar lantarki ta Genasi tana da mafi kaifin kaifin suna "La jamais contente", ma'ana, "Kullum ba sa gamsuwa." Bayan yawancin wasannin motsa jiki da kuma wasu lokuta masu ban sha'awa, a cikin 1899 mota mai kama da sigari, wanda rotor yake juyawa a 900 rpm, ya yi tsere zuwa ƙarshen tseren na gaba, yana rikodin saurin sama da 100 km / h (daidai 105,88 km / h). Kawai sai Genasi da motarsa ​​ke murna ...

Don haka, a shekara ta 1900, motar lantarki, duk da cewa ba ta da cikakkiyar kayan aiki, amma ya kamata ta sami fifiko a kan motoci masu amfani da fetur. A wancan lokacin, alal misali, a Amurka, yawan motocin lantarki ya ninka man fetur sau biyu. Akwai kuma yunƙurin haɗa mafi kyawun duniyoyin biyu - alal misali, ƙirar da matashin ɗan ƙasar Austria Ferdinand Porsche ya ƙirƙira, wanda har yanzu jama'a ba su sani ba. Shi ne wanda ya fara hada injinan cibiya tare da injunan konewa na ciki, inda ya kera motar hadakar ta farko.

Motar lantarki a matsayin abokin gaba na motar lantarki

Amma sai wani abu mai ban sha'awa har ma da rikice-rikice ya faru, saboda wutar lantarki ce ke lalata 'ya'yanta. A cikin 1912, Charles Kettering ya kirkiri na'urar samar da lantarki wanda ya mayar da tsarin mara amfani mara amfani, ya karya kasusuwan direbobi da yawa. Don haka, ɗayan manyan kurakuran motar a wancan lokacin shine a da. Pricesananan farashin mai da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya sun raunana motar lantarki, kuma a cikin 1931 samfurin lantarki na ƙarshe, Typ 99, ya yanke layin taron a Detroit.

Bayan rabin karni ne kawai aka fara zamani na biyu da farfadowa a cikin haɓakar motocin lantarki. Yakin Iran da Iraki a karon farko ya nuna irin raunin da ake samu na albarkatun mai, biranen da ke da mutane miliyan guda suna nutsewa cikin hayaki, kuma batun kare muhalli yana kara yin tasiri. California ta zartar da wata doka da ke buƙatar kashi 2003 cikin 1602 na motoci su kasance marasa hayaƙi nan da 1972. Masu kera motoci, a nasu bangaren, duk wannan abin ya ba su mamaki, domin kuwa motar da ke amfani da wutar lantarki ba ta samu kulawa ba tsawon shekaru da dama. Ci gaba da kasancewarsa a cikin ayyukan ci gaba ya fi wasan ban mamaki fiye da larura, kuma ƴan ƙira na gaske, kamar waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don jigilar ma'aikatan fim a lokacin wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle na Olympics (BMW 10 a XNUMX a Munich), sun tafi kusan ba a san su ba. Misali mai ban mamaki na tsattsauran ra'ayi na waɗannan fasahohin shine wata rover rover da ke haye wata tare da injuna masu ɗorewa da ke kashe sama da dala miliyan XNUMX.

Duk da cewa kusan ba a yi wani abu ba don inganta fasahar batir, kuma batirin gubar-acid ya kasance abin misali a wannan fanni, sassan ci gaban kamfanoni sun fara kera motocin lantarki iri-iri. GM yana kan gaba na wannan mugun nufi, tare da gwajin Sunraycer wanda ya sami mafi tsayin rikodi na nisan hasken rana, kuma raka'a 1000 na GM EV1 avant-garde mai kyan gani tare da juzu'in juzu'i na 0,19 an yi hayar ga zaɓin rukunin masu siye. . Da farko an sanye shi da batir ɗin gubar kuma tun 1999 tare da batirin nickel-metal hydride baturi, ya sami kewayon kilomita 100 mai ban mamaki. Godiya ga batura sodium-sulphur na Conecta Ford studio, zai iya tafiya har zuwa kilomita 320.

Turai ma tana wutan lantarki. Kamfanonin Jamus suna mayar da tsibirin Rticgen na Tekun Baltic zuwa matattarar gwaji don motocin lantarki da samfuran su kamar VW Golf Citystromer, Mercedes 190E da Opel Astra Impuls (sanye take da batirin Zebra mai digiri 270) suna gudanar da jimlar gwajin miliyan 1,3. kilomita. Sabbin mafita na fasaha suna fitowa waɗanda ke saurin hango sararin samaniya na lantarki, kwatankwacin na batirin sodium-sulfur wanda ya kunna tare da BMW E1.

A wancan lokacin, an sanya babban bege na rabuwa da manyan batura-acid na gubar a kan batir hydride na nickel-metal. Koyaya, a cikin 1991, Sony ya buɗe sabon jagora gaba ɗaya a wannan yanki ta hanyar sakin batirin lithium-ion na farko. Ba zato ba tsammani, zazzabin lantarki ya sake karuwa—alal misali, 'yan siyasar Jamus suna hasashen kashi 2000 cikin 10 na motocin lantarki a shekara ta 825, kuma Calstart da ke California ya yi hasashen motoci masu amfani da wutar lantarki 000 a ƙarshen ƙarni. .

Koyaya, wannan wasan wuta na lantarki yana ƙonewa da sauri. A bayyane yake cewa batura har yanzu sun kasa samun gamsassun matakan aiwatarwa kuma babu wata mu'ujiza da za ta zo, kuma ana tilastawa California ta daidaita abubuwan da take fitarwa. GM yana ɗaukar duk EV1s ɗin sa kuma yana lalata su da rashin tausayi. Abin mamaki, a lokacin ne injiniyoyin Toyota suka sami nasarar kammala ƙirar ƙirar Prius mai aiki tukuru. Don haka, ci gaban fasaha yana ɗaukar sabuwar hanya.

Dokar 3: Babu Juya Baya

A cikin 2006, aikin ƙarshe na wasan kwaikwayo na lantarki ya fara. Alamu masu ƙara damuwa game da canjin yanayi da hauhawar farashin mai suna ba da ƙarfi ga sabon farawa a cikin wutar lantarki. A wannan karon, mutanen Asiya suna kan gaba wajen ci gaban fasaha, suna ba da baturan lithium-ion, kuma Mitsubishi iMiEV da Nissan Leaf suna fara aikin sabuwar zamani.

Jamus har yanzu tana farkawa daga barcin wutar lantarki, a Amurka, GM yana ƙura takardun EV1, kuma Tesla na California sun girgiza tsohuwar duniyar mota tare da hanyar motar 6831bhp da aka saba amfani da ita don kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka. Hasashen hasashe ya fara ɗaukar nauyi daidai gwargwado.

A wannan lokacin, Tesla ya riga ya kasance mai aiki tuƙuru game da ƙirar Model S, wanda ba wai kawai ya ba da ƙarfin haɓaka ga wutar lantarki na motoci ba, amma kuma ya ƙirƙiri matsayin alama ta alama, yana mai da shi jagora a fagen.

Bayan haka, kowane babban kamfanin mota zai fara gabatar da samfuran lantarki a cikin jeri, kuma bayan abin kunya da ke tattare da injin dizal, shirin su yanzu ya zama mai sauri. Samfuran wutar lantarki na Renault suna kan gaba - samfuran Nissan da BMW i, VW yana mai da hankali sosai kan wannan fanni tare da dandalin MEB, alamar Mercedes EQ, da majagaba matasan Toyota da Honda don fara haɓaka ci gaba a cikin filin wutar lantarki. Koyaya, ci gaba mai aiki da nasara na kamfanonin salula na lithium-ion, kuma musamman Samsung SDI, yana ƙirƙirar ƙwayoyin baturin 37 Ah mai dorewa a baya fiye da yadda aka zata, kuma wannan ya baiwa wasu masana'antun damar haɓaka nisan mil na EVs a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. A wannan karon, kamfanonin kasar Sin suma suna shigowa cikin wasan, kuma yawancin hanyoyin ci gaba na samfuran lantarki suna yin tsayi sosai.

Abun takaici, matsalar batirin ta kasance. Duk da cewa sun sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci, har ma da batirin lithium-ion na zamani suna da nauyi, sun yi tsada kuma ba su isa ba.

Fiye da shekaru 100 da suka shige, ɗan jaridar ƙasar Faransa Baudrillard de Saunier ya ce: “Motar lantarki marar shiru ita ce mafi tsabta kuma mafi juriya da mutum zai yi fata, kuma ingancinsa ya kai kashi 90 cikin ɗari. Amma batura na bukatar babban juyin juya hali.”

Ko da a yau, ba za mu iya ƙara komai game da wannan ba. Kawai a wannan lokacin, masu zanen suna gab da samar da lantarki tare da matsakaita, amma matakai masu ƙarfin gwiwa, a hankali suna motsawa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Don haka, juyin halitta yafi tabbaci kuma mai ɗorewa.

Rubutu: Georgy Kolev, Alexander Blokh