Gwajin gwajin BMW da hydrogen: sashi na ɗaya

Hargowar guguwar da ke tafe tana ta kararawa a sararin samaniya yayin da katafaren jirgi ke gab da sauka a kusa da New Jersey. A ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1937, jirgin sama na Hindenburg ya yi jirgin sa na farko a wannan lokacin, inda ya dauki fasinjoji 97 a cikin jirgin.

Nan da 'yan kwanaki, wata babbar balan-balan mai cike da hydrogen zata tashi zuwa Frankfurt am Main. Dukan kujerun jirgin sun daɗe da ajiyewa daga Americanan ƙasar Amurka waɗanda ke ɗokin halartan nadin sarautar Sarki George VI na Burtaniya, amma ƙaddara ta yanke hukuncin cewa waɗannan fasinjojin ba za su taɓa hawa katafaren jirgin ba.

Jim kadan bayan kammala shirye-shiryen saukar jirgin, kwamandan nasa Rosendahl ya lura da wutar da ke jikin sa, kuma bayan wasu 'yan dakiku katuwar kwallon ta rikide zuwa wani gungumen azabar tashi, inda ta bar tarkacen karfen da ke da ban tausayi a kasa bayan rabin rabin. minti. Wani abin ban mamaki game da wannan labari shi ne yadda da yawa daga cikin fasinjojin da ke cikin jirgin da ke konawa suka tsira daga ƙarshe.

Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin ya yi mafarkin tashi a cikin abin hawa mafi sauki fiye da iska a karshen karni na 1917, yana zayyanar da wani fasali mara nauyi na iska mai cike da iskar gas da kuma gabatar da ayyuka don aiwatar da shi a aikace. Zeppelin ya daɗe yana ganin halittunsa a hankali suna shiga cikin rayuwar mutane, kuma ya mutu a cikin 1923, jim kaɗan kafin ƙasarsa ta rasa Yaƙin Duniya na ,aya, kuma Yarjejeniyar Versailles ta hana amfani da jiragensa. An manta Zeppelins na shekaru da yawa, amma komai ya sake canzawa cikin saurin ruɗi tare da zuwan ikon Hitler. Sabon shugaban kamfanin Zeppelin, Dr. Hugo Eckner, ya yi imanin cewa ana bukatar wasu manyan sauye-sauye na fasaha a cikin kera jiragen sama, wanda babba daga cikinsu shi ne maye gurbin iska mai hadari da hatsari da helium. Abun takaici, duk da haka, Amurka, wacce a lokacin ita kadai ce mai samar da wannan danyen kayan, ba zata iya siyar da sinadarin helium ga kasar Jamus ba a karkashin wata doka ta musamman da majalisar ta zartar a shekarar 129. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa sabon jirgi, wanda aka tsara LZ XNUMX, aka ƙona shi da hydrogen.

Ginin sabuwar sabuwar balan-balan da aka yi da gami da gami mai haske ya kai kusan mita 300 kuma yana da kusan diamita kusan 45. Katuwar jirgin sama, kwatankwacin Titanic, ana amfani da shi ne ta injina masu dizal 16 masu silinda 1300, kowannensu yana da injina 1936. A dabi'ance, Hitler bai rasa damar mayar da "Hindenburg" ta zama wata alama ta farfaganda ta Nazi ta Jamus ba kuma ya yi duk abin da ya dace don hanzarta fara amfani da shi. A sakamakon haka, tuni a cikin XNUMX jirgin sama "mai ban mamaki" ya yi zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na yau da kullun.

A jirgi na farko a cikin 1937, filin saukar jirgin na New Jersey ya cika makil da ’yan kallo masu burgewa, gamuwa da sha'awa, dangi da 'yan jarida, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun jira sa'o'i kafin guguwar ta lafa. Ko da rediyo ya ba da labari mai ban sha'awa. A wani lokaci, shuru na mai magana ya katse tsammanin damuwa, wanda, bayan ɗan lokaci, ya ɗaga murya da ƙarfi: “Ƙaton ƙwallon wuta tana fadowa daga sama! Babu wani da rai... Jirgin ya haskaka ba zato ba tsammani kuma nan da nan ya yi kama da wata katuwar wuta. Wasu fasinjoji a cikin firgici sun fara tsalle daga gondola don guje wa mummunar gobarar, amma sai ta zama mai kisa a gare su saboda tsayin mita ɗari. A ƙarshe, kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin fasinjojin da ke jiran jirgin ya tunkari ƙasa, amma da yawa daga cikinsu sun kone sosai. A wani lokaci, jirgin ya kasa jurewa barnar da wutar ta yi, kuma dubban litar ruwan ballast da ke cikin baka ya fara zubowa a kasa. Hindenburg ya lissafta cikin sauri, ƙarshen baya mai ƙonewa ya faɗo cikin ƙasa kuma ya ƙare a cikin cikakkiyar lalacewa cikin daƙiƙa 34. Girgizawar kallon ta girgiza jama'ar da suka taru a kasa. A wancan lokacin, an dauki abin da ya haddasa hatsarin a hukumance a matsayin tsawa, wanda ya haifar da kunna wutan hydrogen, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wani kwararre a Jamus da Amurka sun yi kakkausar suka kan cewa bala'in da jirgin ruwan Hindenburg ya yi, wanda ya ratsa da guguwa da dama ba tare da wata matsala ba. , shi ne sanadin bala'in. Bayan kallon faifan kayan tarihi da yawa, sun kai ga ƙarshe cewa gobarar ta tashi ne saboda fenti mai ƙonewa da ke rufe fatar jirgin. Gobarar jirgin ruwan Jamus na ɗaya daga cikin mafi munin bala'o'i a tarihin ɗan adam, kuma har yanzu tunawa da wannan mummunan lamari yana da zafi ga mutane da yawa. Har ma a yau, ambaton kalmomin "airship" da "hydrogen" yana haifar da wutar jahannama na New Jersey, ko da yake idan "na gida" ya dace, mafi sauƙi kuma mafi yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi na iya zama da amfani sosai, duk da halayen haɗari. A cewar ɗimbin masana kimiyya na zamani, ainihin zamanin hydrogen yana ci gaba da gudana, kodayake a lokaci guda, sauran babban ɓangaren al'ummar kimiyya suna da shakku game da irin wannan matsanancin bayyanar fata. Daga cikin masu fata waɗanda suka goyi bayan hasashe na farko da kuma mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ra'ayin hydrogen, ba shakka, dole ne su kasance Bavarians daga BMW. Kamfanin kera motoci na Jamus mai yiwuwa ya fi sanin ƙalubalen da babu makawa a kan hanyar zuwa tattalin arzikin hydrogen kuma, sama da duka, yana shawo kan wahalhalun da ake fuskanta a sauye-sauye daga iskar gas zuwa hydrogen.

Hakuri

Tunanin yin amfani da man fetur wanda yake da aminci ga muhalli kuma ba ya ƙarewa kamar yadda man fetur ke adana sauti kamar sihiri ga ɗan adam a cikin gwagwarmayar makamashi. A yau, akwai "Ƙungiyoyin Hydrogen" fiye da ɗaya ko biyu waɗanda manufarsu ita ce haɓaka kyakkyawan hali ga hasken gas da kuma shirya tarurruka, tarurruka da nune-nunen. Kamfanin taya na Michelin, alal misali, yana ba da gudummawa sosai wajen shirya babban taron Michelin Challenge Bibendum, taron duniya da aka mayar da hankali kan hydrogen don dorewa mai da motoci.

Duk da haka, kyakkyawan fata da ke fitowa daga jawabai a irin wadannan tarurrukan, har yanzu bai isa ba wajen aiwatar da aikin iskar hydrogen mai ban mamaki, kuma shiga cikin tattalin arzikin hydrogen wani lamari ne mara iyaka mai sarkakiya da rashin aiwatarwa a wannan mataki na fasaha wajen bunkasa wayewa.

A kwanan nan, duk da haka, ɗan adam yana ƙoƙari ya yi amfani da ƙarin hanyoyin samar da makamashi, wato hydrogen na iya zama muhimmiyar gada don adana makamashin hasken rana, iska, ruwa da na biomass, yana mai da shi makamashin sinadarai. ... A cikin sauƙaƙan lafazi, wannan yana nufin cewa wutar lantarkin da aka samar ta waɗannan maɓuɓɓuka na halitta ba za a iya adana ta a cikin babban juzu'i ba, amma ana iya amfani da ita don samar da hydrogen ta hanyar watsa ruwa zuwa iskar oxygen da hydrogen.

Wani abin mamaki kamar yadda ake cewa, wasu kamfanonin mai na daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan wannan shiri, daga cikin su akwai katafaren kamfanin mai na Biritaniya BP, wanda ke da dabarun saka hannun jari na musamman a wannan fanni. Tabbas, ana iya fitar da hydrogen daga tushen hydrocarbon da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, amma a wannan yanayin, dole ne bil'adama ya nemi mafita ga matsalar adana carbon dioxide da aka samu a cikin wannan tsari. Babu shakka cewa matsalolin fasaha na samar da hydrogen, adanawa da sufuri suna iya warwarewa - a aikace, an riga an samar da wannan iskar gas da yawa kuma ana amfani da shi azaman danyen abu a cikin masana'antun sinadarai da petrochemical. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, duk da haka, yawan kuɗin hydrogen ba shi da kisa, tun da yake "narke" a cikin babban farashin samfurori a cikin haɗin da yake shiga.

Koyaya, tambayar amfani da iskar gas a matsayin tushen makamashi ta ɗan ɗan fi rikitarwa. Masana kimiyya sun dade suna ta tada jijiyoyin wuya suna neman hanyar da za ta bi wajen samar da man fetur, kuma ya zuwa yanzu sun cimma matsaya daya kan cewa hydrogen shi ne ya fi dacewa da muhalli kuma yana samun isasshen makamashi. Shi kaɗai ya cika duk buƙatun da ake buƙata don sauyi mai sauƙi zuwa canji a halin yanzu. Ƙarƙashin duk waɗannan fa'idodin abu ne mai sauƙi amma mahimmanci mai mahimmanci - hakowa da amfani da hydrogen yana kewaye da yanayin yanayin yanayi na haɗuwa da ruwa da rushewa ... Idan ɗan adam ya inganta hanyoyin samar da kayan aiki ta hanyar amfani da tushen halitta kamar makamashin hasken rana, iska da ruwa, za a iya samar da hydrogen. da kuma amfani da adadi mara iyaka ba tare da fitar da hayaki mai cutarwa ba. A matsayin tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa, hydrogen ya dade yana kasancewa sakamakon gagarumin bincike a shirye-shirye daban-daban a Arewacin Amurka, Turai da Japan. Ƙarshen, bi da bi, wani ɓangare ne na aikin a kan nau'o'in ayyukan haɗin gwiwar da ke da nufin samar da cikakken kayan aikin hydrogen, ciki har da samarwa, ajiya, sufuri da rarrabawa. Sau da yawa waɗannan ci gaban suna tare da gagarumin tallafin gwamnati kuma suna dogara ne akan yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. A cikin Nuwamba 2003, alal misali, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki na kasa da kasa, wanda ya haɗa da manyan ƙasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu a duniya kamar Australia, Brazil, Kanada, China, Faransa, Jamus, Iceland, Indiya, Italiya da Japan. , Norway, Koriya, Rasha, Birtaniya, Amurka da Tarayyar Turai. Manufar wannan hadin gwiwa ta kasa da kasa ita ce "tsara, karfafawa da kuma hada kan kokarin kungiyoyi daban-daban kan hanyar zuwa zamanin hydrogen, da kuma tallafawa samar da fasahohi don samarwa, adanawa da rarraba hydrogen."

Hanya mai yuwuwar yin amfani da wannan man da ke da alaƙa da muhalli a fannin kera motoci na iya zama sau biyu. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne na’urorin da aka fi sani da “fuel cells”, inda sinadaran hadewar hydrogen da iskar oxygen daga iska ke fitar da wutar lantarki, na biyu kuma shi ne ci gaban fasahar yin amfani da ruwa hydrogen a matsayin mai a cikin silinda na injin konewa na cikin gida na gargajiya. . Hanya ta biyu ta fi kusanci da masu amfani da motoci da kamfanonin mota, kuma BMW ita ce mafi kyawun goyon bayanta.

masana'antu

A halin yanzu, sama da mitoci biliyan 600 na tsaftataccen hydrogen ake samar da su a duniya. Babban albarkatun da ake samar da shi shine iskar gas, wanda ake sarrafa shi ta hanyar da aka sani da "gyara". Ana samun ƙananan adadin hydrogen ta wasu matakai kamar electrolysis na mahadi na chlorine, oxidation na mai mai nauyi, iskar gas, kwal pyrolysis don samar da coke, da gyaran gas. Kimanin rabin abin da ake samar da hydrogen a duniya ana amfani da shi ne wajen hada sinadarin ammonia (wanda ake amfani da shi a matsayin abincin abinci wajen samar da takin zamani), wajen tace mai da kuma hada sinadarin methanol. Wadannan tsare-tsare na samarwa suna ɗaukar yanayin yanayi zuwa digiri daban-daban, kuma, rashin alheri, babu ɗayansu da ke ba da madaidaicin madaidaicin matsayin makamashi na yanzu - na farko, saboda suna amfani da hanyoyin da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, na biyu kuma, saboda samarwa yana fitar da abubuwan da ba a so kamar carbon. dioxide, wanda shine babban laifi. Tasirin greenhouse. Shawara mai ban sha'awa don magance wannan matsala kwanan nan ta fito ne daga masu bincike da Tarayyar Turai da gwamnatin Jamus suka ba da tallafi, waɗanda suka ƙirƙira fasahar da ake kira "sequestration", inda ake shigar da carbon dioxide da ake samarwa yayin samar da hydrogen daga iskar gas a cikinta. tsofaffin filayen da suka lalace. mai, iskar gas ko kwal. Duk da haka, wannan tsari ba shi da sauƙi don aiwatarwa, tun da ba man fetur ko iskar gas ba ne na gaskiya a cikin ɓawon burodi na ƙasa, amma yawanci yashi mai yashi ne.

Hanyar da ta fi dacewa a nan gaba ta samar da hydrogen ita ce rushewar ruwa ta hanyar wutar lantarki, wanda aka sani tun daga makarantar firamare. Ka'idar ta kasance mai sauqi qwarai - ana amfani da wutar lantarki zuwa na'urorin lantarki guda biyu da aka nutsar da su a cikin wankan ruwa, yayin da ions hydrogen da aka caje da kyau suna tafiya zuwa ga na'urar da ba ta dace ba, kuma ions oxygen da aka yi ba daidai ba suna zuwa mai kyau. A aikace, ana amfani da manyan hanyoyi da yawa don wannan bazuwar ruwa na electrochemical - "alkaline electrolysis", "membrane electrolysis", "high pressure electrolysis" da "high zafin electrolysis".

Komai zai zama cikakke idan sauƙin lissafi na rarraba bai tsoma baki tare da matsala mai mahimmanci na asalin wutar lantarki da ake buƙata don wannan dalili ba. Gaskiyar ita ce, a halin yanzu, samar da shi ba makawa yana fitar da abubuwa masu cutarwa, adadin da nau'in su ya bambanta dangane da yadda ake yin shi, kuma sama da duka, samar da wutar lantarki tsari ne mara inganci da tsada.

Karya mugunta da rufe zagaye na tsabtataccen makamashi a halin yanzu yana yiwuwa ne kawai lokacin amfani da yanayi da musamman makamashin hasken rana don samar da wutar lantarki da ake buƙata don lalata ruwa. Warware wannan aikin babu shakka zai buƙaci lokaci mai yawa, kuɗi da ƙoƙari, amma a yawancin ɓangarorin duniya, samar da wutar lantarki ta wannan hanyar ya riga ya zama gaskiya.

Misali, BMW, yana taka rawa sosai wajen ƙirƙira da bunƙasa masana'antar hasken rana. Gidan wutar lantarki, wanda aka gina a cikin ƙaramin garin Bavaria na Neuburg, yana amfani da ƙwayoyin photovoltaic don samar da makamashi da ke samar da hydrogen. Na'urorin da ke amfani da makamashin hasken rana wajen dumama ruwa na da ban sha'awa musamman, inji injiniyoyin kamfanin, kuma sakamakon tururi na samar da wutar lantarki - irin wadannan na'urori masu amfani da hasken rana sun riga sun fara aiki a cikin hamadar Mojave da ke California, wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 354. Har ila yau, wutar lantarki na kara zama muhimmi, tare da samar da iskar gas a gabar tekun kasashe irin su Amurka, Jamus, Netherlands, Belgium da Ireland suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tattalin arziki. Akwai kuma kamfanoni da ke hako hydrogen daga biomass a sassa daban-daban na duniya.

Adanawa

Ana iya adana hydrogen a cikin adadi mai yawa duka a cikin gas da kuma matakan ruwa. Mafi girman wadannan matattarar ruwa, wanda hydrogen ke cikin karancin matsi, ana kiransu "mita gas". Matsakaici da ƙananan tankuna sun dace da adana hydrogen a matsa lamba na sandar 30, yayin da ƙaramin tankuna na musamman (na'urori masu tsada waɗanda aka yi da ƙarfe na musamman ko kayan haɗin da aka ƙarfafa da fiber carbon) suna ci gaba da matsin lamba na 400 bar.

Hakanan za'a iya adana hydrogen a cikin wani lokaci na ruwa a -253 ° C kowace juzu'in raka'a, mai ɗauke da kuzari sau 0 fiye da lokacin da aka adana shi a mashaya 1,78 - don cimma daidaiton adadin kuzari a cikin hydrogen mai ruwa a kowace juzu'in naúrar, iskar gas dole ne a matsa sama. ku 700 bar. Daidai saboda mafi girman ƙarfin kuzarin da aka sanyaya hydrogen ya sa BMW ke haɗin gwiwa tare da damuwa na shayarwa na Jamus Linde, wanda ya kera na'urorin cryogenic na zamani don shayarwa da adana hydrogen. Har ila yau, masana kimiyya suna ba da wasu, amma mafi ƙarancin amfani, madadin ajiya na hydrogen, misali, ajiya a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba a cikin gari na musamman na karfe a cikin nau'i na hydrides na karfe, da dai sauransu.

Sufuri

A cikin yankunan da ke da yawan ƙwayoyin tsire-tsire da matatun mai, tuni an kafa cibiyar sadarwar hydrogen. Gabaɗaya, fasaha tana kama da jigilar gas, amma amfani da na ƙarshen don buƙatun hydrogen ba koyaushe bane. Koyaya, koda a karnin da ya gabata, gidaje da yawa a cikin biranen Turai sun sami wuta ta bututun iskar gas, wanda ya ƙunshi har zuwa kashi 50% na hydrogen kuma ana amfani dashi azaman mai na injunan ƙone ciki na farko. Matakan fasaha na yau suma suna ba da damar jigilar ruwa mai hade da ruwa ta hanyar tankokin dakon mai wadanda suka yi kama da wadanda ake amfani da su don iskar gas. A halin yanzu, masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi suna yin babban fata da kokarin a fagen samar da wadatattun fasahohi don shayarwa da jigilar sinadarin hydrogen. A wannan ma'anar, waɗannan jiragen ruwa ne, manyan tankokin jirgin ƙasa da manyan motoci waɗanda zasu iya zama tushen jigilar hydrogen a nan gaba. A watan Afrilu na 2004, tashar buɗe ido ta irinta ta farko, wacce aka haɗa tare da BMW da Steyr, aka buɗe a kusa da filin jirgin saman Munich. Tare da taimakonsa, cika tankuna da hydrogen mai narkewa ana aiwatar da su kai tsaye, ba tare da sa hannu ba kuma ba tare da haɗari ga direban motar ba.