Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki
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Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Arƙashin murfin, motar ta zamani zata sami ɗayan nau'ikan rukunin wuta guda uku. Inji mai, lantarki ko injin dizal. Mun riga mun tattauna ka'idar aiki da na'urar injin da ke aiki akan mai. a wani labarin.

Yanzu za mu mai da hankali kan fasalin injin dizal: waɗanne sassa ne ya ƙunsa, yadda ya bambanta da mai amfani da mai, sannan kuma mu yi la’akari da fasalin farawa da aiki da wannan injin ƙone ciki a cikin yanayi daban-daban.

Menene injin motar dizal

Na farko, karamin ka'ida. Injin dizal nau'ikan wutar lantarki ne wanda yake kama da injin mai. Budova dinsa kuma kusan ba zai bambanta ba.

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Zai kunshi yafi:

  • Silinda toshe Wannan shine jikin naúrar. Ana yin ramuka da ramuka masu mahimmanci don aikin ta a ciki. Bangon waje yana da jaket mai sanyaya (rami wanda yake cike da ruwa a cikin motar da aka tara don sanyaya gidan). A cikin ɓangaren tsakiya, ana yin manyan ramuka, waɗanda ake kira silinda. Suna kona mai. Hakanan a cikin ƙirar bulo ɗin akwai ramuka don haɗi ta amfani da maƙallan maƙerin kanta da kansa, wanda yake cikin aikin rarraba gas.
  • Pistons tare da sandunan haɗi. Waɗannan abubuwan daidai suke da ƙira da na injin mai. Bambanci kawai shine cewa piston da sandar haɗawa suna da ƙarfi don tsayayya da manyan kayan injina.
  • Crankshaft. Injin dizal din sanye take da crankshaft wanda yake da kwatankwacin abin da injin ƙone ciki yake aiki akan mai. Bambanci kawai shine a cikin wane ƙirar wannan ɓangaren da masana'antar ke amfani da shi don keɓance motar ta musamman.
  • Daidaita shaft. Kananan janareto masu amfani da lantarki galibi suna amfani da dizal guda guda. Yana aiki akan ƙa'idar turawa. Tunda yana da fistan ɗaya, yana haifar da ƙarfi lokacin da HTS ya ƙone. Domin motar ta yi aiki lami lafiya, an haɗa shaft mai daidaitawa a cikin na'urar naúrar silinda guda ɗaya, wacce ke biyan diyya ta hauhawar ƙarfin makamashi.
Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

A yau, motocin dizal suna samun karbuwa saboda bullo da sabbin fasahohi wadanda ke baiwa motoci damar cimma ka'idojin muhalli da kuma bukatar kwararrun masu motoci. Idan tun da farko ana karɓar rukunin man dizal ta jigilar kayayyaki, a yau galibi ana ɗaukar motar fasinja da irin wannan injin.

An kiyasta cewa kusan ɗaya cikin kowace mota XNUMX da aka sayar a Amurka za ta yi aiki da mai mai mai mai. Game da Turai, injunan dizal sun ma fi shahara a wannan kasuwa. Kusan rabin motocin da aka siyar a ƙarƙashin kaho suna da wannan nau'in motar.

Kada a saka mai a cikin injin diesel. Tana dogaro da mai nata. Man Diesel wani ruwa ne mai saurin ƙonewa, wanda yake kama da kananzir da mai ɗumi. Idan aka kwatanta da mai, wannan man yana da ƙananan octane mai lamba (abin da wannan siga yake, an bayyana shi dalla-dalla a cikin wani bita), sabili da haka, ƙonewarsa yana faruwa bisa ga ƙa'ida daban, wanda ya bambanta da ƙonewar mai.

Ana inganta rukunin zamani don su ɗan rage mai, ƙirƙirar ƙarami yayin aiki, iskar gas ɗin tana ƙunshe da ƙananan abubuwa masu illa, kuma aikin yana da sauƙi kamar yadda ya yiwu. Don wannan, yawancin tsarin ana sarrafa su ta lantarki, kuma ba ta wasu hanyoyin daban ba.

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Don motocin haske tare da injin dizal su hadu da babban ma'aunin muhalli, an sanye shi da ƙarin tsarin da ke tabbatar da mafi kyawun cakuda mai-mai da amfani da dukkan ƙarfin da aka saki yayin wannan aikin.

Generationarshen zamani na wasu ƙirar mota suna karɓar abin da ake kira dizal mai tsabta. Wannan ra'ayi yana bayyana motocin da iskar gas ɗin da ke sharar kusan iri ɗaya ce da kayayyakin ƙone mai.

Jerin waɗannan tsarin sun haɗa da:

  1. Tsarin shiga. Dogaro da ƙirar naúrar, tana iya ƙunsar ɗamarar ɗamara da yawa. Manufarsu ita ce tabbatar da samar da iska da kuma samar da madaidaiciyar jujjuyawar kwararar, wanda ke ba da damar haɗakar man dizel da iska a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban na aikin injin ƙonewa na ciki. Lokacin da injin ya fara kuma yake aiki a low rpm, waɗannan dampers ɗin za a rufe su. Da zaran binciken ya karu, waɗannan abubuwan suna buɗewa. Wannan tsarin yana baka damar rage abubuwan da ke cikin monoxide da hydrocarbons wadanda basu da lokacin kona su, wanda hakan yakan faru ne a saurin gudu.
  2. Boostarfin wutar lantarki tsarin. Ofayan hanyoyi mafi inganci don ƙara ƙarfin injin ƙone ciki shine shigar da turbocharger akan hanyar cin abinci. A wasu samfuran sufuri na zamani, an shigar da turbine wanda zai iya canza yanayin lissafin hanyar ciki. Hakanan akwai tsarin hada turbo, wanda aka bayyana shi a nan.Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki
  3. Kaddamar da tsarin ingantawa. Idan aka kwatanta da takwaran mai, waɗannan injunan sun fi dacewa cikin yanayin yanayin aiki. Misali, injin konewa na ciki yana farawa mafi muni a lokacin sanyi, kuma tsofaffin gyare-gyare a cikin tsananin sanyi basa farawa ba tare da dumama farko ba kwata-kwata. Don yin farawa a cikin irin wannan yanayin mai yuwuwa ko sauri-sauri, motar tana karɓar zafafa farko. A saboda wannan dalili, an sanya fulogin haske a cikin kowane silinda (ko a cikin kayan shaye shaye), wanda yake zafin yanayin cikin iska, saboda yanayin zafin nasa yayin matsewa ya kai matsayin wanda man fetur din dizel zai iya kunnawa da kansa. Wasu motocin na iya samun tsarin da zai dumama mai kafin ya shiga cikin silinda.Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki
  4. Shaye tsarin. An tsara shi don rage yawan gurɓatattun abubuwa a cikin sharar. Misali, sharar iska tana ratsawa tace tacewanda ke tsayar da makamashin hydrocarbons da nitrogen oxides. Nitsar da iskar gas tana faruwa a cikin resonator da babban mai yin shiru, amma a cikin injina na zamani yawan iskar gas din ya riga ya zama daidai daga farko, don haka wasu masu motoci suna siyan sharar mota mai aiki (an bayyana rahoton akan na'urar a nan)
  5. Tsarin rarraba gas. Ana buƙata don manufa ɗaya kamar a cikin fasalin mai. Lokacin da fistan yayi bugun da ya dace, mashigar ko bawul yakamata ya buɗe / rufe a kan kari. Kayan aiki na lokaci ya haɗa da camshaft da wasu mahimman sassa waɗanda ke bayarwa aiwatar da lokaci a cikin motar (ci ko shaye shaye). Bawul din da ke cikin injin dizal an ƙarfafa su, tunda suna da ƙarin kayan inji da na thermal.Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki
  6. Sharar iskar gas. Wannan tsarin yana samarda cikakken cire sinadarin nitrogen ta hanyar sanyaya wasu iskar gas masu shaye shaye da dawo dasu zuwa mahaɗa mai yawa. Aikin wannan na'urar na iya bambanta dangane da ƙirar naúrar.
  7. Tsarin mai. Dogaro da ƙirar injin ƙone ciki, wannan tsarin na iya bambanta kaɗan. Babban abu shine babban famfo na mai, wanda ke samar da ƙaruwa a cikin matsin mai ta yadda, a babban matsewa, injector ɗin yana iya yin allurar dizal a cikin silinda. Ofayan ɗayan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tsarin mai na diesel shine CommonRail. Nan gaba kadan, zamu yi duba na tsanaki game da tsarinta. Abinda yafi dacewa shine yana baka damar tara wani adadin mai a cikin tanki na musamman don kwanciyar hankali da sassaucin rabon shi akan nozzles. Nau'in lantarki mai sarrafawa yana ba ku damar amfani da hanyoyin allura daban-daban don cimma ƙimar aiki a saurin injina daban-daban.Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki
  8. Turbocharger. A cikin motar ta yau da kullun, ana sanya inji ta musamman tare da ruwan wukake masu juyawa a cikin cavities biyu daban-daban akan sharar iska da yawa. Shafin ruwan shaye shaye ne yake turo babban impeller. Gilashin juyawa a lokaci guda yana kunna impeller na biyu, wanda yake cikin ɓangaren abincin. Yayin da abu na biyu ke juyawa, sabon iska yana ƙaruwa a cikin tsarin cin abinci. A sakamakon haka, ƙarar da ta fi girma ta shiga cikin silinda, wanda ya ƙara ƙarfin injin ƙonewa na ciki. Maimakon turbine na gargajiya, wasu motocin suna sanye da turbocharger, wanda tuni ana amfani dashi ta hanyar lantarki kuma yana ba da izinin ƙaruwar iska, ba tare da la'akari da saurin naúrar ba.

A cikin ma'anar fasaha, injin dizal ya bambanta da na mai a hanyar ƙonewa da cakuda-mai. A cikin yanayin injin gas na yau da kullun, ana haɗa mai sau da yawa a cikin kayan ɗimbin yawa (wasu gyare-gyaren zamani suna da allura kai tsaye). Diesels suna aiki na musamman ta hanyar fesa man dizal kai tsaye a cikin silinda. Don hana BTS daga barin wuta da wuri lokacin matsi, dole ne a haɗe shi a daidai lokacin da fiston ke shirye don fara yin bugun jini na aikin bugun jini.

Na'urar tsarin mai

Aikin tsarin mai ya durkushe don samar da bangaren da ake bukata na man dizel a lokacin da ya dace. A wannan yanayin, matsa lamba a cikin bututun ya kamata ya fi ƙarfin matse matsin lamba. Yanayin matsi na injin dizal ya fi na mai mai yawa.

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki
Red launi - babban matsa lamba kewaye; launin rawaya - ƙananan matsa lamba. 1) famfon allura; 2) bawul ɗin samun iska mai tilasta crankcase; 3) firikwensin matsa lamba; 4) dogo mai; 5) nozzles; 6) fedal mai sauri; 7) saurin camshaft; 8) saurin crankshaft; 9) wasu na'urori masu auna firikwensin; 10) sauran hanyoyin gudanarwa; 11) m tace; 12) tanki; 13) tace mai kyau.

Bugu da ƙari, muna ba da shawarar karantawa game da menene matsin lamba da matsawa... Wannan tsarin samar da mai, musamman a tsarinsa na zamani, yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi tsada a cikin inji, saboda bangarorinsa suna tabbatar da ingancin naúrar. Gyara wannan tsarin yana da matukar wahala da tsada.

Waɗannan su ne manyan abubuwan tsarin mai.

TNVD

Duk wani tsarin mai dole ne ya sami famfo. Wannan inji yana tsotse a cikin man dizal daga tanki kuma yana tura shi zuwa cikin mai mai. Don sanya motar ta zama mai tattalin arziki dangane da amfani da mai, wadatarta tana sarrafa ta lantarki. Theungiyar sarrafawa tana aiki don latsa maɓallin gas da zuwa yanayin aiki na injin.

Lokacin da direba ya matsa feda mai hanzarta, injin sarrafa kansa yana yanke shawara gwargwadon yadda ya zama dole don ƙara ƙarar man fetur, canza lokacin cin abinci. Don yin wannan, babban jerin algorithms an saka su cikin ECU a masana'anta, wanda ke kunna hanyoyin da ake buƙata a kowane yanayi.

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Mai famfo yana haifar da matsin lamba koyaushe a cikin tsarin. Wannan inji dogara ne a kan wani plunger biyu. An bayyana cikakken bayanin abin da yake da yadda yake aiki daban... A cikin tsarin mai na zamani, ana amfani da nau'in fanfunan rarrabawa. Suna da ƙarami a cikin girma, kuma a wannan yanayin man zai gudana daidai, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin aikin ƙungiyar ba. Kuna iya karanta ƙarin game da aikin wannan aikin. a nan.

Nozzles

Wannan bangare yana tabbatar da cewa ana fesa mai kai tsaye a cikin silinda yayin da iska ta riga ta matse shi. Kodayake ingancin wannan aikin kai tsaye ya dogara da matsin mai, ƙirar atomizer kanta tana da mahimmancin gaske.

Daga cikin duk gyare-gyare na nozzles, akwai manyan nau'ikan biyu. Sun banbanta a cikin nau'in tocilan da ake samarwa yayin feshi. Akwai nau'in nau'in atomizer.

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

An sanya wannan ɓangaren a cikin silinda, kuma atomizer ɗin yana cikin cikin ɗakin, inda aka haɗu da mai tare da iska mai zafi kuma yana ƙonewa kai tsaye. La'akari da manyan ɗimbin zafi, da kuma yawan jujjuyawar motsi na allura, ana amfani da abu mai jurewar zafi don ƙera makamin atomizer.

Tace mai

Tunda ƙirar famfo mai matsin lamba da injectors ya ƙunshi ɓangarori da yawa tare da tsaftace ƙananan hanyoyi, kuma su da kansu dole ne a shafa mai da kyau, an ɗora manyan buƙatu akan ingancin (tsarkinsa) na man dizel. Saboda wannan dalili, tsarin ya ƙunshi matatun mai tsada.

Kowane irin injina yana da matatar mai, tunda dukkan nau'ikan suna da nasu kayan aiki da kuma matsayin tacewa. Baya ga cire barbashin ƙasar, wannan ɓangaren dole ne ya tsaftace mai daga ruwa. Wannan shi ne sandaro wanda ke samarwa a cikin tanki kuma yana haɗuwa da kayan mai ƙonewa.

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Don hana ruwa taruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa, galibi akwai ramin magudanar ruwa a cikin matatar. Lokaci-lokaci makullin iska na iya samarwa a cikin layin mai. Don cire shi, wasu samfurin tace suna da ƙaramin famfo na hannu.

A cikin wasu ƙirar mota, an shigar da wata na'ura ta musamman wacce ke ba ku damar dumama man dasel. A lokacin hunturu, wannan nau'in mai sau da yawa yakan yi ƙira, yana samar da ƙwayoyin paraffin. Zai dogara da wannan ko matatar zata iya isa ta isar da mai zuwa famfon, wanda ke ba da sauƙin fara injin ƙone ciki a cikin sanyi.

Yadda yake aiki

Aikin injin ƙonewa na cikin dizal ya dogara ne da irin ƙa'idar fadada cakudadden iskar-mai mai ƙonewa a cikin ɗaki kamar a cikin rukunin mai. Bambanci kawai shine cewa ana cakudawar ba ta walƙiya daga walƙiyar walƙiya ba (injin dizal ba shi da matosai kwata-kwata), amma ta hanyar fesa wani ɓangaren mai a cikin mai matsakaici saboda tsananin matsewa. Piston yana matse iska sosai yadda ramin yake zafin jiki har zuwa kusan digiri 700. Da zaran bakin hancin yayi kama da mai, sai ya kunna wuta ya kuma saki makamashin da ake bukata.

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Kamar rukunin mai, man diesel shima yana da nau'ikan nau'i biyu na bugun jini biyu da na huɗu. Bari muyi la'akari da tsarin su da kuma tsarin aikin su.

Hudu-bugun zagayowar

Ungiyar motar mota huɗu ita ce ta fi kowa. Wannan shine jerin da irin wannan ƙungiyar zata yi aiki:

  1. Mashigar ruwa. Lokacin da crankshaft ya juya (lokacin da injin ya fara, wannan yana faruwa ne saboda aikin mai farawa, kuma idan injin yana aiki, piston yana yin wannan bugun saboda aikin na kusa da silinda), piston ya fara motsawa zuwa ƙasa. A wannan lokacin, bawul na shiga yana buɗewa (yana iya zama ɗaya ko biyu). Wani sabon yanki na iska yana shiga cikin silinda ta cikin ramin buɗewa. Har sai piston ya isa tsakiyar matacciyar ƙasan, bawul ɗin abin shan yana nan a buɗe. Wannan ya kammala ma'auni na farko.
  2. Matsawa. Tare da kara juyawa daga crankshaft da digiri 180, piston ya fara motsawa zuwa sama. A wannan gaba, duk bawul an rufe. Duk iska a cikin silinda an matse shi. Don hana shi shiga sararin ƙaramin piston, kowane fiska yana da zobba da yawa na O (dalla-dalla game da na'urar su an bayyana a nan). Yayin da muke matsawa zuwa saman matacciyar cibiyar, saboda tsananin matsin lamba, yanayin zafin iska ya tashi zuwa daruruwa da dama. Bugun ya ƙare lokacin da fistan yake cikin matsayi mafi girma.
  3. Aiki bugun jini Lokacin da aka rufe bawul din, injector din yakan bada wani dan karamin bangare na mai, wanda nan take yake kamawa saboda tsananin zafin. Akwai tsarin mai wanda ya raba wannan karamin rabo zuwa kananan karami. Lantarki na iya kunna wannan tsari (idan masana'anta suka samar dashi) don haɓaka ingancin injin ƙonewa na ciki a cikin hanyoyin aiki daban-daban. Yayinda iskar gas ke fadada, ana tura fistan zuwa tsakiyar matacciyar cibiyar. Bayan isa BDC, sake zagayowar ya ƙare.
  4. Saki. Turnarshe na ƙarshe na crankshaft ya sake tayar da fistan. A wannan lokacin, bawul ɗin sharar ya riga ya buɗe. Ta cikin ramin, an cire rafin gas zuwa ɗakunan shaye shaye, kuma ta hanyarsa zuwa tsarin shaye shaye. A wasu yanayin yanayin aikin injiniya, bawul ɗin cin abincin na iya buɗewa kaɗan don samun iska mafi kyau.

A cikin juyi daya na crankshaft, ana yin shanyewar jiki biyu a cikin silinda ɗaya. Duk wani injin piston yana aiki bisa ga wannan makircin, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in mai ba.

Zagaye biyu

Baya ga bugun jini guda huɗu, akwai kuma sauye-sauye sau biyu. Sun bambanta da na baya a cikin cewa ana yin shanyewar jiki biyu a bugun fistan ɗaya. Wannan gyaran yana aiki ne saboda fasalin fasalin silinda mai bugun jini biyu.

Anan akwai zanen yanki na motar 2-stroke:

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Kamar yadda ake gani daga adadi, lokacin da piston, bayan kunna wutar cakuda-mai, ya motsa zuwa tsakiyar matacciyar ƙasa, yana fara buɗe mashigar, inda iskar gas ɗin ke tafiya. Nan gaba kadan, mashiga ta buɗe, saboda abin da ɗakin ya cika da iska mai kyau, kuma an tsarkake silinda. Tunda ana fesa man dizal a cikin iska mai matsewa, ba zai shiga tsarin shaye-shaye ba yayin da ake tsarkake kogon.

Idan aka kwatanta da gyare-gyaren da ya gabata, ƙarfin bugun jini ya ninka sau 1.5-1.7. Koyaya, takwararan 4-stroke sun haɓaka karfin juyi. Duk da karfin da yake da shi, injin konewa na cikin gida yana da matsala guda daya. Saitin sa yana da ƙananan sakamako idan aka kwatanta da naúrar 4-bugun jini. Saboda wannan, sun fi yawa a cikin motocin zamani. Tilasta irin wannan injin ɗin ta hanyar haɓaka saurin crankshaft abu ne mai rikitarwa da rashin amfani.

Daga cikin injunan dizal, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka masu amfani da yawa waɗanda ake amfani da su akan nau'ikan motocin. Ofayan injunan dambe mai zamani mai siffa biyu shine injin Hofbauer. Kuna iya karantawa game da shi daban.

Nau'in injin Diesel

Baya ga fasalulluka a cikin amfani da tsarin na biyu, injunan dizal suna da bambancin tsari. Ainihin, ana lura da wannan bambancin a cikin tsarin ɗakin konewa. Anan ga babban rabe-rabensu bisa ga tsarin ilimin wannan sashen:

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki
  1. Kyamarar da ba a rarrabe ba Wani suna ga wannan aji shine allura kai tsaye. A wannan yanayin, ana fesa mai na dizal a cikin sararin saman piston. Waɗannan injina suna buƙatar piston na musamman. Ana yin rami na musamman a cikinsu, wanda ya zama ɗakin konewa. Yawanci, ana amfani da irin wannan gyare-gyare a cikin raka'a tare da babban nauyin aiki (yadda ake lissafta shi, karanta daban), kuma wanda ba ya haɓaka manyan canje-canje. Mafi girman rpm, ƙararrawa da rawar jiki motar zata kasance. More barga aiki na irin wannan raka'a ana tabbatar da shi ta hanyar amfani da lantarki sarrafawa pamfunan allura. Irin waɗannan tsarin suna iya samar da allurar mai sau biyu, tare da inganta tsarin ƙonewar VTS. Godiya ga amfani da wannan fasaha, waɗannan injunan suna da aiki mai ƙarfi har zuwa juyi dubu 4.5.Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki
  2. Bangaren daban Ana amfani da wannan yanayin yanayin kone-kone a cikin akasarin jiragen wuta na zamani. Ana yin ɗaki dabam a cikin shugaban silinda. Yana da ilimin lissafi na musamman wanda ke samar da mahaɗa yayin bugun matsawa. Wannan yana ba da damar mai ya haɗu sosai tare da iska kuma ya ƙone da kyau. A cikin wannan ƙirar, injin ɗin yana aiki da santsi da ƙara sautin, tun da matsin lamba a cikin silinda ya tashi daidai, ba tare da jarkoki kwatsam ba.

Yaya ƙaddamarwa

Farawar sanyi irin wannan motar ta cancanci kulawa ta musamman. Tunda jiki da iska da ke shiga cikin silinda suna da sanyi, lokacin da aka matse ɓangaren, ba zai iya zafafa sosai har man dizal ɗin ya ƙone ba. A baya can, a cikin yanayin sanyi, sun yi yaƙi da wannan tare da busa ƙaho - sun zafafa injin ɗin da kanta da tankin mai saboda man dizal da mai sun fi dumi.

Har ila yau, a cikin sanyi, man dizal ya yi kauri. Maƙeran irin wannan man sun haɓaka darajar rani da damuna. A yanayi na farko, man dizal ya daina tsotsewa ta cikin matatar da kuma ta bututun mai a yanayin zafin -5 digiri. Dizal na lokacin hunturu baya rasa ruwa kuma baya murza-digiri a -45. Sabili da haka, lokacin amfani da mai da man da ya dace da lokacin, ba za a sami matsala da fara motar zamani ba.

A cikin mota ta zamani, akwai pre-dumama tsarin. Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan wannan tsarin shine fulogin haske, wanda galibi aka sanya shi a cikin silinda a cikin yankin feshin mai. Cikakkun bayanai game da wannan na'urar an bayyana su a nan... A takaice, yana ba da haske mai sauri don shirya ICE don ƙaddamarwa.

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Dogaro da ƙirar kyandir, tana iya zafin wuta har kusan digiri 800. Wannan tsari yawanci yakan ɗauki secondsan daƙiƙa kaɗan. Lokacin da injin ya warke sosai, mai nuna alama a kan gaban yana fara walƙiya. Don kiyaye motar yana aiki kwata-kwata har sai ya kai zafin jiki na aiki, waɗannan kyandir suna ci gaba da zafafa iska mai shigowa na kimanin daƙiƙa 20.

Idan motar sanye take da maɓallin farawa don injin, direba baya buƙatar kewaya alamun, yana jiran lokacin da zai kunna mai farawa. Bayan latsa maɓallin, lantarki zai jira kansa da kansa lokacin da ake buƙata don zafi iska a cikin kwandon jirgi.

Game da dumamar abin da ke cikin motar, yawancin masu ababen hawa sun lura cewa a lokacin sanyi yana zafi fiye da takwaransu na mai. Dalilin shi ne cewa ingancin naúrar baya bada izinin saurin kanta. Ga waɗanda suke so su shiga mota mai dumi, akwai tsarin don fara nesa da injin ƙone ciki.

Wani zabin shine tsarin dumama wuta domin sashin fasinjoji, kayan aikinsu suna amfani da man dizal ne kawai don zafafa sashin fasinjojin. Bugu da ƙari, yana zafin ruwan sanyi, wanda zai taimaka a nan gaba lokacin da injin ƙone ciki ke ɗumi.

Turbocharging da Jirgin Kasa

Babbar matsala ta injinan motsa jiki shine abin da ake kira ramin turbo. Wannan shine sakamakon jinkirin mayar da martani na naúrar don latsa feda - direban ya danna gas, kuma injin konewa na ciki kamar yana tunani na ɗan lokaci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa iskar gas mai ƙare ne kawai a wasu takamaiman injina yana kunna tarko na injin turbin.

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Diesungiyar man dizal ta turbo tana karɓar turbocharger maimakon madaidaiciyar turbine. Cikakken bayani game da wannan inji an bayyana a cikin wasuуlabari na biyu, amma a takaice, yana ba da ƙarin ƙarar iska ga silinda, godiya ga abin da zai yiwu a cire madaidaiciyar iko ko da a cikin ƙananan rairayi.

Koyaya, turbodiesel shima yana da babbar illa. Mai kwampreso na motar yana da ƙaramar rayuwar aiki. A matsakaita, wannan lokacin yana kusan nisan kilomita dubu 150 na nisan mil. Dalilin shi ne cewa wannan aikin yana aiki koyaushe a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakar ƙarfin zafin jiki, haka kuma a cikin saurin sauri koyaushe.

Kula da wannan na'urar kawai ga mai mashin din ne kawai ya rinka bin shawarwarin masana'antun game da ingancin mai. Idan turbocharger ya gaza, ya kamata a sauya maimakon gyara.

Yawancin motoci na zamani suna sanye da tsarin mai na Rail-Rail. An bayyana shi dalla-dalla game da ita daban... Idan zai yiwu a zaɓi irin wannan gyaran motar, to, tsarin zai ba ka damar inganta wadatar mai a yanayin da aka buga, wanda ke da tasiri mai tasiri akan ingancin injin ƙonewa na ciki.

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Wannan shine yadda irin wannan tsarin batirin yake aiki:

  • Digiri 20 kafin fishon ya kai TDC, injector ya fesa kashi 5 zuwa 30 na babban kason mai. Wannan riga-kafi ne. Yana haifar da harshen wuta na farko, saboda abin da matsa lamba da zafin jiki a cikin silinda yake ƙaruwa sarai. Wannan aikin yana rage nauyin damuwa akan abubuwan haɗin naúrar kuma yana tabbatar da ƙarancin mai. Ana amfani da wannan allurar rigakafin akan injuna waɗanda aikin muhalli ya bi ƙa'idar Euro-3. An fara daga mizani na 4, ana yin allurar riga-kafin a cikin injin ƙonewa na ciki.
  • Digiri 2 kafin matsayin TDC na fistan, an kawo sashin farko na babban kason mai. Wannan aikin yana faruwa kamar yadda yake a cikin injin dizal na yau da kullun ba tare da layin mai ba, amma ba tare da hawan matsi ba, tunda a wannan matakin ya riga ya yi girma saboda konewar wani yanki na farko na man dizal. Wannan da'irar na iya rage karar motar.
  • An dakatar da samar da mai na wani lokaci don wannan bangare ya ƙone gaba ɗaya.
  • Na gaba, an fesa sashi na biyu na mai. Saboda wannan rabuwar, gaba dayan rabon ya kone har karshe. Ari da, silinda yana aiki fiye da yadda yake a naúrar gargajiya. Wannan yana haifar da karfin juzu'i a mafi ƙarancin amfani da ƙananan hayaki. Hakanan, babu wata damuwa da ke faruwa a cikin injin konewa na ciki, don kar ya yi yawan amo.
  • Kafin bawul ɗin fitarwa ya buɗe, injector ya yi aikin allura. Wannan shi ne sauran man. Ya riga ya kasance wuta a cikin hanyar shaye-shaye. A gefe guda, wannan hanyar konewar na cire toka daga cikin tsarin shaye-shayen, a daya hannun kuma, yana kara karfin turbocharger, wanda ke ba da damar lalataccen turbo din. Ana amfani da irin wannan matakin akan raka'a waɗanda suka dace da daidaitaccen tsarin Euro-5.

Kamar yadda kake gani, shigar da tsarin man fetur na ajiya yana ba da damar wadatar mai da bugun jini da yawa. Godiya ga wannan, kusan kowane sifa na injin dizal an inganta shi, wanda ke ba da damar kusantar da ƙarfinsa zuwa na rukunin mai. Kuma idan an shigar da turbocharger a cikin motar, to wannan kayan aikin ya ba da damar samar da injin da ya fi mai.

Wannan fa'idar turbodiesel ta zamani tana ba da damar ƙara shaharar motocin fasinjan dizal. Af, idan muka yi magana game da motoci mafi sauri tare da rukunin man dizal, to a 2006 a cikin Bonneville gishirin hamada an ƙaddamar da rikodin saurin gudu akan samfurin JCB Dieselmax. Wannan motar ta kara sauri zuwa kilomita 563 a awa daya. An samar da wutar lantarki ta motar tare da dogo mai na Rail-Rail.

Fa'idodi da rashin fa'idar amfani da Injin Diesel

Idan kun zaɓi man da ya dace da mai, ƙungiyar za ta fara aiki tsaye, ba tare da la'akari da yanayin yanayi ba. Kuna iya bincika waɗanne ruwaye yakamata ayi amfani dasu a wannan yanayin daga shawarwarin masana'antun.

Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Solidungiyar ƙarfin mai mai ƙarfi ya bambanta da takwaransa na mai a cikin ingantaccen aiki. Kowane sabon tsari yana zama mai yawan sautin (kuma sautunan zasu shaku sosai ba ta hanyar tsarin shaye shaye ba ta hanyar fasalin injin ɗin kanta), ya fi ƙarfi da inganci. Waɗannan sune fa'idodin injin dizal:

  1. Tattalin arziki. Idan aka kwatanta da injin gas na yau da kullun, kowane injin dizal na zamani mai ƙima iri ɗaya zai cinye ƙarancin mai. An bayyana ingancin naúrar ta hanyar keɓantacciyar ƙonawar cakuda mai-iska, musamman idan tsarin mai ya kasance na nau'in tarawa (Common Rail). A shekara ta 2008, an yi gasa don inganci tsakanin BMW5 da Toyota Prius (matasan da suka shahara da tattalin arzikinta, amma suna gudana akan mai). A nisan London-Geneva, BMW, wanda ya fi nauyin kilo 200, ya kashe kusan kilomita 17 a kowace lita na mai, kuma matsakaita ya kai kilomita 16. Sai dai itace cewa a 985 kilomita dizal mota ciyar game 58 lita, da kuma matasan - kusan 62 lita. Bugu da ƙari, idan kun yi la'akari da cewa matasan na iya adana kuɗi mai kyau idan aka kwatanta da motar mai. Muna ƙara wa wannan ɗan ƙaramin bambanci a farashin waɗannan nau'ikan man, kuma muna samun ƙarin adadin sabbin kayan gyara ko gyaran mota.
  2. Babban karfin juyi Saboda keɓaɓɓiyar allura da konewar VTS, koda da ƙananan gudu, injin yana nuna ikon isa don matsar da abin hawa. Kodayake motoci da yawa na zamani suna da kayan aiki tare da tsarin kula da kwanciyar hankali da sauran tsarin da ke daidaita aikin motar, injin dizal yana ba direba damar sauya kayan aiki ba tare da kawo shi ba. Wannan ya sa tuƙin ya fi sauƙi.
  3. Injin dizel na cikin gida na zamani yana ba da ƙananan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ƙarancin iska, yana sanya irin wannan motar daidai da takwararta ta mai (kuma a wasu lokuta ma mataki mafi girma).
  4. Saboda kitsen mai na man dizal, wannan rukunin ya fi karko kuma yana da tsawon rai. Hakanan, karfinta ya kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa a ƙera masana'antun yana amfani da abubuwa masu ɗorewa, ƙarfafa ƙirar motar da sassanta.
  5. A waƙar, kusan motar dizal ba za a iya rarrabewa a cikin tsayayyar yanayi daga mai analogin mai.
  6. Saboda gaskiyar cewa man dizal ba ya ƙonawa da yardar rai, irin wannan motar ta fi aminci - walƙiya ba za ta haifar da fashewa ba, sabili da haka, kayan aikin soja an fi samun su da kayan aikin dizal.
Injin Diesel: fasalin aiki

Duk da ingancinsu, injunan dizal suna da illoli da yawa:

  1. Tsoffin motoci suna sanye da injina a ciki akwai ɗakin da ba a rarrabe ba, don haka suna da hayaniya, tunda ƙonewar MTC yana faruwa ne da kaifi mai tsini. Don sa lessungiyar ta zama ba ta da hayaniya, dole ne ta sami ɗakinta daban da tsarin mai mai ajiya wanda ke ba da allurar man dizal mai matakai da yawa. Irin waɗannan gyare-gyare suna da tsada, kuma don gyara irin wannan tsarin, kuna buƙatar neman ƙwararren masani. Har ila yau, a cikin mai na zamani tun daga 2007, ba a yi amfani da sulfur sosai ba, don haka shaye-shaye ba shi da wani wari, ƙamshin ƙamshin rubabben ƙwai.
  2. Saya da kulawa da motar dizal ta zamani ana samun ta ga masu motoci masu ƙimar kuɗin shiga na sama. Binciken sassa na irin waɗannan motocin yana da rikitarwa kawai ta tsadar su, amma sau da yawa sassa masu rahusa ba su da inganci, wanda zai haifar da saurin fashewar naúrar.
  3. Ba a wanke man Diesel sosai, don haka kuna buƙatar yin hankali sosai a gidan mai. Istswararrun masu ababen hawa suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da safar hannu ta yarwa, saboda ƙanshin man dizal a hannayensu ba ya dushewa na dogon lokaci, koda bayan wankan hannu sosai.
  4. A lokacin sanyi, motar na bukatar a dumama cikin ta da tsayi, tunda injin baya gaggawa don bada zafi.
  5. Na'urar naúrar ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na ƙarin ɓangarori, wanda ke rikitar da gyara. Saboda wannan, ana buƙatar kayan aiki na zamani don gyara da gyara.

Don yanke shawara kan rukunin wutar, da farko kuna buƙatar yanke shawara a cikin wane yanayin motar za a yi aiki. Idan mota yawanci zata yi nisa, to dizal shine mafi kyawun zaɓi, saboda zai ba da dama don adana ɗan man fetur. Amma ga gajerun tafiye-tafiye, ba shi da amfani, tunda ba za ku iya adanawa da yawa ba, kuma za ku kashe kashe fiye da kima a kan naúrar mai.

A ƙarshen bita, muna ba da rahoton bidiyo kan ƙa'idar aikin dizal:

Diesel na dummies. Sashe na 1 - tanadi na gari.

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