Nikola Tesla motar lantarki

Motar lantarki sun fi inganci fiye da injunan ƙonewa na ciki. Me yasa kuma yaushe

Gaskiyar asali ita ce, matsalolin motocin lantarki suna da alaƙa da tushen makamashi, amma ana iya kallon su ta wata fuska daban. Kamar abubuwa da yawa a rayuwa da muke ɗauka a banza, injin lantarki da tsarin sarrafawa a cikin motocin lantarki ana ɗaukar na'urar mafi inganci da aminci a cikin waɗannan motocin. Duk da haka, don cimma wannan yanayin, sun yi nisa a cikin juyin halitta - tun daga gano alakar wutar lantarki da maganadisu zuwa ingantacciyar canjinsa zuwa injina. Sau da yawa ana yin watsi da wannan batu a cikin mahallin magana game da ci gaban fasaha na injin konewa na ciki, amma yana ƙara zama dole don yin magana game da na'ura mai suna lantarki.

Motar daya ko biyu

Idan ka kalli jadawali na injin lantarki, ba tare da la’akari da nau’insa ba, za ka lura cewa ya fi kashi 85 cikin 90 inganci, sau da yawa fiye da kashi 75 cikin 20, kuma yana da mafi inganci da kusan kashi 3 cikin ɗari. matsakaicin. Yayin da ƙarfin wutar lantarki da girman ƙarfin lantarki ya karu, kewayon ingancin yana ƙaruwa daidai da haka, inda zai iya kaiwa iyakarsa ko da a baya - wani lokaci a nauyin kashi XNUMX cikin dari. Duk da haka, akwai wani gefe ga tsabar kudin - duk da Extended kewayon mafi girma yadda ya dace, da yin amfani da sosai iko Motors tare da sosai low load iya sake kai ga m shigarwa cikin low yadda ya dace yankin. Saboda haka, yanke shawara game da girman, iko, lamba (daya ko biyu) da amfani (daya ko biyu dangane da kaya) na injinan lantarki matakai ne da ke cikin aikin ƙira a cikin ginin mota. A cikin wannan mahallin, ana iya fahimtar dalilin da ya sa ya fi kyau a sami motoci guda biyu maimakon mai ƙarfi sosai, wato don kada ya shiga wuraren da ba su da inganci, kuma saboda yiwuwar rufe shi a ƙananan kaya. Saboda haka, a wani bangare na kaya, alal misali, a cikin Tesla Model XNUMX Performance, ana amfani da injin baya kawai. A cikin juzu'i marasa ƙarfi, ita kaɗai ce, kuma a cikin ƙarin juzu'i masu ƙarfi, asynchronous ana haɗa shi da gatari na gaba. Wannan wata fa'ida ce ta motocin lantarki - ana iya ƙara wutar lantarki cikin sauƙi, ana amfani da hanyoyin da ya dace dangane da buƙatun inganci, kuma wutar lantarki biyu suna da tasiri mai amfani. Duk da haka, ƙananan inganci a ƙananan kaya ba ya hana gaskiyar cewa, ba kamar injin konewa na ciki ba, motar lantarki tana haifar da tursasawa a saurin sifili saboda ainihin ka'idarsa ta daban-daban na aiki da hulɗar tsakanin filayen maganadisu ko da a cikin irin waɗannan yanayi. Gaskiyar inganci da aka ambata a baya ita ce zuciyar ƙirar injina da yanayin aiki - kamar yadda muka faɗa, babban injin da ke ci gaba da aiki da ƙananan kaya ba zai iya aiki ba.

Tare da saurin haɓakar motsi na lantarki, bambance-bambance dangane da samar da motoci yana fadadawa. Ana kara kulla yarjejeniya da tsare-tsare, ta yadda wasu masana’antun irin su BMW da VW ke kera motocinsu da kera motocinsu, wasu kuma suna sayen hannun jari a kamfanonin da ke da alaka da wannan sana’a, wasu kuma suna fitar da kayayyaki irin su Bosch. A mafi yawan lokuta, idan ka karanta ƙayyadaddun ƙirar ƙirar da ke da wutar lantarki, za ka ga cewa injinsa “AC dindindin magnet synchronous ne”. Duk da haka, Tesla majagaba yana amfani da wasu mafita a cikin wannan shugabanci - asynchronous Motors a cikin duk da baya model da kuma hade da asynchronous da ake kira. “Juriya mai jujjuya motar a matsayin tuƙin axle na baya a cikin ƙirar Aiki na 3. A cikin masu rahusa tare da motar baya kawai, ita kaɗai ce. Har ila yau Audi yana amfani da induction Motors don ƙirar q-tron da haɗin haɗaɗɗen injunan aiki tare da asynchronous don e-tron Q4 mai zuwa. Menene ainihin game da?

Nikola Tesla motar lantarki

Gaskiyar cewa Nikola Tesla ya ƙirƙira asynchronous ko, a takaice, motar "asynchronous" (baya a ƙarshen karni na 19) ba shi da alaƙa kai tsaye da cewa ƙirar Tesla Motors ɗaya ce daga cikin 'yan motocin da irin wannan injin ke amfani da su. .... A zahiri, ƙa'idar aiki na motar Tesla ta zama sananne a cikin shekarun 60s, lokacin da na'urorin semiconductor ke fitowa a hankali a ƙarƙashin rana, kuma injiniyan Amurka Alan Coconi ya haɓaka masu jujjuyawar semiconductor wanda zai iya juyar da batir kai tsaye (DC) zuwa madaidaicin halin yanzu (AC ) kamar yadda ake buƙata don motar shigarwa, kuma akasin haka (yayin aiwatar da murmurewa). Wannan haɗin haɗin inverter (wanda kuma aka sani da injiniyan injiniya) da injin lantarki da Coconi ya haɓaka ya zama tushen GM GM1 mara kyau kuma, a cikin ingantaccen tsari, tZERO na wasa. Ta hanyar kwatankwacin binciken injiniyoyin Japan daga Toyota yayin ƙirƙirar Prius da gano patent na TRW, masu ƙirƙirar Tesla sun gano motar tZERO. Daga ƙarshe, sun sayi lasisin tZero kuma sun yi amfani da shi don gina titin hanya.
Babban fa'idar motsawar motsawar shine cewa baya amfani da maganadisu mai dorewa kuma baya buƙatar ƙarafa masu tsada ko tsada, waɗanda kuma galibi ana haƙa su a cikin yanayin da ke haifar da mawuyacin halin ɗabi'a ga masu amfani. Koyaya, dukkanin injina masu daidaituwa da na dindindin suna yin cikakken amfani da ci gaban fasaha a cikin na'urorin semiconductor, harma da ƙirƙirar MOSFETs tare da transistor mai tasirin filin da kuma masu fassarar bipolar na biyu (IGBTs). Wannan ci gaban ne yasa yake da damar ƙirƙirar ƙananan na'urorin inverter da aka ambata kuma gabaɗaya dukkanin lantarki a cikin motocin lantarki. Yana iya zama ba komai ba ne cewa ikon canza DC yadda yakamata zuwa batirin AC 150-phase AC kuma akasin haka galibi saboda ci gaba ne a cikin fasahar sarrafawa, amma yakamata a tuna da cewa wutar lantarki a cikin wutar lantarki ta kai matakan da yawa fiye da yadda aka saba a cikin gida cibiyar sadarwar lantarki, kuma galibi ƙimar ta wuce amperes XNUMX. Wannan yana haifar da babban zafi wanda dole ne wutar lantarki tayi aiki da ita.

Amma koma batun wutar lantarki. Kamar injunan konewa na ciki, ana iya kasafasu zuwa ƙwarewa daban-daban, kuma "lokaci" yana ɗayansu. A zahiri, wannan sakamakon mafi mahimmancin mahimmancin tsari ne mai ma'ana dangane da ƙarni da hulɗar filayen maganadiso. Duk da cewa asalin wutar lantarki a cikin mutumin da ke cikin batirin kai tsaye ne, masu zanen tsarin lantarki ba sa ma yin tunanin amfani da injin DC. Ko da la'akari da asarar jujjuyawar, rukunin AC kuma musamman maƙasassun raka'a sun fi gasar tsaruwa tare da abubuwan DC. Don haka menene ma'anar aiki tare ko asynchronous?

Kamfanin motar motar lantarki

Dukansu nau'ikan aiki tare da na asynchronous duk nau'ikan injina ne masu juya maganadisu wadanda suke da karfin karfin wuta. Gabaɗaya, rotor mai shigar da abu ya ƙunshi ɗakunan shimfiɗa mai sauƙi, aluminum ko sandunan ƙarfe na jan ƙarfe (ƙara amfani da su a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan) tare da keɓaɓɓe cikin madauki madauki. Yanzu yana gudana a cikin windor stator a cikin saɓanin nau'i-nau'i, tare da na yanzu daga ɗayan matakai uku masu gudana a cikin kowane ɗayan. Tunda a cikin kowane ɗayansu an canza shi zuwa mataki ta hanyar digiri 120 dangane da ɗayan, abin da ake kira juya magnetic filin. Yankewar rotor windings tare da layukan filin magnetic daga filin da stator ya kirkira yana kaiwa zuwa kwararar halin yanzu a cikin rotor, kama da mu'amala a kan gidan wuta.
Sakamakon maganadisu ya yi mu'amala tare da "juyawa" a cikin stator, wanda ke haifar da damƙar inji da juyawa ta gaba. Koyaya, da irin wannan injin na lantarki, rotor koyaushe yana bayan filin, domin idan babu wani motsi na dangi tsakanin filin da rotor din, babu wani maganadisu da zai jawo a cikin rotor din. Sabili da haka, matsakaicin matakin saurin yana ƙaddara ta hanyar yawan adadin wadata da kaya. Koyaya, saboda haɓakar haɓakar haɗin keɓaɓɓun injina, yawancin masana'antun sun manne da su, amma saboda wasu daga cikin dalilan da suka gabata, Tesla ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da asynchronous Motors.

Ee, waɗannan injunan sun fi arha, amma suna da gazawarsu, kuma duk mutanen da suka gwada saurin ci gaba da yawa tare da Model S za su gaya muku yadda aikin ya ragu sosai tare da kowane juzu'i. Hanyoyin shigarwa da gudanawar halin yanzu suna kaiwa zuwa dumama, kuma lokacin da injin ba a sanyaya a ƙarƙashin babban nauyi ba, zafi yana tarawa kuma ƙarfinsa yana raguwa sosai. Don dalilai na kariya, na'urorin lantarki suna rage adadin halin yanzu kuma aikin haɓakawa yana raguwa. Kuma wani abu guda - don amfani da shi azaman janareta, injin induction dole ne ya zama magnetized - wato, don "wuce" na farko ta hanyar stator, wanda ke haifar da filin da halin yanzu a cikin na'ura don fara aikin. Sannan zai iya ciyar da kansa.

Rashin daidaituwa ko injina masu daidaita aiki

Unitsungiyoyin aiki tare suna da ƙimar ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Babban bambanci tsakanin mahimmin motsa jiki shine cewa magnetic filin a cikin rotor ba a haifar dashi ta hanyar hulɗa da stator ba, amma sakamakon halin yanzu yana gudana ta cikin ƙarin windings ɗin da aka sanya a ciki, ko maganadiso na dindindin. Sabili da haka, filin a cikin rotor da filin a cikin stator suna aiki tare, amma matsakaicin saurin mota ma ya dogara da juyawar filin, bi da bi, akan mitar yanzu da lodin. Don kaucewa buƙatar ƙarin samar da wutar lantarki a cikin windings, wanda ke ƙara yawan amfani da wutar lantarki da kuma rikita rikitarwa na yanzu, ana amfani da injunan lantarki tare da abin da ake kira tashin hankali akai-akai a cikin motocin lantarki na zamani da ƙirar ƙira. tare da dindindin. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, kusan dukkanin masana'antun irin waɗannan motocin a halin yanzu suna amfani da rukuni na wannan nau'in, sabili da haka, a cewar masana da yawa, har yanzu za a sami matsala tare da ƙarancin ƙasashe masu tsada mai tsada neodymium da dysprosium. Rage amfani da su yana daga cikin buƙatun injiniyoyi a wannan fanni.

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Tsarin ƙirar rotor yana ba da babbar dama don haɓaka aikin injin lantarki.
Akwai hanyoyin fasaha daban-daban tare da maɗauran maɗauran sama, na'ura mai juyi mai siffar diski, tare da ginannun maganadiso na ciki. Abin sha'awa anan shine mafitacin Tesla, wanda ke amfani da fasahar da aka ambata mai suna Switched Reluctance Motor don fitar da Model 3's rear axle. “Kin so”, ko juriya na maganadisu, kalma ce kishiyar maganan maganadisu, kwatankwacin juriya na lantarki da sarrafa kayan lantarki. Motoci na wannan nau'in suna amfani da al'amarin cewa magnetic flux yana ƙoƙarin wucewa ta ɓangaren kayan tare da ƙarancin juriya na maganadisu. A sakamakon haka, ta jiki ta motsa kayan da yake gudana a cikin jiki don wucewa ta bangaren da ƙarancin juriya. Ana amfani da wannan tasiri a cikin motar lantarki don ƙirƙirar motsi na juyawa - don wannan, kayan da ke da juriya na magnetic daban-daban suna canzawa a cikin rotor: mai wuya (a cikin nau'i na ferrite neodymium disks) da taushi (karfe diski). A yunƙurin wucewa ta ƙananan kayan juriya, ƙarfin maganadisu daga stator yana jujjuya na'urar har sai an saita shi don yin haka. Tare da sarrafawa na yanzu, filin yana jujjuya rotor a cikin matsayi mai dadi. Wato, ba a fara jujjuyawar zuwa irin wannan yanayin ta hanyar hulɗar filayen maganadisu kamar yadda yanayin filin ya gudana ta cikin kayan tare da ƙarancin juriya da sakamakon sakamakon juyawa na rotor. Ta hanyar canza kayan aiki daban-daban, an rage yawan adadin kayan da aka kashe.

Dangane da ƙira, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙarfi da juzu'i suna canzawa tare da saurin injin. Da farko, injin induction yana da mafi ƙarancin inganci, kuma mafi girma yana da maganadisu na sama, amma a ƙarshen yana raguwa da sauri. Injin da BMW I3 yana da halayyar na musamman na matasan, godiya ga ƙira da ke haɗu da maganadi na dindindin da "rashin kulawa da aka bayyana a sama. Don haka, injin ɗin lantarki yana samun manyan matakan ƙarfi na dindindin da juzu'i waɗanda ke da halayen injina tare da na'ura mai jujjuyawar lantarki, amma yana da ƙarancin nauyi fiye da su (ƙarshen suna da inganci ta fuskoki da yawa, amma ba dangane da nauyi ba). Bayan duk wannan, a bayyane yake cewa inganci yana raguwa a cikin manyan sauri, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin masana'antun ke cewa za su mayar da hankali kan isar da sauri biyu na injin lantarki.

Tambayoyi & Amsa:

Wadanne injina Tesla ke amfani da su? Duk nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Tesla sune motocin lantarki, don haka an sanye su da injin lantarki na musamman. A ƙarƙashin murfin kusan kowane ƙirar za a sami injin shigar da AC mai kashi 3.

Ta yaya injin Tesla ke aiki? Motar lantarki mai asynchronous yana aiki saboda faruwar EMF saboda jujjuyawar filin maganadisu a cikin stator mai tsaye. Ana bayar da baya ta hanyar sauya polarity akan coils na farawa.

Ina injin Tesla yake? Motocin Tesla tuƙi ne na baya. Saboda haka, motar tana tsakanin raƙuman axle na baya. Motar ta ƙunshi rotor da stator, waɗanda ke hulɗa da juna kawai ta hanyar bearings.

Nawa ne nauyin injin Tesla? Nauyin na'urar lantarki da aka haɗa don samfuran Tesla shine kilogiram 240. Ainihin, ana amfani da gyare-gyare ɗaya na injuna.