Tsarin alluran mai na injin

Aikin kowane injin konewa na ciki ya dogara ne da ƙonewar mai, mai na dizal ko wani nau'in mai. Bugu da ƙari, yana da mahimmanci cewa mai ya haɗu sosai da iska. Sai kawai a wannan yanayin, matsakaicin fitarwa zai kasance daga motar.

Motar carburetor ba su da aikin yi daidai da analog ɗin allurar zamani. Sau da yawa, naúrar da aka kera tare da carburetor ba ta da ƙarfi kamar injin ƙonewa na ciki tare da tsarin allurar tilastawa, duk da girman girma. Dalilin ya ta'allaka ne akan ingancin cakuda mai da iska. Idan waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗu da kyau, za a cire wani ɓangare na mai zuwa tsarin shaye-shaye, inda zai ƙone.

Baya ga gazawar wasu abubuwa na tsarin shaye-shaye, misali, mai kara kuzari ko bawul, injin din ba zai yi amfani da cikakken karfinsa ba. Saboda wadannan dalilan, an sanya tilas da allurar tilas akan injin zamani. Bari muyi la'akari da sauye-sauye daban-daban da ka'idar aikin su.

Menene tsarin allurar mai

Tsarin allurar gas yana nufin inji don tilasta kwararar mai a cikin injunan injina. La'akari da cewa tare da mummunan konewa na BTC, sharar ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu cutarwa masu yawa waɗanda ke ƙazantar da mahalli, injunan da ake yin allurarsu daidai sun fi dacewa da muhalli.

Don haɓaka haɓaka haɗuwa daidai, sarrafa sarrafawa nau'in lantarki ne. Kayan lantarki yana amfani da wani sashi na man fetur sosai, kuma yana ba ku damar rarraba shi cikin ƙananan sassa. Nan gaba kadan zamuyi magana game da sauye-sauye daban-daban na tsarin allura, amma suna da ka'idojin aiki iri daya.

Ka'idar aiki da na'urar

Idan tun da farko an tilasta tilasta samar da mai ne kawai a cikin raka'o'in dizal, to ana amfani da injin mai na zamani tare da irin wannan tsarin. Na'urar ta, gwargwadon nau'in, za ta haɗa da abubuwa masu zuwa:

• Controlungiyar sarrafawa da ke sarrafa siginonin da aka karɓa daga firikwensin. Dangane da waɗannan bayanan, yana ba da umarni ga masu aiwatarwa game da lokacin fesa mai, adadin mai da yawan iska.
• Na'urar haska bayanai da aka sanya kusa da bawul din motsa jiki, a kusa da bangaren kara kuzari, a kan crankshaft, camshaft, da sauransu Suna ƙayyade adadin da zafin jiki na iska mai shigowa, adadinta a cikin iska mai ƙarewa, sannan kuma suna rikodin sigogin aiki daban-daban na rukunin wutar. Siginoni daga waɗannan abubuwan suna taimaka wa ƙungiyar sarrafa ƙa'idojin allurar mai da wadatar iska zuwa silinda da ake so.
• Masu allurar suna fesa mai ko dai a cikin kayan masarufi ko kuma kai tsaye a cikin ɗakin silinda, kamar yadda yake a cikin injin dizal. Waɗannan sassan suna cikin kan silinda kusa da sifofin walƙiya ko kan abin ci da yawa.
• Babban famfo mai matsa lamba wanda ke haifar da matsin lamba da ake buƙata a layin mai. A wasu gyare-gyare na tsarin mai, wannan ma'aunin yakamata ya fi girman matsi na silinda.

Tsarin yana aiki bisa ka'idar kama da analog din carburetor - a lokacin da iskar iska ta shiga cikin mahada mai yawa, bututun ƙarfe (a mafi yawan lokuta, lambar su daidai take da adadin silinda a cikin toshe). Abubuwan na farko sun kasance nau'ikan inji. Madadin carburetor, an sanya butoci ɗaya a cikinsu, wanda ya fesa mai a cikin kayan abinci mai yawa, saboda abin da ɓangaren ya ƙone sosai.

Shi kadai ne ya yi aiki daga lantarki. Duk sauran masu motsa jiki injina ne. Systemsarin tsarin zamani suna aiki a kan irin wannan ƙa'idar, kawai sun bambanta da asalin analog ɗin na yawan masu aiwatarwa da wurin da aka girka su.

Daban-daban nau'ikan tsarin suna ba da cakuda mai kama da juna, ta yadda abin hawa yana amfani da cikakken damar mai, kuma yana biyan ƙarin tsauraran ƙa'idodin muhalli. Kyauta mai fa'ida ga aikin allurar lantarki shine ingancin abin hawa tare da tasirin tasirin naúrar.

Idan a farkon cigaban akwai abubuwa guda daya na lantarki, kuma duk sauran bangarorin tsarin mai sunada nau'ikan inji, to injina na zamani suna da cikakkun kayan lantarki. Wannan yana ba ka damar rarraba ƙananan gas ɗin daidai yadda yakamata daga ƙone shi.

Yawancin masu motoci suna san wannan kalmar a matsayin injin yanayin yanayi. A wannan gyare-gyaren, mai ya shiga cikin matattarar abinci da silinda saboda yanayin da aka samu lokacin da fisiton ya matso kusa da ƙasa akan bugun bugun. Duk masana'antar ICE tana aiki bisa ga wannan ƙa'idar. Yawancin tsarin allurar zamani suna aiki ne akan irin wannan ƙa'idar, atomization kawai ake aiwatarwa saboda matsin lamba wanda famfon mai yake ƙirƙirawa.

Takaitaccen tarihin bayyana

Da farko dai, dukkan injunan mai an wadatar dasu ne kawai tare da carburetors, saboda na dogon lokaci wannan ita ce kawai hanyar da ake hada mai da iska da kuma tsotsa cikin silinda. Aikin wannan na'urar ya kunshi gaskiyar cewa an tsotsi wani ɗan ƙaramin mai a cikin rafin iska wanda ke wucewa ta cikin ɗakin injin a cikin kayan masarufi da yawa.

Fiye da shekaru 100, na'urar ta kasance mai ladabi, saboda abin da wasu ƙirar ke iya daidaitawa da halaye daban-daban na aikin mota. Tabbas, lantarki yana yin wannan aikin sosai, amma a wancan lokacin shine kawai hanyar, gyaranta ya ba da damar yin motar ko dai ta tattalin arziki ko sauri. Wasu samfuran motar motsa jiki harma an tanada su da carburetors daban, wanda ya ƙara ƙarfin motar sosai.

A tsakiyar shekarun 90 na karnin da ya gabata, wannan ci gaban an sauya shi sannu a hankali ta hanyar tsarin mai mai inganci, wanda ya daina aiki saboda sigogin nozzles (game da menene kuma yadda girman su yake shafar aikin injiniya) , karanta a ciki dabam labarin) da kuma ƙarar ɗakunan carburetor, kuma dangane da sigina daga ECU.

Akwai dalilai da yawa don wannan maye gurbin:

1. Nau'in tsarin carburetor yana da ƙarancin tattalin arziki fiye da analog ɗin lantarki, wanda ke nufin cewa yana da ƙarancin mai;
2. Ba a bayyana tasirin carburetor a duk yanayin aikin injiniya. Wannan saboda yanayin sifofin jiki ne na sassanta, wanda kawai za'a iya canza shi ta hanyar shigar da wasu abubuwan da suka dace. A yayin sauya yanayin aiki na injin konewa na ciki, yayin da motar ke ci gaba da tafiya, ba za a iya yin hakan ba;
3. Ayyukan carburetor ya dogara da inda aka sanya shi akan injin;
4. Tunda mai a cikin carburetor yana haɗuwa sosai fiye da lokacin da aka fesa shi da allura, ƙarin mai wanda ba a ƙona shi yana shiga tsarin shaye-shaye, wanda ke ƙara matakin gurɓatar muhalli.

An fara amfani da tsarin inginin mai akan motocin samarwa a farkon 80s na karni na ashirin. Koyaya, a cikin jirgin sama, an fara shigar da allura shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Mota ta farko wacce aka saka mata kayan allura kai tsaye daga kamfanin Jamus na Bosch ita ce Goliath 700 Sport (1951).

Sanannen samfurin da ake kira "Gull Wing" (Mercedes-Benz 300SL) an sanye shi da irin wannan gyara na abin hawa.

A ƙarshen 50s - farkon 60s. An kirkiro tsarin wanda zaiyi aiki daga microprocessor, ba kuma saboda hadaddun na'urorin inji ba. Koyaya, waɗannan abubuwan ci gaba sun kasance ba a samun damar su na dogon lokaci har sai ya zama mai yiwuwa a sayi ƙananan microprocessors.

Introductionarfafawar gabatarwar tsarin lantarki an tilasta ta ta ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin muhalli masu ƙarfi da wadataccen microprocessors. Samfurin samfurin farko wanda aka karɓi allurar lantarki shine 1967 Nash Rambler Rebel. Don kwatankwacin, injin lita 5.4 lita wanda aka kera ya kera 255 horsepower, kuma sabon samfuri mai dauke da na'urar lantarki da kuma makamantansu sunada 290 hp.

Dangane da ƙwarewa da haɓaka ƙwarewa, sauye-sauye iri-iri na tsarin allura sun maye gurbin carburetors a hankali (duk da cewa har yanzu ana amfani da irin waɗannan na'urori akan ƙananan ƙananan motoci saboda ƙarancin kuɗin su).

A yau, yawancin motocin fasinja suna sanye da allurar mai ta lantarki daga Bosch. Ana kiran ci gaban jetronic. Dangane da canjin tsarin, za a ƙara sunan sa tare da prefixes masu dacewa: Mono, K / KE (tsarin ma'aunin injin / lantarki), L / LH (allurar da aka rarraba tare da sarrafawa ga kowane silinda), da sauransu. Wani kamfanin Jamus Opel ne ya samar da irin wannan tsarin kuma ana kiransa Multec.

Iri da nau'ikan tsarin shigar da mai

Dukkanin tsarin allurar lantarki na zamani da aka tilasta masu shiga cikin manyan rukuni uku:

• Sprayaramar iska (ko allura ta tsakiya);
• Mai watsawa (ko rarraba);
• Kai tsaye atomization (atomizer aka sanya a cikin Silinda shugaban, da man fetur ne gauraye da iska kai tsaye a cikin Silinda).

Makircin aiki na duk waɗannan nau'ikan allurar kusan iri ɗaya ne. Yana ba da mai zuwa rami saboda matsin lamba da yawa a cikin layin tsarin mai. Wannan na iya kasancewa ko dai wani tafki daban wanda yake tsakanin yawancin kayan abinci da famfo, ko kuma layin matsin lamba da kansa.

Injin tsakiya (allura guda)

Monoinjection shine farkon farkon tsarin lantarki. Yayi daidai da takwaran aikin carburetor. Bambanci kawai shine cewa maimakon na'urar inji, an sanya injector a cikin kayan abinci da yawa.

Man fetur yana zuwa kai tsaye zuwa mahaɗa, inda yake haɗuwa da iska mai shigowa kuma ya shiga hannun riga, wanda aka ƙirƙira wuri a ciki. Wannan sabon abu ya haɓaka ƙimar ingantattun injina saboda gaskiyar cewa ana iya daidaita tsarin zuwa yanayin aikin motar.

Babban fa'idar allurar mono guda ɗaya yana cikin sauƙin tsarin. Ana iya sanya shi akan kowane injiniya maimakon carburetor. Controlungiyar sarrafa lantarki za ta sarrafa injector ɗaya kawai, don haka babu buƙatar hadadden microprocessor firmware.

A cikin irin wannan tsarin, abubuwa masu zuwa zasu kasance:

• Don kiyaye matsin lamba na mai akai-akai a cikin layin, dole ne ya kasance sanye take da mai sarrafa matsa lamba (yadda yake aiki da inda aka girka shi an bayyana shi a nan). Lokacin da injin ke rufe, wannan sinadarin yana kiyaye layin layin, yana mai sauƙaƙe don famfunan suyi aiki lokacin da aka sake kunna na'urar.
• Atomizer wanda ke aiki akan sigina daga ECU. Injector yana da bawul na lantarki. Yana bayar da iskar gas ta iska. Describedarin bayani game da na'urar allurai da yadda za a iya tsabtace su an bayyana a nan.
• Bawul ɗin motsa motar motsa jiki yana sarrafa iska mai shiga da yawa.
• Na'urori masu auna firikwensin da ke tattara bayanai masu mahimmanci don ƙayyade adadin mai da lokacin da aka fesa shi.
• Controlungiyar sarrafa microprocessor tana aiwatar da sigina daga na'urori masu auna sigina, kuma, daidai da wannan, yana aika umarni don aiki da injector, matattarar motsa jiki da famfon mai.

Duk da yake wannan ci gaban na zamani ya tabbatar da kansa da kyau, yana da matsaloli masu yawa da yawa:

1. Lokacin da injector din ya kasa, sai ya tsayar da dukkan motar;
2. Yayin da ake yin fesawa a cikin babban ɓangaren abubuwan da yawa, wasu mai ya rage akan bangon bututun. Saboda wannan, injin ɗin zai buƙaci ƙarin mai don cimma ƙarfin ƙarfi (duk da cewa wannan yanayin yana da ƙaranci idan aka kwatanta da mai ɗaukar hoto);
3. Rashin dacewar da aka lissafa a sama ya dakatar da ci gaban tsarin, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ba a samun yanayin feshi mai yawa a cikin allura guda (yana yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin allura kai tsaye), kuma wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙone wani yanki na mai. Saboda wannan, motar ba ta haɗu da haɓakar yanayin muhalli na ababen hawa.

Rarraba allura

Canji mai zuwa na gaba mai inganci na tsarin allura ya tanadi amfani da allurar mutum don takamaiman silinda. Irin wannan na'urar ta ba da damar sanya atomatis a kusa da mashigar mashigar, saboda abin da ke rage asara (saboda ba ragowar abubuwa da yawa a bangon da yawa ba).

Yawancin lokaci, wannan nau'in allurar an sanye shi da ƙarin abu - ramp (ko tafki wanda ake tara mai a matsi mai ƙarfi). Wannan ƙirar tana ba kowane mai allura damar wadatar da matsin mai ba tare da masu rikitarwa masu rikitarwa ba.

Irin wannan allurar galibi ana amfani da ita a cikin motocin zamani. Tsarin ya nuna ingantaccen aiki sosai, don haka a yau akwai nau'ikan da yawa:

• Gyara na farko yayi kamanceceniya da aikin allurar monoco. A cikin irin wannan tsarin, ECU tana aika sigina ga duk masu allurar a lokaci guda, kuma ana jawo su ba tare da la'akari da wane silinda yake buƙatar sabon yanki na BTC ba. Fa'idodi akan allura guda shine ikon daidaita daidaiton samar da mai zuwa kowane silinda. Koyaya, wannan gyare-gyare yana da ƙimar amfani da man fetur fiye da takwarorinsa na zamani.
• Daidai da allura. Yana aiki daidai da na baya, kawai ba dukkanin masu injecti suke aiki ba, amma suna haɗuwa da nau'i biyu. Bambancin wannan nau'in na'urar shine suna daidaituwa ta yadda mai fesa ɗaya zai buɗe kafin fistan yayi aikin bugun, ɗayan kuma a wannan lokacin yana fesa mai kafin fara sakin daga ɗayan silinda. Wannan tsarin kusan ba a taɓa sanya shi a kan motoci ba, kodayake, yawancin allurar lantarki lokacin da ake sauyawa zuwa yanayin yanayin aiki bisa ga wannan ƙa'idar. Sau da yawa ana kunna shi lokacin da firikwensin camshaft ya gaza (a cikin gyare-gyaren allura).
• Gyara gyare-gyare na allurar da aka rarraba. Wannan shine cigaban kwanan nan na irin waɗannan tsarin. Yana da mafi kyawun aiki a cikin wannan rukunin. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da lambobi iri ɗaya kamar yadda akwai silinda a cikin injin, kawai ana yin feshi kafin a buɗe bawul ɗin shan abinci. Irin wannan allurar tana da inganci mafi inganci a wannan rukuni. Ba a fesa mai a cikin gaba ɗaya, amma kawai a cikin ɓangaren da ake ɗaukar cakuda-mai da iska. Godiya ga wannan, injin konewa na ciki yana nuna kyakkyawan aiki.

Kai tsaye allura

Tsarin allura kai tsaye nau'ine ne wanda aka rarraba. Bambanci kawai a cikin wannan yanayin zai zama wurin da nozzles yake. An girke su ta hanya ɗaya kamar walƙiya - a saman injin don atomizer ya samar da mai kai tsaye zuwa ɗakin silinda.

Mota na ɓangaren kyauta suna sanye da irin wannan tsarin, tunda shine mafi tsada, amma a yau shine mafi inganci. Wadannan tsarin suna kawo hadawar mai da iska zuwa kusan mafi dacewa, kuma yayin aiwatar da aiki na bangaren wuta, ana amfani da kowane digo-digirgen mai.

Yin allura kai tsaye yana ba ka damar daidaita aikin motar ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Saboda fasalin ƙira (ban da bawul da kyandir, dole ne a shigar da allura a cikin kann silinda), ba a amfani da su a cikin injunan ƙone ciki na ƙananan ƙaura, amma a cikin analogs masu ƙarfi tare da babban juzu'i.

Wani dalilin yin amfani da irin wannan tsarin sai a motoci masu tsada shi ne, ana bukatar a sabunta zamani da inji sosai domin sanya allura kai tsaye a kanta. Idan a cikin sauran nau'ikan analogs ana iya samun irin wannan haɓakawa (kawai yawan kayan da ake buƙata ake buƙata a canza shi kuma a sanya kayan lantarki da ake buƙata), to a wannan yanayin, ban da girka ƙungiyar da ta dace da na'urori masu auna sigina, shugaban silinda dole ne kuma a sake yi. A cikin rukunin wutar lantarki na kasafin kuɗi, ba za a iya yin hakan ba.

Nau'in fesawa da ake magana a kai yana da kwarjini sosai game da ingancin mai, saboda masu fuɗa suna da matukar damuwa da ƙananan abrasives kuma suna buƙatar man shafawa koyaushe. Dole ne ya cika buƙatun masana'anta, don haka motoci masu irin wannan tsarin mai bai kamata a mai da su ba a tashoshin mai masu tambaya ko waɗanda ba a sani ba.

Yayin da aka sami sauye-sauye na ci gaba na nau'in feshin kai tsaye, akwai yiwuwar cewa irin waɗannan injiniyoyin ba da daɗewa ba za su maye gurbin analogues da mono- da rarraba allura. Typesarin nau'ikan tsarin zamani sun haɗa da ci gaba wanda ake aiwatar da mahaɗa mai yawa ko madaidaiciya. Dukkanin hanyoyin biyu ana nufin tabbatar da cewa konewar mai ya cika kamar yadda ya kamata, kuma tasirin wannan aikin ya kai ga inganci mafi inganci.

Multi-aya allura da aka bayar da SPRAY fasalin. A wannan yanayin, ɗakin yana cike da ƙananan ƙwayoyin man fetur a cikin sassa daban-daban, wanda ke inganta haɗuwa iri ɗaya da iska. Allurar Layer-by-Layer ta raba kashi ɗaya na BTC zuwa kashi biyu. An fara yin rigakafin farko. Wannan bangare na mai yana kamawa da sauri saboda akwai iska mai yawa. Bayan ƙonewa, ana ba da babban ɓangaren man fetur, wanda ba ya sake kunnawa daga walƙiya, amma daga tocilan da yake. Wannan ƙirar tana sa injin ya yi aiki sosai ba tare da asarar juzu'i ba.

Hanyar tilastawa wacce ke cikin dukkanin tsarin mai na wannan nau'in shine babban matsin mai. Don kada na'urar ta gaza a yayin samarda matsi da ake bukata, an sanye shi da kayan aiki guda biyu (menene kuma yadda yake aiki an bayyana shi daban). Bukatar irin wannan inji saboda gaskiyar cewa matsa lamba a cikin layin dogo dole ne ya ninka narkar da injin sau da yawa, saboda sau da yawa dole ne a fesa mai cikin iska da ya riga ya matse.

Na'urar auna firikwensin

Baya ga mahimman abubuwa na tsarin mai (maƙura, samar da wuta, famfon mai da ƙoshin wuta), aikinsa yana da alaƙa da kasancewar kasancewar na'urori masu auna sigina daban-daban. Dogaro da nau'in allurar, an shigar da waɗannan na'urori don:

• Dayyade adadin oxygen a cikin sharar. Don wannan, ana amfani da bincike na lambda (yadda ake aiki ana iya karanta shi a nan). Motoci na iya amfani da na'urori masu auna oxygen guda biyu ko biyu (an sanya su a baya, ko kafin da bayan mai kara kuzari);
• Ma'anan lokacin Camshaft (menene shi, koya daga wani bita) don sashin sarrafawa na iya aika sigina don buɗe mai fesawa kafin faɗuwar bugun jini. An shigar da firikwensin lokaci akan camshaft kuma ana amfani dashi a cikin tsarin allura na zamani. Rushewar wannan firikwensin ya sauya sashin sarrafawa zuwa yanayin allurar biyu-biyu;
• Tabbatar da saurin crankshaft. Aikin lokacin ƙonewa, da sauran tsarin atomatik, ya dogara da DPKV. Wannan shine mahimmin firikwensin mota. Idan ya gaza, ba za a iya kunna motar ba ko kuwa za ta tsaya;
• Lissafi na yawan iska da injin ke ci. Mahimmancin firikwensin iska yana taimaka wa ƙungiyar sarrafawa ta hanyar abin da algorithm ke lissafin adadin mai (lokacin buɗewar mai feshi). A yayin lalacewar naurar firikwensin iska, ECU tana da yanayin gaggawa, wanda ke nuna alamun wasu na'urori masu auna firikwensin, misali, DPKV ko algorithms na calibration na gaggawa (mai ƙera matsakaita matsakaita sigogi);
• Tabbatar da yanayin yanayin zafin jikin injin. Na'urar haska zafin jiki a cikin tsarin sanyaya tana ba ka damar daidaita mai, da kuma lokacin ƙonewa (don guje wa fashewa saboda zafin nama);
• Lissafin kimantawa ko ainihin lodin wuta. Don wannan, ana amfani da na'urar firikwensin maƙura. Yana kayyade gwargwadon yadda direba ya matsa feda gas;
• Hana bugun inji. Saboda wannan, ana amfani da firikwensin ƙwanƙwasa. Lokacin da wannan na'urar ta gano kaifi da sauri wanda bai dace ba a cikin silinda, microprocessor yana daidaita lokacin ƙonewa;
• Ana kirga saurin abin hawa. Lokacin da microprocessor ya gano cewa saurin motar ya wuce saurin injin da ake bukata, "kwakwalwa" za ta kashe samar da mai a cikin silinda. Wannan na faruwa, misali, lokacin da direba yayi amfani da birki na inji. Wannan yanayin yana ba ku damar adana mai a kan gangarowa ko kuma yayin gabatowa;
• Kimanin adadin girgizar da ta shafi motar. Wannan na faruwa yayin da ababen hawa ke tuƙi akan titunan da basu dace ba. Girgiza kai na iya haifar da mummunan aiki. Ana amfani da waɗannan na'urori masu auna firikwensin a cikin injunan da suka dace da Euro 3 da ƙa'idodin mafi girma.

Babu rukunin sarrafawa da ke aiki kawai bisa ga bayanai daga na'urar firikwensin. Ofarin waɗannan na'urori masu auna firikwensin a cikin tsarin, ƙimar ECU za ta ƙididdige halayen mai na injin.

Rashin wasu na'urori masu auna firikwensin ya sanya ECU cikin yanayin gaggawa (gunkin motar yana haskakawa a jikin kayan aiki), amma injin yana ci gaba da aiki bisa ga tsarin da aka tsara na algorithms. Theungiyar sarrafawa na iya dogara ne da alamun lokacin aiki na injin ƙonewa na ciki, yanayin zafin nata, matsayin crankshaft, da sauransu, ko kuma kawai bisa ga teburin da aka tsara tare da masu canji daban-daban.

Masu aiwatarwa

Lokacin da ƙungiyar sarrafa lantarki ta karɓi bayanai daga duk na'urori masu auna sigina (an saka lambar su cikin lambar shirin na na'urar), tana aika umarnin da ya dace ga masu aiwatar da tsarin. Dogaro da gyare-gyaren tsarin, waɗannan na'urori na iya samun nasu zane.

Wadannan hanyoyin sun hada da:

• Sprayers (ko nozzles). Galibi an sanye su da abin ɗamarar lantarki, wanda ECU algorithm ke sarrafawa;
• Fanfon mai. Wasu samfurin mota suna da biyu daga cikinsu. Suppliesaya yana ba da mai daga tanki zuwa famfon allura, wanda ke tura mai a cikin dogo a ƙananan yankuna. Wannan yana haifar da isasshen kai a layin mai matsin lamba. Irin waɗannan gyare-gyare ga farashinsa ana buƙatar ne kawai a cikin tsarin allura kai tsaye, tunda a cikin wasu ƙirar dole ne bututun ƙarfe ya fesa mai a cikin iska mai matsewa;
• Kayan lantarki na tsarin ƙonewa - yana karɓar sigina don samuwar walƙiya a daidai lokacin. Wannan kayan aikin a cikin sauye-sauye na zamani na tsarin jirgi wani bangare ne na bangaren sarrafawa (bangarenta mai karamin-wuta, kuma bangaren mai karfin wuta mai hade-da-wuta ne mai sau biyu, wanda yake haifar da caji na takamaiman tartsatsin wuta, kuma a cikin Sigogi mafi tsada, ana sanya murfin mutum akan kowane fulogogin wuta).
• Mai kula da saurin gudu mara kyau. An gabatar da shi a cikin hanyar motar motsa jiki wanda ke tsara adadin hanyar iska a cikin yankin bawul din maƙura. Wannan aikin ya zama dole don kiyaye saurin injin injin lokacin da aka rufe maƙura (direba baya latsa feda mai hanzarin). Wannan yana sauƙaƙa aikin dumama injin mai sanyaya - babu buƙatar zama a cikin ɗaki mai sanyi a lokacin sanyi da hayaƙi don injin ɗin kada ya tsaya;
• Don daidaita tsarin zafin jiki (wannan sigar kuma tana shafar samar da mai ga silinda), ƙungiyar sarrafawa lokaci -lokaci tana kunna fanka mai sanyaya da aka sanya kusa da babban radiator. Sabbin samfuran samfuran BMW suna sanye da grille radiator tare da ƙusoshin daidaitawa don kula da zafin jiki yayin tuƙi cikin yanayin sanyi da hanzarta dumama injin. (don kada injin konewa na ciki yayi sanyi, hakarkarin a tsaye suna juyawa, suna toshe hanyar shigar iska mai sanyi zuwa sashin injin). Hakanan ana sarrafa su ta microprocessor bisa ga bayanai daga firikwensin zafin jiki mai sanyaya.

Controlungiyar kula da lantarki ta kuma rubuta yawan man da motar ta cinye. Wannan bayanin yana bawa shirin damar daidaita yanayin injina ta yadda zai iya samarda iyakar karfin wani yanayi, amma a lokaci guda yana amfani da mafi karancin mai. Duk da yake galibin masu motoci suna ganin wannan a matsayin damuwa ga walat ɗin su, a zahiri, ƙarancin ƙone mai yana ƙaruwa da matakin gurɓataccen shayi. Duk masana'antun sun dogara da wannan alamar.

Microprocessor yana kirga yawan budewar nozzles don tantance yawan amfani da mai. Tabbas, wannan mai nuna alama dangi ne, tunda wutar lantarki ba zata iya lissafin yawan man da ya wuce ta hanyoyin da allurar cikin inginin na wasu dakika suke yayin da suke a bude.

Bugu da kari, motoci na zamani suna sanye da kayan talla. An shigar da wannan na'urar akan rufin bututun mai na rufin mai. Kowa ya sani cewa mai yana son ƙarewa. Don hana tururin mai shiga cikin sararin samaniya, mai tallata shi yakan wuce da wadannan gas din ta kansa, ya tace su sannan ya aike su da silinda don bayan wuta.

Kwamfuta mai sarrafa lantarki

Babu wani man fetur da yake tilasta yin aiki ba tare da na'urar sarrafa lantarki ba. Wannan microprocessor ne wanda aka sanya shirin a ciki. An haɓaka software ta mai kera motoci don takamaiman ƙirar mota. An saita microcomputer don wasu adadin na'urori masu auna firikwensin, kazalika don takamaiman algorithm na aiki idan firikwensin ya gaza.

Microprocessor kansa ya ƙunshi abubuwa biyu. Na farkon yana adana babbar firmware - saitin masana'antun ko software da maigida ya girka yayin gyaran guntu (dalilin da yasa ake buƙata an bayyana shi a cikin wani labarin).

Kashi na biyu na ECU shine ƙirar aiki. Wannan zagayen ƙararrawa ne wanda masana'antar kera kerashi idan na'urar ba ta kama sigina daga takamaiman firikwensin ba. An tsara wannan ɓangaren don adadi mai yawa na masu canji waɗanda ke aiki lokacin da takamaiman yanayi suka cika.

Ganin mahimmancin sadarwa tsakanin naúrar sarrafawa, saitunta da firikwensin, ya kamata ka mai da hankali kan siginar da ke bayyana a kan kayan aikin. A cikin motocin kasafin kuɗi, lokacin da matsala ta faru, gunkin motar kawai yana haskakawa. Don gano matsalar aiki a cikin allurar, zaka buƙaci haɗa kwamfutar zuwa mai haɗa sabis na ECU da aiwatar da bincike.

Don sauƙaƙe wannan aikin, ana sanya kwamfutar da ke cikin jirgi a cikin motoci mafi tsada, waɗanda ke gudanar da bincike da kansu kuma suna ba da takamaiman lambar kuskure. Ana iya samun damar sauya irin waɗannan saƙonnin a cikin littafin sabis na jigilar kaya ko kuma a gidan yanar gizon kamfanin masana'anta.

Wace allura ce ta fi kyau?

Wannan tambaya ta taso tsakanin masu motoci da tsarin mai. Amsar ta dogara da dalilai daban-daban. Misali, idan farashin tambayar tattalin arziƙin mota ne, bin ƙa'idodin muhalli da ingancinsu daga ƙonewar VTS, to amsar ba ta bayyana ba: allura kai tsaye ta fi kyau, tunda ita ce mafi kusa da manufa. Amma irin wannan motar ba zata zama mai arha ba, kuma saboda fasalin fasalin tsarin, motar zata sami babban juzu'i.

Amma idan mai mota yana son zamanantar da safarar sa domin kara karfin injin konewa na ciki ta hanyar fasa carburetor din da sanya alluran, to lallai ne ya tsaya a daya daga cikin zabin da aka rarraba (ba a kawo allurar guda, tunda wannan tsohon ci gaba ne wanda bai fi carburetor inganci ba). Irin wannan tsarin mai zai sami farashi mai rahusa, kuma ba haka bane son ingancin fetur.

Idan aka kwatanta da carburetor, allurar tilastawa tana da fa'idodi masu zuwa:

• Tattalin arzikin sufuri yana ƙaruwa. Ko da kayan injector na farko sun nuna ragin kwararar kusan kashi 40;
• Ofarfin rukunin yana ƙaruwa, musamman a ƙananan gudu, godiya ga abin da ya fi sauƙi ga masu farawa amfani da allurar don koyon yadda ake tuƙa abin hawa;
• Don fara injin, ana buƙatar ƙananan ayyuka daga ɓangaren direba (aikin yana da cikakken sarrafa kansa);
• A kan injin sanyi, direba baya buƙatar sarrafa saurin saboda injin ƙone ciki ba ya tsaya yayin da yake ɗumi;
• Dynamarfin motsawar motar yana ƙaruwa;
• Tsarin samar da mai ba ya bukatar gyara, saboda ana yin hakan ta lantarki, gwargwadon yanayin aikin injin;
• Ana kula da abun da ke cikin cakuda, wanda ke kara kyawon muhalli da iska ke fitarwa;
• Har zuwa matakin Euro-3, tsarin mai ba ya buƙatar kulawa da aka tsara (abin da ake buƙata shi ne canza ɓangarorin da suka gaza);
• Zai yiwu a shigar da mai hana motsi a cikin motar (an bayyana wannan na'urar anti-sata dalla-dalla daban);
• A wasu ƙirar mota, an ƙara sararin sashin inji ta cire "kwanon rufi";
• Fitar da iskar gas daga carburetor a saurin injin injin ko yayin dogon zangon an kebe shi, saboda haka rage haɗarin ƙonewarsu a wajen silinda;
• A cikin wasu injunan carburetor, koda ɗan mirgine (wani lokacin ma kashi 15 bisa ɗari ya isa) na iya sa injin ya tsaya ko kuma rashin isasshen aikin carburetor;
• Carburetor shima ya dogara sosai akan matsin yanayi, wanda ke shafar aikin injiniya lokacin da ake aiki da injin a wuraren tsaunuka.

Duk da wadatar fa'idodi akan masu sintiri, injectors har yanzu suna da wasu rashin amfani:

• A wasu lokuta, farashin kiyaye tsarin yana da yawa sosai;
• Tsarin kanta ya ƙunshi ƙarin hanyoyin da za su iya kasawa;
• Bincikowa yana buƙatar kayan lantarki, kodayake ana buƙatar wasu ilimin don daidaita carburetor da kyau;
• Tsarin ya dogara ne da wutar lantarki, don haka yayin haɓaka motar, ku ma kuna buƙatar maye gurbin janareto;
• Wasu lokuta kurakurai na iya faruwa a tsarin lantarki saboda rashin daidaituwa tsakanin kayan aiki da software.

Sannu a hankali tsaurara matakan muhalli, gami da hauhawar farashin mai a hankali, yana sanya masu motoci da yawa canzawa zuwa motocin da injunan allura.

Kari akan haka, muna ba da shawarar kallon dan gajeren bidiyo game da menene tsarin mai da yadda kowane kayan aikin sa ke aiki:

Tsarin mai na motar. Na'ura, ka'idar aiki da rashin aiki!

Tambayoyi & Amsa:

Menene tsarin allurar mai? Akwai nau'ikan allurar mai daban-daban guda biyu kawai. Monoinjection (analogue na carburetor, man fetur kawai ake bayarwa ta bututun ƙarfe). Multipoint allura (nozzles fesa man fetur a cikin da yawa sha).

Yaya tsarin allurar man fetur yake aiki? Lokacin da bawul ɗin sha ya buɗe, mai injector yana fesa mai a cikin nau'in abin da ake sha, cakuda man iska yana tsotsewa ta halitta ko ta hanyar turbocharging.

Yaya tsarin allurar mai ke aiki? Dangane da nau'in tsarin, masu injectors suna fesa mai ko dai a cikin nau'in ci ko kuma kai tsaye a cikin silinda. ECU ne ke ƙayyade lokacin allurar.

Чme ke saka man fetur a cikin injin? Idan an rarraba tsarin man fetur na allura, to, an shigar da injector akan kowane bututun da ake amfani da shi, ana tsotse BTC a cikin silinda saboda ƙarancin da ke cikinsa. Idan allura kai tsaye, to ana ba da man fetur zuwa silinda.