Bambancin mota: na'ura, rashin aiki da hanyar zaɓi

A cikin takardun fasaha na SUV masu cikakken ƙarfi, wasu gicciye da duk motocin birni masu motsi, akwai kalmar "kulle banbanci". Bari mu gano mene ne, menene ma'anarta a cikin motar, yadda take aiki, da kuma yadda za a zaɓi sabo don maye gurbin wanda ya gaza.

Menene bambancin inji

Bambancin da ake samu a cikin mota abu ne na watsawa. Yana bayar da juyawa mai zaman kanta na ƙafafun tuki, amma a lokaci guda yana watsa nau'in juzu'i ɗaya ga kowannensu.

Wannan kayan yana da mahimmanci musamman don kwanciyar hankali na mota a cikin lankwasawa. Mun sani daga ilimin kimiyyar lissafi cewa yayin jujjuyawar, ƙafafun da ke ciki na zagaye zagaye na zagaye zagaye zagaye na kusa da gajere fiye da dabaran da ke wajen da'irar. A cikin yanayin ƙafafun motsawa, wannan ba a ji shi kwata-kwata.

Dangane da ƙafafun tuƙi, idan babu bambanci a cikin watsawa, kowace mota za ta rasa kwanciyar hankali sosai yayin juyawa. Matsalar ita ce, ƙafafun waje da na ciki dole ne su juya cikin sauri daban-daban yayin yin kwalliya don kiyaye jan hankali. In ba haka ba, ɗayan ƙafafun zai iya zamewa ko zamewa.

An shigar da bambanci a kan maɓallin drive. Dangane da ababen hawa masu taya huɗu (SUV ko 4x4 aji), ana samun wannan inji a kan dukkan igiyoyinsu.

A cikin wasu motocin, an rarrabe banbanci musamman don motar ta birkice. Misalin wannan shine motocin haɗe-haɗe masu taya biyu tare da bambancin walda. Koyaya, don tuƙin gari na yau da kullun, ya fi kyau a yi amfani da bambancin masana'anta, ko, kamar yadda ake kira shi, bambancin buɗewa.

Bambancin tarihi da manufa

Zane daban-daban ya bayyana kusan lokaci guda tare da fara kera motocin sanye take da injin ƙone ciki. Bambancin ya kasance kawai 'yan shekaru.

Motocin farko sun kasance basu da karko lokacin da aka zagaya ta yadda injiniyoyi zasuyi mamakin yadda za'a canza wannan matsa zuwa ƙafafun motar, amma a lokaci guda a sanya su domin su iya juyawa da sauri a hanyoyi daban-daban yayin kwanar.

Kodayake ba za a iya cewa ita kanta injin din an samar da ita ba ne tun bayan shigowar motoci da injunan konewa na ciki. Gaskiyar ita ce don magance sarrafawar motocin farko, an ari ci gaban da a baya aka yi amfani da shi a kan motocin tururi.

Injin kanta daga Faransa - Onesifor Pekker ne ya kirkiro shi kansa a shekarar 1825. Ferdinand Porsche ya ci gaba da aiki a kan zamewar cikin motar. A cikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kamfaninsa da ZF AG (Friedrichshafen), an haɓaka bambancin cam (1935).

Amfani da yawa na bambancin LSD ya fara a 1956. Duk masana'antar kera motoci sunyi amfani da wannan fasaha yayin da ta bude sabbin hanyoyi na motoci masu kafa hudu.

Na'ura daban-daban

Bambancin ya dogara ne akan gearbox na duniya. A gearbox mai sauki ya kunshi giya biyu wadanda suke da lambobi na hakora iri daya (domin na din-din-din).

Lokacin da babbar gear take juyawa, ƙarami yana yin ƙarin juyi a kusa da axis ɗin sa. Sauye-sauyen duniyar yana ba kawai watsawar juzu'i zuwa dutsen mashin, amma kuma ya canza shi don saurin tuki da gutsunan da suke tuka su daban. Baya ga watsa kayan yau da kullun a cikin akwatunan gearbox na duniya, ana amfani da ƙarin ƙarin abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke hulɗa da manyan abubuwa guda uku.

Bambancin yana amfani da cikakken damar gearboxes na duniya. Dangane da gaskiyar cewa irin wannan inji yana da darajoji biyu na 'yanci kuma yana ba ka damar canza yanayin gear, ire-iren waɗannan hanyoyin sun kasance suna da tasiri don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na ƙafafun tuki da ke juyawa a hanyoyi daban-daban.

Na'urar ta bambanta ta haɗa da:

• Gida ko banbanci daban. Dukkan kayan duniya da giya an gyara su a ciki;
• Semiaxis giya (ana amfani da nau'in rana sosai). Sami karfin juyi daga tauraron dan adam kuma watsa shi zuwa ga ƙafafun tuƙi;
• Babban motsawa da tuki na babban canja wuri;
• Satellites. Suna aiki azaman kayan duniya. Idan motar motar fasinja ce, to za a sami irin waɗannan sassa biyu a cikin tsari ɗaya. A cikin SUVs da manyan motoci, kayan duniya suna da tauraron ɗan adam 4.

Kwatancen aiki daban-daban

Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'i biyu - mai daidaitawa da rashin daidaituwa. Canji na farko yana iya watsa karfin juzu'i zuwa gaɗaɗɗen axle daidai. Ayyukansu na yau da kullun ba su da tasiri game da saurin kusurwa na ƙafafun tuki.

Canji na biyu yana samarda daidaiton karfin juzu'i tsakanin ƙafafun jigon motar idan sun fara juyawa a matakai daban-daban. Sau da yawa, ana sanya irin wannan bambancin tsakanin akasarin abin hawa-duk abin hawa.

Detailsarin bayani game da yanayin aiki na bambancin. Tsarin yana aiki daban a cikin irin waɗannan yanayi:

• Motar na tafiya kai tsaye;
• Motar na yin motsi;
• Wheelsafafun tuki sun fara zamewa.

Wannan shine yadda bambancin ke aiki:

Ta yaya autostuk.ru ke aiki daban?

Tare da motsi madaidaiciya

Lokacin da motar ke tafiya madaidaiciya, tauraron dan adam ne kawai hanyar haɗi tsakanin kayan aikin axle. Wheelsafafun motar suna juyawa a cikin hanzari ɗaya, don haka ƙoƙon yana juyawa kamar bututu ɗaya wanda ke haɗa duka sandunan axle.

An rarraba karfin juyi a tsakanin ƙafafun biyu. Juyin juyawar ƙafafun yana dacewa da juyin juya halin abin hawa.

Lokacin juyawa

Lokacin da mashin din ya motsa, motar a cikin jujjuyawar juzuwar juyi tana yin juyi fiye da wacce ke cikin radius din ciki. Wheelafafun cikin ciki yana fuskantar tsayayya mai yawa yayin da karfin juzu'in ƙafafun waje yana ƙaruwa kuma hanya tana hana shi juyawa a saurin da ya dace.

A wannan yanayin, tauraron dan adam ya shigo wasa. Motar gear na shaft din axle na ciki yana raguwa, saboda abin da jannatin duniya a cikin ƙoƙon ya fara juyawa zuwa kishiyar shugabanci. Wannan aikin yana ba ka damar kula da lafiyar motar koda kuwa a kan matsi da matsi. Hakanan yana hana sanya taya mai wuce gona da iri akan keken juyawar motsi.

Lokacin zamewa

Halin na uku wanda bambancin yake da amfani shine zamewar ƙafafu. Wannan, alal misali, yana faruwa lokacin da motar ta shiga cikin laka ko ta motsa kan kankara. A wannan yanayin, bambancin yana aiki ne bisa ƙa'idar da ta sha bamban fiye da lokacin da ake kusurwa.

Gaskiyar ita ce lokacin da zamewa, dabaran da aka dakatar ya fara juyawa da yardar kaina, wanda ke haifar da asarar ƙwanƙwasa akan ƙafafun da ke da cikakkiyar mannewa zuwa gefen hanyar. Idan bambanci yayi aiki a cikin yanayin kusurwa, shiga cikin laka ko kankara, motar zata tsaya gabaɗaya, tunda jan hankali zai ɓace gaba ɗaya.

Don kawar da wannan matsalar, injiniyoyi sun haɓaka iyakantaccen zamewa. Za mu yi magana game da aikinsa nan gaba kaɗan. Na farko, yana da daraja la'akari da gyare-gyaren da ake yi na bambance-bambance daban-daban da bambancin su.

Iri daban-daban

Idan motar tana da akushin tuƙi ɗaya, to, za a sanye ta da bambancin igiyar giciye. Abin hawa mai amfani da dukkan-kafa yana amfani da banbanci na tsakiya. A kan motocin da ke gaban-dabaran, ana kiran wannan maɓallin bambanci na gaba, kuma samfura a cikin motocin bayan-dabaran ana kiransu bambancin baya.

Wadannan hanyoyin sun kasu kashi uku gwargwadon nau'ikan gearing:

• Bevel bambanci;
• Bambancin kayan tsutsa;
• Bambancin siliki.

Sun bambanta da juna a cikin sifar manyan kayan aiki da kuma na sihiri. Ana shigar da gyare-gyare masu ma'ana a cikin motocin motsi na gaba da na baya. Ana amfani da wadanda ke cikin silinda a cikin sifofin tuka-tuka, kuma giyar tsutsotsi sun dace da kowane nau'in watsawa.

Dogaro da ƙirar mota da yanayin hanyar da motar ke aiki, nau'ikan bambance-bambancen da ke tafe zai zama da amfani:

1. Tsarin inji;
2. Kulle kansa daban;
3. Haɗa wutar lantarki.

Bambanci daban daban na inji

A cikin wannan gyare-gyaren, tauraron ɗan adam ɗin yana katange tauraron ɗan adam ta amfani da maɓalli na musamman a ƙafafun. Lokacin da na'urar ke cikin layin madaidaiciya ko juyawa, bambancin zaiyi aiki daidai.

Da zaran mota ta buge wata hanya mai tsayayye, misali, ta shiga daji da laka ko hanyar dusar ƙanƙara, sai direban ya matsar da levers ɗin zuwa inda ake so, don haka an toshe tauraron ɗan adam.

A wannan yanayin, kayan duniyar ba sa aiki, kuma motar, bisa ƙa'ida, ba ta da wani bambanci. Duk ƙafafun tuki suna juyawa a cikin hanzari ɗaya, wanda ke hana zamewa, kuma ana ci gaba da jan hankali akan dukkan ƙafafun.

Irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna da na'ura mafi sauƙi kuma an girka su akan wasu SUVs na kasafin kuɗi, kamar a cikin UAZs na cikin gida. Tun da tayoyin ba sa tsufa da yawa yayin tuki a hankali cikin laka, wannan ƙirar ba ta cutar da tayoyin motar ba.

Iyakance sakin fuska

Akwai nau'ikan hanyoyin sarrafa abubuwa da yawa a cikin wannan rukunin. Misalan waɗannan na'urori sune:

• LSD. A cikin irin waɗannan gearboxes, tare da yawan juyawa na ɗayan sandunan axle, ana kulle tauraron dan adam ta atomatik. Wannan yana hana ƙafafun ƙafafun rasa hasara;
• Viscous kama. Wadannan bambance-bambancen suna amfani da viscous silicone-tushen abu. A cikin yanayi mai sanyi, ya kasance cikin yanayin ruwa. Da zaran ya fara zafi da cakudawa, dukiyar sinadarin ke canzawa, kuma tana samun wani tsari mai danko, wanda yake kara danko. Wannan halayyar tana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwa a cikin bambanci a cikin juyawar sandunan axle. Coauraran viscous suna da babbar illa. Na farko, ba a gyara su ba. Lokacin da abu ya rasa dukiyar sa, duk bulo yana buƙatar maye gurbinsa. Abu na biyu, toshewa yana faruwa yayin da ake samun zamewa mai ƙarfi, don haka motar ba koyaushe ke iya magance yanayin-hanya da kyau ba. Duk da waɗannan gazawar, tsarin ya bambanta a farashin kasafin kuɗi. Yawancin raƙuman rahusa masu arha an sanye su da irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen.
• Torsen. Jiki yana amfani da kulle tsutsa. Lokacin da karfin juyi na juzu'i akan ƙaramin gatari ɗaya yana ƙaruwa ko raguwa dangane da ɗayan shagon, ana kunna makullin. Ana amfani da wannan fasaha, alal misali, a cikin motocin Audi. Hakanan ana iya rarrabe na'urar azaman hanyoyin haɗaɗɗen injiniya. An dauke shi mafi amintacce na kowane nau'in bambance -bambancen kuma ana rarrabe shi da saukin sa. A saboda wannan dalili, suna da tsada.

Haɗa wutar lantarki

Irin waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna hade da lantarki na abin hawa. Ana ɗaukar su mafiya tsada saboda suna da hadadden tsari da toshe hanya. Wannan tsarin yana da alaƙa da ECU na abin hawa, wanda ke karɓar bayanai daga tsarin da ke lura da juya ƙafafun, kamar ABS. A wasu motocin, ana iya kashe kullewar atomatik. Don wannan, akwai maɓalli na musamman a kan rukunin sarrafawa.

Amfani da zaɓuɓɓukan lantarki shine cewa suna ba ku damar saita digiri da yawa na toshewa. Wani ƙari da irin waɗannan hanyoyin shine cewa suna taimakawa sosai don jimre wa masu wuce gona da iri. A cikin irin waɗannan samfuran, ana amfani da karfin juzu'in a kan dutsen axle, wanda ke juyawa a ƙaramar gudu.

Ari akan kulle banbanci

Duk wani bambancin giciye-axle yana da gagarumin rashi - ana kawo karfin juyi ta atomatik zuwa dabaran, wanda ke juyawa da ƙarfi. Saboda wannan, ƙafafun na biyu, wanda ke da isasshen ƙwanƙwasawa, ya rasa raguwa. A saboda wannan dalili, irin wannan gearbox ba zai ba da zarafi don fita kansa daga laka ko dusar ƙanƙara ba.

Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, an warware matsalar ta hanyar toshe tauraron dan adam. Akwai hanyoyi biyu na toshewa:

• Ana aiwatar da cikakken toshewa saboda gaskiyar cewa duk abubuwan da ke gearbox suna haɗe da juna. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa ƙafafun tare da mafi kyawun riko yana karɓar ƙarfin juzu'i;
• Bloangaren toshewa mai yiwuwa ne ta hanyar sauya abin toshewa. Lokacin da motar ke tukawa a madaidaiciya, wannan lamarin shine 1. Da zaran an kulle tauraron dan adam a cikin bambancin yanayin, wannan yanayin yana canzawa daga 3 zuwa 5. A wannan halin, dabaran da ke juyawa yana ci gaba da juyawa, amma yana karɓar ƙaramar ƙarfin.

Ga bidiyo kan me yasa aka toshe banbancin:

Me yasa toshe bambanci akan SUVs, kuma menene

Bambanci daban-daban

Ganin cewa zane na kowane banbanci yana amfani da hulɗar giya da axles, irin wannan aikin yana da saukin saurin lalacewa da lalacewa. Abubuwan da ke cikin duniyar duniyar suna ƙarƙashin nauyi mai nauyi, sabili da haka, ba tare da ingantaccen kulawa ba, da sauri zasu gaza.

Kodayake giya an yi ta ne da kayan da za su iya jurewa, tsarin yana da kyau a kula idan akwai karuwar hayaniya, bugawa da rawar jiki yayin tuki, wadanda ba a da can. Hakanan wani lokaci mai firgitarwa shine malalar mai. Mafi munin duka, idan inji ya matse. Koyaya, tare da kiyayewa daidai, wannan ba safai yake faruwa ba.

Kuna buƙatar tuntuɓar sabis na mota da zaran malalar mai ta bayyana daga gidan gearbox. Kuna iya duba kumburin da kanku. Baya ga duba gani bayan tafiya, zaku iya bincika zafin zafin mai a cikin akwatin gear. Yayin aiki na yau da kullun, wannan adadi zai kai kimanin digiri 60. Idan bambancin ya fi zafi fiye da haka, to ya kamata ku nemi shawarar gwani.

Yakamata a duba matakin man shafawa da inganci a zaman wani bangare na gyaran yau da kullun. Kowane mai ƙera man mai ya kafa dokokinsa don maye gurbinsa. Kada ku yi watsi da wannan shawarar, saboda man na iya ƙunsar ƙananan ƙwayoyin abrasive waɗanda zasu lalata haƙoran gear, tare da lalata fim ɗin mai wanda ke hana gogayyan ɓangarorin ƙarfe.

Idan, sakamakon dubawa na gani, an lura da kwararar tsakiyar banbanci ko an lura da irin wannan matsalar tare da analogs na motar gaba-dabba, ya kamata a maye gurbin hatimin mai. Ragewa a matakin man shafawa yana haifar da ƙara ɓarkewar sassan, wanda ke rage rayuwar aiki na na'urar sosai. Gudanar da gearbox ya zama ya sa tauraron dan adam, ɗaukar kaya da giya ba zai yiwu ba.

Gano kansa na banbanci ana aiwatar dashi kamar haka. Da farko, ja sama da ƙyallen motar. An watsa watsa zuwa tsaka tsaki. Wheelaya daga cikin ƙafafun yana juyawa a farko a wata hanya sannan kuma a ɗayan ɗayan. Ana yin wannan aikin tare da ƙafafun na biyu.

Tare da bambancin aiki, ƙafafun za su juya ba tare da wasa da hayaniya ba. Hakanan, wasu kuskuren za a iya kawar da kanku. Don yin wannan, an cire gearbox, rarraba shi kuma duk abubuwan da ke ciki ana wanke shi a cikin mai (don gano ɓoyayyun gurare). A yayin wannan aikin, zaku iya samun koma bayan tauraron dan adam da ci gaban da ke kan aikin.

Ana cire abubuwan da suka ɓata, kuma ana saka sabbin abubuwa maimakon. Ainihin, tauraron dan adam, bizne da hatimin mai suna ƙarƙashin maye gurbinsu, saboda sun gaza da sauri. An gyara tauraron dan adam ta hanyar zaɓar giya tare da mafi ƙarancin yarda tsakanin haƙoran.

Ga wani bidiyon kan yadda za'a daidaita preload na daban daban:

Bambancin ɗaukar nauyin tashin hankali

Neman sabon bambanci

Duk da cewa tsaka-tsaki ko banbanci na tsakiya yana da sauƙin samu a kasuwar sassan motoci, farashin sa ya yi yawa sosai (sabon ɓangaren na iya cin kuɗi daga ɗaruruwan zuwa dubunnan daloli). A saboda wannan dalili, yawancin masu motoci ba safai suke yarda da cikar aikin ba.

Za'a iya samun sabon inji ko abubuwan sa na mutum iri ɗaya kamar yadda aka saba da kayan atomatik. Hanya mafi sauki ita ce zuwa shago ka nemi takamaiman bangare don abin hawa. Koyaya, wannan yana aiki idan ba'a haɓaka abin hawa ba. In ba haka ba, an zaɓi ɓangaren bisa ga lambar yanki ko kuma bisa ƙirar motar da aka cire ɓangaren kayayyakin.

Zai fi kyau a nemi wani yanki ta hanyar bayanan mota, kuma ba ta lambar samfurin ba, tunda wadannan alamun za a iya samun su bayan wargaza aikin. Wannan kumburin yana da gyare-gyare da yawa. Ko da na motar iri ɗaya ne, ana iya amfani da bambancin daban-daban.

Idan aka ba wannan lokacin, yana da matukar wahala a sami cikakken analog ɗin daga wata motar. Game da sayan bambanci a cikin kasuwar ta biyu, wannan an barshi cikin haɗari da haɗarin mai motar da kansa, tunda babu wanda zai iya kwance kuma ya bincika yanayin ɓangaren. Wannan yana ƙara haɗarin siyen kayan aiki da ya lalace.

Takaitawa, yana da kyau a faɗi cewa ba tare da banbanci ba abu ne mai wuya a ƙirƙirar mota mai aminci da inganci, kodayake magoya bayan karkatar da kuɗaɗe a kan hanyar da ta bushe za su yi jayayya da wannan.

Tambayoyi & Amsa:

Menene bambanci a cikin mota a cikin kalmomi masu sauƙi? Wannan sinadari ne na inji wanda aka sanya a tsakanin ramukan axle na ƙafafun tuƙi. Ana watsa wutar lantarki zuwa gidaje daban-daban ta hanyar cardan, sa'an nan kuma yana zuwa ƙafafun ta hanyar gears masu zaman kansu.

Me yasa kuke buƙatar bambanci a cikin mota? Wannan tsarin yana ba da damar jujjuya wutar lantarki zuwa ƙafafun tuƙi, amma lokacin yin motsi ko yayin tuƙi a kan tudu, yana ba da damar ƙafafun su jujjuya cikin sauri daban-daban.

Ina bambancin dake cikin motar? An shigar da wannan tsarin akan tulin tuƙi tsakanin mashinan axle. A cikin motocin tuƙi da ƙira tare da tuƙin ƙafar ƙafa, an shigar da shi akan kowane axle.

Wace mota ce ke da bambanci? Duk motoci suna da bambancin tsaka-tsaki (yana tsaye tsakanin raƙuman gatari). Ana amfani da bambance-bambancen cibiyar ne kawai a cikin ƙirar motar tuƙi (an shigar da shi tsakanin axles).