Gwajin gwajin BMW da hydrogen: kashi na biyu

"Ruwa. Ƙarshen samfurin injuna masu tsabta na BMW shine amfani da ruwa hydrogen maimakon man fetur da kuma ba kowa damar jin daɗin sababbin fasahohi tare da lamiri mai tsabta."

BMW hanya

Waɗannan kalmomi magana ce daga yakin talla na wani kamfani na Jamus shekaru da yawa da suka wuce. Na dogon lokaci ba wanda ya yi tambaya game da gaskiyar cewa Bavarians sun san da kyau abin da suke yi game da fasahar mota kuma suna daya daga cikin shugabannin duniya da ba a saba da su ba a wannan filin. Kuma ba za a yi tunanin cewa kamfanin da ya nuna ingantaccen tallace-tallace na tallace-tallace a cikin 'yan shekarun nan zai jefa kuɗi mai yawa akan tallace-tallacen da ba a san su ba don fasaha masu ban sha'awa tare da makomar da ba ta da tabbas.

A lokaci guda, duk da haka, kalmomin da aka nakalto wani bangare ne na kamfen don haɓaka nau'in hydrogen na sa'o'i 745 na tutar Bavarian automaker. Abin ban mamaki, saboda a cewar BMW, sauyin yanayi zuwa madadin man fetur na hydrocarbon, wanda masana'antar kera ke ciyarwa tun farkon farawa, zai buƙaci canji a cikin dukkanin abubuwan da ake samarwa. Wannan na ƙarshe ya zama dole saboda Bavarians suna ganin kyakkyawar hanyar ci gaba ba a cikin ƙwayoyin mai da ake tallatawa ba, amma a cikin jujjuyawar injunan konewa na ciki don aiki akan hydrogen. BMW ya yi imanin cewa haɓakawa matsala ce da za a iya warwarewa kuma ya riga ya sami ci gaba mai mahimmanci wajen magance babbar matsalar samun ingantaccen aikin injin tare da kawar da ƙayyadaddun tsarin konewa mara kyau ta hanyar amfani da hydrogen mai tsabta. Nasarar a cikin wannan shugabanci shi ne saboda cancanta a fagen lantarki iko na engine tafiyar matakai da kuma yiwuwar yin amfani da BMW jadadda mallaka m gas rarraba tsarin Valvetronic da Vanos, ba tare da wanda ba zai yiwu ba don tabbatar da al'ada aiki na "hydrogen injuna" . Duk da haka, matakan farko na wannan jagorar sun kasance a cikin 1820, lokacin da mai zane William Cecil ya ƙirƙira injin da aka yi amfani da hydrogen mai aiki akan abin da ake kira "ƙa'ida" - makircin da ya bambanta da na injin da aka ƙirƙira daga baya tare da injin ciki. . konewa. A farkon haɓakar injunan konewa na ciki shekaru 60 bayan haka, majagaba Otto ya yi amfani da iskar gas ɗin da aka riga aka ambata da kuma kwal da aka samu tare da abun ciki na hydrogen kusan 50%. Duk da haka, tare da ƙirƙira na carburetor, amfani da man fetur ya zama mafi amfani da aminci, kuma man fetur na ruwa ya maye gurbin duk sauran hanyoyin da suka wanzu har yanzu. An sake gano kaddarorin hydrogen a matsayin man fetur shekaru da yawa bayan masana'antar sararin samaniya, wanda da sauri gano cewa hydrogen yana da mafi kyawun makamashi / yawan adadin kowane man da aka sani ga ɗan adam.

A watan Yulin 1998, Europeanungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta Kamfanin kera motoci (ACEA) ta ba da kanta ga Tarayyar Turai don rage fitar da hayaƙin CO2008 daga sabbin motocin da aka yi wa rajista a cikin Unionungiyar da matsakaita na gram 2 a kowace kilomita kilomita 140. A aikace, wannan yana nufin rage 25% na gurɓataccen iska idan aka kwatanta da 1995, kuma matsakaicin amfani da mai na sabon jirgin ya kai kimanin 6,0 l / 100 km. A nan gaba kadan, ana sa ran karin matakan za su rage fitar da hayaƙin carbon dioxide da kashi 14% nan da shekara ta 2012. Wannan ya sa aikin ga kamfanonin motoci ke da matukar wahala kuma, a cewar masanan BMW, ana iya warware su ko dai ta amfani da ƙananan iska mai ƙarancin ƙarfi ko ta hanyar kawar da carbon gaba ɗaya daga abubuwan mai. A cewar wannan ka'idar, sinadarin hydrogen yana sake bayyana a fagen kera motoci da dukkan daukakarsa.

Kamfanin Bavaria ya zama kamfanin kera motoci na farko da ya fara kera motoci masu amfani da sinadarin hydrogen. Fatan alheri da tabbaci na farfesa Burkhard Geschel, mamban kwamitin BMW da ke da alhakin sabbin abubuwa, cewa "kamfanin zai sayar da motoci masu amfani da sinadarin hydrogen kafin karewar zangon nan na 7 na yanzu" ya zama gaskiya. Tare da sabon salo, Hydrogen 7, jerin na bakwai, an gabatar dashi a 2006, tare da injin 12 hp 260-cylinder. wannan sakon tuni ya zama gaskiya. Nufin ya zama kamar mai girma ne, amma ba tare da dalili ba. BMW tana ta gwaji tare da injunan konewa na ciki da ke aiki akan hydrogen tun shekara ta 1978, kuma a ranar 11 ga Mayu 2000 sunyi wata alama ta musamman game da yiwuwar wannan madadin. Jirgin ruwa mai kayatarwa na motocin 15 750 wanda ya gabata daga ƙarni na baya na mako, wanda aka samar dashi ta hanyar hydrogen injina-silinda goma sha biyu, ya kammala gudun fanfalaki na kilomita 170, wanda ya nuna nasarar kamfanin da kuma alkawarin sabon fasaha. A cikin 000 da 2001, wasu daga cikin waɗannan motocin sun ci gaba da shiga cikin zanga-zanga daban-daban don tallafawa ra'ayin hydrogen. Don haka lokaci ya yi da sabon ci gaba wanda ya dogara da Jerin na 2002 na gaba, ta amfani da injin V-7 na zamani lita 4,4 wanda ke iya saurin gudu sama da 212 km / h, sannan sabon ci gaba ya biyo baya tare da 12-Silinda V-XNUMX. Dangane da ra'ayin hukuma na kamfanin, dalilan da suka sa BMW suka zabi wannan fasaha a kan kwayoyin mai duka na kasuwanci ne da na kwakwalwa. Da fari dai, wannan hanyar zata buƙaci ƙaramin saka hannun jari idan kayan aikin samarwa sun canza. Abu na biyu, saboda mutane sun saba da tsohuwar injin ƙone ciki, suna son shi kuma zai yi wuya su rabu da shi. Na uku kuma, a halin yanzu, ya zamar cewa wannan fasaha tana haɓaka da sauri fiye da fasahar ƙwayar mai.

A cikin motocin BMW, ana adana hydrogen a cikin wani jirgin ruwa mai rufin asiri, irin na kwalabe na fasaha na zamani na thermos wanda ƙungiyar Linder ta Jamus ta kera. A ƙananan yanayin ajiya, man yana cikin lokacin ruwa kuma yana shiga cikin injin kamar man fetur na yau da kullum.

A wannan matakin, masu zanen kamfanin Munich sun mai da hankali kan allurar man fetur kai tsaye, kuma ingancin cakuda ya dogara da yanayin aikin injin. A cikin yanayin nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i, injin yana gudana akan gaurayawan gauraye masu kama da man dizal - ana yin canjin ne kawai a cikin adadin man da aka yi. Wannan shi ne abin da ake kira "kulawar inganci" na cakuda, inda injin ke gudana da iska mai wuce gona da iri, amma saboda ƙarancin nauyi, an rage samuwar iskar nitrogen. Lokacin da ake buƙatar babban iko, injin ɗin yana fara aiki kamar injin mai, yana tafiya zuwa abin da ake kira "sarrafa ƙima" na cakuda da gaurayawar al'ada (ba jingina). Wadannan canje-canjen suna yiwuwa, a daya hannun, saboda gudun lantarki sarrafa matakai a cikin engine, da kuma a daya hannun, saboda m aiki na iskar gas rarraba tsarin kula da tsarin - "biyu" Vanos, aiki tare da tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da tsarin. Valvetronic tsarin kula da ci ba tare da maƙura ba. Ya kamata a tuna cewa, a cewar injiniyoyin BMW, tsarin aikin wannan ci gaban shine mataki na tsaka -tsaki a cikin haɓaka fasaha kuma a cikin injina na gaba za su canza zuwa allurar hydrogen kai tsaye zuwa cikin silinda da turbocharging. Ana sa ran waɗannan fasahohin za su haifar da ingantattun abubuwan hawa fiye da injin gas ɗin da aka kwatanta da haɓaka ƙimar ingantaccen injin konewa na cikin gida sama da kashi 50%. Anan da gangan mun guji taɓa batun "sel mai", tunda an yi amfani da wannan batun sosai kwanan nan. A lokaci guda, duk da haka, dole ne mu ambace su a cikin mahallin fasahar hydrogen na BMW, kamar yadda masu zanen kaya a Munich suka yanke shawarar yin amfani da irin waɗannan na'urori kawai don kunna hanyar sadarwa ta lantarki a cikin motoci, gaba ɗaya kawar da ƙarfin baturi na al'ada. Wannan yunƙurin yana ba da damar ƙarin tanadin man fetur, kamar yadda injin hydrogen ba dole ba ne ya fitar da alternator, kuma tsarin lantarki na kan jirgin ya zama mai cin gashin kansa gaba ɗaya kuma mai zaman kansa daga hanyar tuƙi - yana iya samar da wutar lantarki ko da injin ba ya aiki, da kuma samar da wutar lantarki. kuma cinye makamashi yana ba da kansa ga cikakkiyar haɓakawa. Gaskiyar cewa kawai wutar lantarki da ake buƙata yanzu za a iya samar da ita don sarrafa famfunan ruwa, famfunan mai, ƙarfafa birki da tsarin wayoyi shima yana fassara zuwa ƙarin tanadi. Koyaya, a layi daya da duk waɗannan sabbin abubuwa, tsarin allurar mai (gas) a zahiri bai sami canje -canjen ƙira mai tsada ba. Don haɓaka fasahar hydrogen a cikin Yuni 2002, BMW Group, Aral, BVG, DaimlerChrysler, Ford, GHW, Linde, Opel MAN ya ƙirƙiri shirin haɗin gwiwa na CleanEnergy, wanda ya fara tare da haɓaka tashoshin cikawa da iskar gas da matse.

BMW ita ce ta fara aiwatar da wasu ayyuka na haɗin gwiwa da dama, ciki har da kamfanonin mai, waɗanda suka fi dacewa a cikin mahalarta taron su ne Aral, BP, Shell, Total. Sha'awa a cikin wannan yanki mai albarka yana karuwa sosai - a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, EU kadai za ta ba da gudummawar kudi kai tsaye ga kudade don tallafawa ci gaba da aiwatar da fasahohin hydrogen a cikin adadin Euro biliyan 2,8. Adadin hannun jarin da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ke yi a cikin haɓakar “hydrogen” a cikin wannan lokacin yana da wuya a iya hasashen, amma a bayyane yake cewa sau da yawa zai wuce ragi daga ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu.

Hydrogen a cikin injunan ƙone ciki

Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa, saboda yanayin jiki da sinadarai na hydrogen, yana da wuta fiye da man fetur. A aikace, wannan yana nufin ƙarancin ƙarfin farko da ake buƙata don fara aikin konewa a cikin hydrogen. A daya bangaren kuma, ana iya amfani da gauraya sosai a cikin injinan hydrogen - wani abu da injinan fetur na zamani ke samu ta hanyar fasahohi masu sarkakiya da tsada.

Zafin da ke tsakanin barbashi na cakuda hydrogen-iska ba shi da raguwa sosai, kuma a lokaci guda, zafin jiki na atomatik da adadin hanyoyin konewa sun fi na mai. Hydrogen yana da ƙananan yawa kuma yana da ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (yiwuwar barbashi shiga cikin wani gas - a cikin wannan yanayin, iska).

Ƙarƙashin ƙarfin kunnawa da ake buƙata don kunna kai yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen sarrafa hanyoyin konewa a cikin injunan hydrogen saboda cakuda zai iya ƙonewa ba da daɗewa ba saboda tuntuɓar wurare masu zafi a cikin ɗakin konewa da juriya ga bin jerin hanyoyin gaba ɗaya marasa sarrafawa. Gujewa wannan haɗarin yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubale wajen haɓaka injunan hydrogen, amma ba abu ne mai sauƙi a kawar da illar da ke tattare da cewa gaurayawan ƙonawa mai yaɗuwa tana tafiya kusa da bangon Silinda kuma yana iya shiga kunkuntar gibi. kamar rufaffiyar bawul, alal misali ... Duk waɗannan dole ne a la'akari da su yayin zayyana waɗannan injinan.

Babban yanayin zafin jiki na autoignition da lambar octane mai lamba (kimanin 130) suna ba da izinin ƙaruwa a cikin matattarar injin kuma, saboda haka, ingancinsa, amma kuma akwai haɗarin maye gurbin hydrogen daga haɗuwa da ɓangaren mafi zafi. a cikin silinda Amfanin babban yaduwa na hydrogen shine yiwuwar cakudawa cikin sauki tare da iska, wanda a yayin lalacewar tanki yana bada tabbacin yaduwar man cikin sauri da aminci.

Kyakkyawan cakuda iska-hydrogen don konewa yana da rabo na kusan 34: 1 (don man fetur wannan rabo shine 14,7: 1). Wannan yana nufin cewa lokacin da aka haɗa nau'in hydrogen da man fetur a farkon yanayin, ana buƙatar fiye da sau biyu. A lokaci guda, cakuda hydrogen-iska yana ɗaukar sararin samaniya sosai, wanda ke bayyana dalilin da yasa injunan da ke amfani da hydrogen ba su da ƙarfi. Hoton dijital kawai na ma'auni da kundin yana da faɗi sosai - yawancin hydrogen da ke shirye don konewa ya ragu sau 56 ƙasa da na tururin mai .... Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura cewa, bisa ga ka'ida, injiniyoyin hydrogen suma suna iya aiki tare da gaurayawar iska-hydrogen har zuwa 180: 1 (wato gaurayawan "zurfin" sosai), wanda hakan yana nufin cewa injin yana iya aiki. ba tare da bawul ɗin maƙura ba kuma amfani da ƙa'idar injunan diesel. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da cewa, hydrogen shi ne jagoran da ba a jayayya ba a kwatanta hydrogen da man fetur a matsayin tushen makamashi ta fuskar taro - kilogiram na hydrogen ya kusan sau uku fiye da kilo na fetur.

Kamar yadda yake tare da injunan fetur, ana iya yin allurar hydrogen liquefied kai tsaye gaban bawuloli a cikin manifolds, amma mafi kyawun bayani shine allurar kai tsaye yayin bugun bugun jini - a wannan yanayin, ikon zai iya wuce na injin mai makamancin haka da kashi 25%. Wannan shi ne saboda man fetur (hydrogen) ba ya motsa iska kamar yadda yake a cikin man fetur ko dizal, yana barin iska kawai (mafi mahimmanci fiye da yadda aka saba) ya cika ɗakin konewa. Har ila yau, ba kamar injunan mai ba, injinan hydrogen ba sa buƙatar jujjuyawar tsari saboda hydrogen yana yaduwa sosai da iska ba tare da wannan ma'auni ba. Saboda ƙonawa daban-daban a sassa daban-daban na Silinda, yana da kyau a sanya filogi guda biyu, kuma a cikin injunan hydrogen, yin amfani da na'urorin lantarki na platinum ba shi da amfani, tunda platinum ya zama abin da ke haifar da iskar gas a cikin ƙananan yanayin zafi.

H2R

H2R samfurin wasan motsa jiki ne mai aiki wanda injiniyoyin BMW suka gina kuma yana aiki da injin silinda goma sha biyu wanda ya kai matsakaicin fitarwa na 285 hp lokacin da hydrogen ke aiki dashi. Godiya ga su, samfurin gwaji yana haɓaka daga 0 zuwa 100 km / h a cikin daƙiƙa shida kuma ya kai babban gudun 300 km / h. Injin H2R yana dogara ne akan daidaitaccen rukunin saman ƙarshen da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin man fetur 760i kuma ya ɗauki goma kawai. watanni don bunkasa. Don hana konewa ba zato ba tsammani, ƙwararrun Bavaria sun ɓullo da tsarin zagayowar ruwa na musamman da dabarun allura a cikin ɗakin konewa, ta amfani da yuwuwar da aka bayar ta tsarin tsarin lokaci na bawul na injin. Kafin cakuda ya shiga cikin silinda, ana sanyaya na ƙarshe ta iska, kuma ana yin kunnawa ne kawai a tsakiyar matattu - saboda yawan konewa tare da man hydrogen, ba a buƙatar ci gaba da kunnawa.

binciken

Binciken kudi na miƙa mulki zuwa tsarkakakken makamashin hydrogen bai kasance mai kyakkyawan fata ba tukuna. Haɓakawa, adanawa, jigilar kayayyaki da kuma samar da iskar gas har yanzu matakai ne masu ƙarfin kuzari, kuma a matakin fasaha na yanzu na cigaban ɗan adam wannan makircin ba zai iya zama mai tasiri ba. Koyaya, wannan baya nufin cewa bincike da neman mafita ba zasu ci gaba ba. Shawara don samar da hydrogen daga ruwa ta amfani da wutar lantarki daga hasken rana da adana shi a cikin manyan tankuna sauti mai kyau. A gefe guda, aikin samar da wutar lantarki da hydrogen a cikin yanayin gas a cikin Sahara, safarar shi zuwa tekun Bahar Rum ta bututun mai, shayarwa da jigilar shi ta jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu, ana sauke shi a tashoshin jiragen ruwa kuma a karshe ana jigilar shi ta babbar motar ya zama abin ba'a kadan a wannan lokacin ...

A kwanan nan ne kamfanin mai na Norsk Hydro na kasar Norway ya gabatar da wani ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa, wanda ya ba da shawarar samar da hydrogen daga iskar gas a wuraren da ake kera su a Tekun Arewa, kuma an adana saura carbon monoxide a filayen da ke karkashin teku. Gaskiya tana cikin wani wuri a tsakiya, kuma lokaci ne kawai zai faɗi inda ci gaban masana'antar hydrogen zai tafi.

Mazda ya bambanta

Kamfanin Mazda na kasar Japan kuma yana nuna nau'in injinsa na hydrogen - a cikin nau'in jujjuyawar naúrar wasanni motar RX-8. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda fasalin ƙirar injin Wankel ya dace sosai don amfani da hydrogen a matsayin mai. Ana adana iskar gas a ƙarƙashin babban matsin lamba a cikin tanki na musamman, kuma ana shigar da mai kai tsaye cikin ɗakunan konewa. Dangane da cewa a cikin injunan rotary, wuraren da ake yin allura da konewa sun rabu, kuma yanayin zafi a cikin sashin tsotsa ya ragu, matsalar yiwuwar kunna wuta ba tare da kulawa ba ta ragu sosai. Injin Wankel kuma yana ba da isasshen sarari ga masu allura biyu, wanda ke da matukar mahimmanci don allurar mafi kyawun adadin hydrogen.