Menene mai canzawa, fa'ida da rashin fa'ida

Daga cikin masu motoci, ana iya canza mai canzawa a matsayin mafi kyawun yanayin jiki. Waɗannan motocin suna da magoya baya da yawa waɗanda suke shirye don sasantawa don samun keɓaɓɓiyar mota ta wannan rukunin a cikin garejin su.

Yi la'akari da abin da za'a iya canzawa, menene nau'ikan akwai, kuma menene manyan fa'idodi da rashin amfanin irin waɗannan motocin.

Menene mai canzawa

Jikin "mai canzawa" ya shahara sosai cewa a yau yana da wahala a sami irin wannan mai motar wanda ba zai iya bayanin irin motar da kawai ba. Motoci a cikin wannan rukunin suna da rufin da za a ja da baya.

Dogaro da ƙirar mota, saman na iya zama na daidaitawa biyu:

• Zane zane. Don irin wannan tsarin, masana'antun suna rarraba sararin da ake buƙata a cikin akwati ko tsakanin jere na baya da akwatin. Manya a cikin irin waɗannan motocin galibi ana yin su ne da masaku, tunda a wannan yanayin yana ɗaukar ƙaramin fili a cikin akwati kamar takwaran ƙarfe mai ƙarfi. Misalin irin wannan gini shine Audi S3 mai canzawa.
• Rufin cirewa. Wannan kuma na iya zama rumfa mai taushi ko kuma cike mai wuya. Daya daga cikin wakilan wannan rukunin shine Ford Thunderbird.

A cikin sigar da aka fi amfani da ita (kwanciya a saman yadin), ana yin rufin ne da abu mai ɗorewa, mai laushi wanda ba ya jin tsoron canjin yanayi da yawan ninkewa a cikin alkuki. Domin zane zai iya tsayayya da ɗaukar tsawon lokaci ga danshi, an yi masa ciki tare da keɓaɓɓiyar fili wacce ba ta shuɗewa tsawon shekaru.

Da farko, injin ninkin rufin yana bukatar hankalin mai motar. Dole ne ya ɗaga ko ƙananan saman da kansa ya gyara shi. Samfurai na zamani suna sanye take da injin lantarki. Wannan yana saurin gudu da kuma sauƙaƙe aikin. A wasu samfura, yana ɗaukar ɗan gajeren dakika 10 kawai. Misali, rufin cikin Mazda MX-5 ya ninka cikin dakika 11,7 kuma ya tashi a sakan 12,8.

Rufin da zai iya janyewa yana buƙatar ƙarin sarari. Dogaro da samfurin abin hawa, yana ɓoyewa a cikin akwatin akwatin (a saman babban murfin don ku iya saka kaya a ciki) ko kuma a wani keɓaɓɓen alkuki dake tsakanin kujerun baya da bangon akwatin.

Dangane da Citroen C3 Pluriel, masana'antun Faransa sun ƙera wata dabara ta yadda rufin ya ɓoye a cikin alkuki a ƙarƙashin akwati. Don sanya motar tayi kama da mai canzawa, kuma ba kamar mota mai rufin panoramic ba, dole ne a rushe arches da hannu. Wani nau'in gini ga mai mota.

Wasu masana'antun suna gajartar da gidan don 'yantar da sarari da ake buƙata, suna mai da ƙyauren ƙofa huɗu zuwa babban kofa mai ƙofa biyu. A cikin irin waɗannan motocin, layin baya ya fi na yara girma fiye da cikakken iko, ko ma ba ya nan. Koyaya, akwai kuma samfura masu tsayi, ciki yana da faɗi ga duk fasinjoji, kuma jiki yana da ƙofofi huɗu.

Ba shi da yawa a cikin masu canzawa na zamani shine tsarin rufi wanda ke kan murfin takalmin, kamar hood akan jaket. Misalin wannan shine Volkswagen Beetle Cabriolet.

A matsayin kwaikwayon kasafin kuɗi na mai canzawa, an haɓaka jiki mai ƙarfi. An bayyana siffofin wannan gyare-gyaren a cikin labarin daban... A cikin gyare-gyare na canzawa-hardtop, rufin ba ya ninka, amma an cire shi gaba ɗaya a cikin sigar kamar yadda aka sanya shi akan motar. Don haka yayin tafiya ba ya yankewa tare da guguwar iska, an daidaita ta tare da taimakon masu ɗaure na musamman ko ƙulle.

Tarihin jiki mai iya canzawa

Mai canzawa yana dauke da nau'in nau'in abin hawa na farko. Karusar da ba tare da rufi ba - wannan shine yadda mafi yawan karusar da aka zana doki suke kallo, kuma manyan mutane ne kawai ke da damar ɗaukar kaya tare da gida.

Tare da ƙirƙirar injin ƙonewa na ciki, motocin hawa na farko da suke tuka kansu sun yi kama da buɗe motocin. Kakan dangin motocin da ke dauke da injunan konewa na ciki shi ne Benz Patent-Motorwagen. Karl Benz ne ya gina shi a cikin 1885 kuma an sami izinin mallaka don haka a cikin 1886. Yayi kama da keken hawa uku.

Motar Rasha ta farko da ta fara kera mutane ita ce "Motar Frese da Yakovlev", wanda aka nuna a cikin 1896.

Zuwa yau, ba a san kofe nawa aka samar ba, duk da haka, kamar yadda ake iya gani a hoto, wannan ainihin mai canzawa ne, ana iya saukar da rufinsa don jin daɗin tuki cikin annashuwa ta cikin filin wasan.

A rabi na biyu na 1920, masu kera motoci sun yanke hukunci cewa motocin da aka rufe sun fi aiki da aminci. Dangane da wannan, samfuran da ke da tsayayyen rufi sun bayyana sau da yawa.

Kodayake masu canzawa sun ci gaba da mamaye babban layin samarwa, a cikin shekarun 30, masu motoci sukan zaɓi duk kayan ƙarfe. A wancan lokacin, samfura kamar su Peugeot 402 Eclipse sun bayyana. Waɗannan motocin motoci ne masu rufin ruɓaɓɓen rufi. Koyaya, hanyoyinta sun bar abin da ake buƙata, saboda galibi suna kasawa.

Lokacin da Yaƙin Duniya na II ya ɓarke, kusan an manta da kyawawan motoci. Da zaran an dawo da zaman lafiya, mutane suna buƙatar ingantattun motoci masu amfani, don haka babu lokacin da za a haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyin narkar da abubuwa.

Babban dalilin raguwar farin jinin masu canzawa shine mafi tsayayyen tsari na takwarorinsu da suka rufe. A kan manyan kumbura kuma tare da ƙananan haɗari, jiki a cikinsu ya kasance cikakke, wanda ba za a iya faɗi game da gyare-gyare ba tare da ɗakuna da rufin wuya ba.

Ba'amurke na farko da za'a iya canzawa tare da lankwasawa shine Ford Fairline 500 Skyliner, wanda aka kirkira daga 1957 zuwa 1959. Wurin zama shida an sanye shi da kayan aiki na atomatik wanda zai ruɓe rufin kai tsaye zuwa cikin babban akwati.

Saboda gazawa da yawa, irin wannan motar ba ta maye gurbin takwarorinta na ƙarfe ba. Dole a gyara rufin a wurare da yawa, amma wannan har yanzu yana haifar da bayyanar motar rufe. Motocin lantarki bakwai sun yi jinkiri sosai wanda aikin haɓaka / saukar da rufin ya ɗauki kusan minti biyu.

Saboda kasancewar ƙarin sassan da kuma mai tsawan jiki, mai canzawa ya fi tsada fiye da irin wannan rufaffiyar motar. Ari da, motar da za a iya canzawa ya kai kilo 200 fiye da ƙwararriyar takwararta ɗaya.

A tsakiyar shekarun 60s, sha'awar masu canzawa ya ragu sosai. Shi ne Lincoln Continental mai canzawa wanda ya sauƙaƙa ma maharbi a kisan John F. Kennedy a 1963.

Wannan nau'in jikin ya fara samun farin jini ne kawai a shekarar 1996. Kawai yanzu ya riga ya kasance gyare-gyare na musamman na sedans ko juyin mulki.

Bayyanar jiki da tsarin jiki

A cikin sigar zamani, masu canzawa ba motoci daban aka kera su ba, amma haɓaka samfurin da aka gama. Mafi yawan lokuta yana zama sedan, shimfidawa ko ƙyanƙyashewa.

Rufin a cikin irin waɗannan samfuran yana ninkawa, sau da yawa yana iya cirewa. Gyara mafi yawan gaske yana tare da saman mai laushi. Yana ninka sama da sauri, baya ɗaukar sarari da yawa kuma yana da nauyi ƙasa da sigar ƙarfe. A cikin yawancin injina, tsarin ɗaga hannu yana aiki a cikin yanayin atomatik - kawai danna maɓallin kuma saman yana ninki ko buɗewa.

Tun da lanƙwasawa / buɗe rufin yana haifar da jirgin ruwa, yawancin samfuran suna sanye da injin kulle yayin tuƙi. Daga cikin irin wadannan motoci akwai Mercedes-Benz SL.

Wasu masana'antun suna shigar da irin wannan tsarin wanda ke ba direba damar ɗaga saman yayin tuƙi. Don kunna injin, matsakaicin saurin motar dole ne ya kasance 40-50 km / h, kamar, alal misali, a cikin Porsche Boxster.

Hakanan akwai tsarin tsarin hannu. A wannan yanayin, mai motar dole ne ya saita abin da yake nadawa cikin motsi da kansa. Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan irin waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan. Wasu suna buƙatar warwatse su kuma ninke su cikin wani keɓaɓɓen alkuki, yayin da wasu ke aiki bisa ƙa'ida irin ta atomatik, kawai ba su da wutar lantarki.

Gyara da aka fi sani shine motoci masu laushi, amma kuma akwai samfuran samfuran masu yawa. Saboda gaskiyar cewa ɓangaren sama dole ne ya zama mai ƙarfi (yana da wuya a yi kyakkyawar ɗinka hatimi a ɗamarar), dole ne a sami isasshen sarari a cikin akwatin. Dangane da wannan, galibi irin waɗannan motocin ana yin su ne a cikin shimfiɗar kofa biyu.

Daga cikin irin wannan rufin akwai kuma nau'ikan asali, alal misali, wani ci gaba game da wannan ya samu ne daga kamfanin Savage Rivale. A cikin motar motsa jiki ta Dutch Roadyacht GTS, rufin nadawa ba shi da ƙarfi, amma godiya ga ƙirarta ta musamman, ba ta ɗaukar sarari da yawa a cikin akwati.

Canjin da za'a iya canzawa na motar ya ƙunshi sassa 8, kowane ɗayan sa an tsayar dashi akan babban dogo.

Tyananan nau'ikan canzawa jiki

Sauye-sauyen da ake amfani da su a jikin mutum-mutumi sune sedans (kofofi 4) da juyin mulki (kofofi 2), amma kuma akwai wasu zaɓuɓɓuka masu alaƙa, waɗanda da yawa ke magana da su kamar masu canzawa:

• Hanyar hanya;
• Gudun gudu;
• Phaeton;
• Landau;
• Targa.

Bambanci tsakanin masu canzawa da nau'ikan jikinsu

Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, mai canzawa shine gyara takamaiman samfurin hanya, misali, sedan. Koyaya, akwai nau'ikan da suke kama da mai canzawa, amma a zahiri nau'ikan gini ne daban.

Roadster kuma mai canzawa

Ma'anar "roadster" a yau ya ɗan rikice - mota don kujeru biyu tare da rufin cirewa. Ana ba da ƙarin bayani game da wannan nau'in jikin a nan... Masana masana'antu galibi suna amfani da wannan kalmar azaman sunan kasuwanci don sauyawa mai kujeru biyu.

A cikin fasalin gargajiya, waɗannan motocin wasanni ne tare da ƙirar asali. Bangaren gaba a cikinsu yana fadada sannu-sannu kuma yana da tsayayyen sifa mai faɗi. Gangar jikin ta karami ne a cikin su, kuma saukar jirgin yayi kasa sosai. A lokacin yakin farko, ya kasance nau'in jikin mutum daban. Manyan wakilai na wannan aji sune:

• Allard J2;
• AC Cobra;
• Honda S2000;
• Porsche Boxster;
• BMW Z4.

Speedster da canzawa

Consideredananan fasalin mai amfani da hanya yana ɗauka mai saurin gudu. Wannan kuma nau'ikan motoci ne na musamman a fagen wasanni. Daga cikin masu saurin sauri ba sau biyu kawai ba, har ma da bambance-bambancen guda.

Wadannan motocin ba su da rufi kwata-kwata. A lokacin wayewar garin mota, masu saurin gudu sun shahara sosai saboda cewa sun kasance masu nauyi kamar yadda zai yiwu don gudun tsere. Ofayan wakilai na farkon mai saurin gudu shine Porsche 550 A Spyder.

Gilashin gilashi a cikin irin waɗannan motocin motsa jikin ba a raina shi, kuma waɗanda ke gefen galibi ba su nan. Tunda gefen saman tagar yana da ƙasa ƙwarai, ba shi yiwuwa a saka rufi a kan irin wannan motar - direban zai kwantar da kansa a kansa.

A yau, da kyar ake samar da masu saurin gudu saboda rashin ingancin aiki. Wakilin zamani na wannan aji shine motar Mazda MX-5 Superlight.

Har yanzu zaka iya hawa saman wasu masu hanzari, amma wannan zai buƙaci akwatin kayan aiki har zuwa rabin awa.

Phaeton kuma mai canzawa

Wani nau'in motar buɗe-hawa shine phaeton. Samfurori na farko sunyi kamanceceniya da abubuwan hawa, wanda za'a iya saukar da rufin. A cikin wannan gyaran jikin, babu ginshiƙai B, kuma tagogin gefuna suna iya cirewa ko babu.

Tunda masu canzawa (motocin da aka saba dasu tare da rufin ninki) suka maye gurbin wannan gyare-gyare a hankali, masu fastoci sun yi ƙaura zuwa wani nau'in jiki daban, wanda aka tsara musamman don ƙara ƙarfafawa ga fasinjoji na baya. Don ƙara taurin jiki a gaban layin na baya, an saka ƙarin bangare, kamar a cikin limousines, wanda daga baya wani gilashin gilashi yakan tashi.

Wakili na ƙarshe na ƙwallon ƙafa na gargajiya shine Chrysler Imperial Parade Phaeton, wanda aka saki a cikin 1952 a cikin kwafi uku.

A cikin wallafe-wallafen Soviet, ana amfani da wannan kalmar ga motocin da ke kan hanya tare da rufin tarpaulin kuma ba tare da tagogin gefe ba (a wasu yanayi ana ɗinka su cikin polo). Misalin irin wannan motar shine GAZ-69.

Landau da canzawa

Wataƙila mafi mahimmancin irin mai canzawa shine haɗuwa tsakanin zartarwa mai sassauƙawa da mai canzawa. Gaban rufin yana da tsauri, kuma sama da fasinjojin jere na baya, yana tashi yana faɗuwa.

Daya daga cikin wakilan kebabben motar shine Lexus LS600h. An tsara wannan injin ɗin musamman don bikin auren Yarima Albert II na Monaco da Gimbiya Charlene. Madadin rumfa mai laushi, an rufe layin baya da polycarbonate mai haske.

Targa da canzawa

Wannan nau'in na jiki ma wani nau'i ne na hanyar hanya. Babban bambanci daga gare ta shine kasancewar gaban baka a bayan jere na kujerun. An girka dindindin kuma baza'a iya cire shi ba. Godiya ga tsayayyen tsari, masana'antun sun sami damar girka taga ta baya a cikin motar.

Dalilin bayyanar wannan gyaran shine ƙoƙari na Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka (a cikin shekarun 1970s) don hana masu sauyawa da masu hanya saboda ƙarancin aminci na motsa jiki lokacin da motoci ke juyawa.

A yau, masu canzawa a cikin sifa ta gargajiya suna da tsari mai ƙarfi na gilashin gilashi (kuma a cikin kujerun zama biyu, an kafa bakunan tsaro a bayan kujerun direba da fasinja), wanda har yanzu ya ba da damar amfani da su.

Rufin da ke cikin targa yana cirewa ko mai motsi. Mafi shahararren samfuri a cikin wannan jikin shine Porsche 911 Targa.

Wani lokaci akwai zaɓuɓɓuka tare da katako mai tsayi, wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin torsional na jiki. A wannan yanayin, rufin ya ƙunshi bangarori biyu masu cirewa. Motar Jafananci Nissan 300ZX tana ɗaya daga cikin wakilan nau'ikan.

Fa'idodi da rashin amfanin mai canzawa

Da farko, duk motocin sun kasance marasa rufi ko kuma tare da ɗaga kwalta ta tsohuwa. A yau, mai canzawa ya fi kayan alatu fiye da larura. Wannan dalilin ne yasa mutane da yawa suke zaɓar irin wannan jigilar.

Anan akwai wasu fannoni masu kyau na wannan nau'in:

• Mafi kyawun ganuwa da ƙananan wuraren makafi ga direba lokacin da rufin ya faɗi;
• Tsarin asali wanda yake sa ƙirar motar da aka sani ta zama kyakkyawa. Wasu suna rufe ido ga ƙananan aikin injin, kawai don samun mota tare da ƙira na musamman;
• Tare da katako, yanayin motsa jiki a cikin motar daidai yake da takwarorinsu na ƙarfe.

Jikin "mai canzawa" ya fi girmamawa ga salo fiye da aiki. Kafin zaɓar buɗaɗɗiyar mota azaman babban abin hawa, yana da daraja la'akari ba kawai fa'idodinta ba, har ma da rashin fa'ida, kuma a cikin wannan nau'in jikin ya wadatar da su:

• Lokacin da ake aiki da abin hawa ba tare da rufin rufi ba, ƙura da yawa za ta bayyana a cikin gidan fiye da takwarorin da ke rufe, kuma idan tana tsaye, baƙon abubuwa (duwatsu daga ƙarƙashin ƙafafun motocin da ke wucewa ko tarkace daga jikin motar) za su iya shiga cikin gidan cikin sauƙi
• Don inganta kwanciyar hankali, saboda rauni mai rauni, irin waɗannan motocin sun fi nauyi, waɗanda ke tare da ƙarin amfani da mai idan aka kwatanta da motocin da aka saba da su iri-iri;
• A cikin sifofi tare da saman mai laushi, yana da sanyi sosai hawa cikin hunturu, kodayake a cikin samfuran zamani rumfa tana da hatimin da ake buƙata don rufin zafi;
• Wata matsalar da ke tattare da rufin mai taushi shi ne cewa zai iya zama datti sosai lokacin da direba marar kulawa ya share motar da ke tsaye cikin laka. Wasu lokuta tabo yana kasancewa akan zane (abubuwa masu mai za su iya kasancewa a cikin kududdufin ko tsuntsu mai tashi sama ya yanke shawarar "yiwa alama" ƙasarta). Poplar fluff wani lokacin yana da matukar wahalar cirewa daga rufin ba tare da wanka ba;
• Kuna buƙatar mai da hankali musamman lokacin zaɓar mai canzawa a cikin kasuwar ta biyu - injin rufin na iya riga ya lalace ko kuma yana gab da lalacewa;
• Kuskuren kariya daga masu lalata, musamman ma a yanayin saman mai laushi. Don lalata zane, ƙaramar wuka ya isa;
• A ranar da rana ke zafi, direbobi sukan daga rufin, saboda ko a hanzari, rana tana yin nauyi a kai, wanda daga gare ta ne za a iya samun bugun rana. Irin wannan matsalar ta bayyana a manyan biranen lokacin da direban ya makale a cikin cunkoson ababen hawa ko cunkoson ababen hawa. Kowa ya san cewa ba girgije ne ya toshe yaduwar hasken rana na ultraviolet na rana ba, don haka a lokacin bazara, koda a yanayi mai giza-gizai, a sauƙaƙe kuna iya ƙonewa. Lokacin da motar ke tafiya a hankali ta cikin "gandun daji" na birni, cikin motar yawanci zafi ne wanda ba za a iya jure shi ba (saboda kwalta mai zafi da motocin da ke shan sigari a kusa). Yanayi kamar wannan yana tilasta direbobi ɗaga rufin kuma kunna na'urar sanyaya iska;
• Tsarin rufin rufin shine mafi yawan ciwon kai ga duk masu mallakar mota na musamman. A tsawon shekaru, zai buƙaci maye gurbin wasu sassan da ba kasafai suke gani ba, wanda tabbas zai biya kyawawan dinari. Wannan gaskiya ne ga kayan aiki tare da injin lantarki ko lantarki.

Tabbas, romantan gaske ba za a dakatar da su da irin waɗannan matsalolin ba. Zasu kula da motarsu, ta yadda abin hawan zai kasance mai kyau da kuma amfani. Abun takaici, irin wannan lamari yana da wuya a kasuwa ta biyu, sabili da haka, yayin zaɓar mai amfani da za'a iya canzawa, kuna buƙatar shirya don "abubuwan mamaki".

Shin za ku iya tuki tare da rufin ƙasa a cikin ruwan sama?

Ofaya daga cikin tambayoyin da ake tattaunawa akai akai game da masu canzawa shine zaku iya hawa sama zuwa sama a cikin ruwan sama? Don amsa shi, dole ne a yi la'akari da abubuwa biyu:

• Dole ne motar ta motsa a wani ɗan ƙaramin gudu. Saboda bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin jiki, halayen aerodynamic na motocin sun banbanta. Misali, don BMW Z4, mafi karancin saurin da ruwan sama ba ya bukatar daga rufin yana kusan kilomita 60 / h; don Mazda MX5 wannan mashigar daga 70 km / h ne, kuma ga Mercedes SL - 55 km / h.
• Zai fi amfani sosai idan tsarin nadawa zai iya aiki tare da mota mai motsi. Misali, Mazda MX-5 yana cikin matsattsun wuri kuma yana tafiya a jere na biyu. Rufin wannan samfurin yana tashi ne kawai lokacin da abin hawa ya tsaya. Lokacin da ruwan sama ya fara, direba yana buƙatar ko dai ya tsaya gaba ɗaya na dakika 12 kuma ya saurari abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da yawa a cikin adireshinsa, ko kuma ya jiƙe a cikin motar, yana ƙoƙarin matsawa zuwa babbar hanyar da ke nesa da kuma neman wurin da ya dace.

Don haka, a wasu lokuta, mai canzawa da gaske ba za a sake maye gurbinsa ba - lokacin da direban ya yanke shawarar shirya tafiya ta soyayya da ba za a iya mantawa da ita ba. Game da amfani, ya fi kyau a zaɓi samfurin tare da saman mai wuya.

Tambayoyi & Amsa:

Menene sunan mota mai rufin asiri? Duk wani samfurin da ya rasa rufin ana kiransa mai canzawa. A wannan yanayin, rufin yana iya zama ba ya nan gaba ɗaya daga gilashin iska zuwa gangar jikin, ko kuma wani ɓangare, kamar a cikin jikin Targa.

Menene mafi kyawun canzawa koyaushe? Duk ya dogara da halayen da mai siye ke tsammanin. Samfurin alatu shine 8 Aston Martin V2012 Vantage Roadster. Bude-top mota mota - Ferrari 458 Spider (2012).

Menene sunan motar fasinja mai buɗe ido? Idan muka magana game da gyare-gyare na misali model, shi zai zama mai iya canzawa. Amma game da motar motsa jiki tare da rufin da za a iya cirewa, amma ba tare da tagogi na gefe ba, wannan mai sauri ne.