BMW 535i
Gwajin gwaji

BMW 535i

Jerin BMW 5 na ƙarni na shida ya sami wasu motsawar dangi na zamani, kamar yadda mutane da yawa a kan hanyoyi sun yi kuskuren yin shi don bakwai, duk da haka mai ƙarfi. Dubi murfin da ke lanƙwasa har sau huɗu kuma a ƙarshe ya haɗu tare da abin rufe fuska na koda biyu wanda ke tilasta ku zuwa gaba.

Tabbas, akwai fitilun hasken rana masu kyau sosai, kamar yadda ake iya gane su a duk faɗin duniya, zaku kuma lura da ƙarshen tudun ruwa a kan rufin da ƙarshen ƙarshen tsarin shaye -shaye, kuma ga alama yana da ban sha'awa cewa gefen ya juya sigina ba su cikin wurin gargajiya a baya na masu shinge na gaba. ...

Ƙofofi, ƙofofi da gaba suna da sauƙi don alherin aluminium, yayin da LEDs a gaba da baya suna ba da haske mafi girma tare da ƙarancin kuzarin makamashi. Lokacin birki da ƙarfi, fitilun birki suna fara walƙiya, kuma a cikin matsanancin yanayi, duk alamun alkibla huɗu suna kunna ta atomatik. Cunkoson ababen hawa masu haɗari a kan waƙar sananne ne ga kowa, musamman Jamusawa, waɗanda ke cikin masu rikodin adadin waƙoƙi.

Yayin da nake ba da lokaci tare da sabon BMW, na sadu da aƙalla mutane goma sha biyu waɗanda ke sha'awar sabon wakili a Munich. Kuma kowa da kowa, ba tare da banbanci ba, a fili ya yarda da ni cewa suna kishin kasuwanci na. Duk da haka, tare da soyayyar abokantaka da murmushi, na ci gaba da tunanin cewa dole ne in mayar da motar cikin 'yan kwanaki, da na gwammace in mallaki kaina, kuma sama da duka ban san abin da zan rubuta a jarabawar ba.

Na rubuta kuma na yaba ginshiƙi na mintuna 15. Daƙiƙa ashirin don yabo da kyakkyawan mintuna 14 don tsawa. BMW 535i shine cikakken misali na abin hawa na zamani wanda ya riga ya tsorata.

Kamar yadda aka zata, ya sami A, amma mun sani daga gogewa cewa motocin zasu fi kyau nan gaba. Amma yanzu, a halin yanzu, irin wannan motar mai sanyin jiki ce kusan ta kusa kammala. Cikakkiyar m. Don haka, ana cire minuses da ƙarfi daga hannun riga.

Farashi (musamman ƙarin kayan aiki) da amfani da mai sun fi firgita, duk abin da aka gafarta cikin natsuwa ko an gane shi a matsayin koma baya mai daɗi. Mun fahimci juna, Cindy Crawford kuma tana da kyau a kan leɓinta, kuma Avril Lavigne ƙanana ne, amma ba za mu kare su ba, ko?

Kuma me ke motsa wannan sha'awar? Form, kanikanci, lantarki? Duk na sama. Ba za mu tattauna ƙira ba, wannan shine ƙarin tattaunawa a cikin masauki fiye da hasashe mai tsanani game da hangen nesa da saƙon sashen ƙira na BMW AG. Abin jin daɗin fasaha na gaskiya shine injin mai mai lita uku da sabon watsa mai sauri takwas. Za a iya bayyana injin ɗin cikin sauƙi (sake) a matsayin injin shekara. Injin silinda guda shida na layi yanzu yana da turbocharger guda ɗaya (tare da fasahar Twin-Scroll ko tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu - yana da injin turbin guda biyu), allurar mai kai tsaye da sarrafa bawul mai canzawa (Valvetronic).

Godiya ga madaidaicin nauyi da fasahar juyawa biyu, turbocharger yana amsawa kuma baya gazawa koda a cikin manyan juyi. Har zuwa juyi dubu huɗu, injin yana da nutsuwa, santsi da taushi, kuma sama da tsakiyar akan tachometer ya zama mai daɗi don hayaniya, eh, mutum na iya cewa, kwanciyar hankali na wasanni.

Injin saurin injin da ke cike da matsi ba zato ba tsammani ya tsallake zuwa cikin filin ja kuma ya nuna juyi sau dubu bakwai sau bakwai. ... HM. ... gidan yari a ƙasarmu kuma ɗayan manyan motoci mafi sauri akan manyan hanyoyin Jamus. Injin din ma yana da tsauri wanda dole ne ku yi taka tsantsan lokacin farawa tare da matattarar hanzari, kamar yadda ko da rashin kula da ƙafar dama yana sa duk fasinjojin wuyansu su yi taushi.

In ba haka ba, don Allah kar a sayi Biyar tare da watsawa da hannu. Idan kuna da fiye da 50k a kowace mota, adana wannan Yuro 2.400 don watsawa ta atomatik da aka ambata, kamar yadda fasaha ce ta gaske.

Tare da haɓakar injin mai santsi, ba za ku ji ba, balle a ji, aikin akwatin gear; a matsakaicin hanzari, za ku ji sautin injin na ɗan lokaci kaɗan, yayin da atomatik yana canza gears da yawa da sauri, amma ba za ku ji ba; Hakanan ba za ku ji shi yana cike da maƙarƙashiya ba - kawai za ku ji ɗan ɗan dakata daga injin ɗin da ke ruri.

Canjin Gear yana da santsi da taushi cewa siyan watsawa ta hannu (wanda, a cikin gaskiya, ba ƙima ba ce ga BMW) zai zama zunubi. Kuma, ba don furta ba, na zuba muku ruwan inabi mai tsabta a cikin jumla ɗaya: tare da haɗin injin doki 300 (kada mu zama banal, shida sama ko ƙasa) da akwatin da aka ambata, ba za ku iya rasa shi ba.

A zahiri, har ma da ƙari: ba wai ba za ku iya rasa shi ba, amma ku nutse kai tsaye zuwa cikin "ƙwanƙolin" abin mamaki na fasaha na yanzu da ake kira motar zamani. Sannan muna ƙara ƙafafun 19-inch tare da tayoyin Goodyear masu inganci (tare da Run on Flat ko fasahar RSC, waɗanda za mu kira su marasa aiki), saman-layi (sarrafa wutar lantarki!) Mai sarrafa wutar lantarki don sedan kasuwanci da chassis Wannan yana burgewa da wurin da ya dace a kan babbar hanya da kuma halin da ake iya hasashe akan hanyoyin tsaunuka masu kauri.

Tabbas chassis (kashi biyu na gaba da aluminum alloy Multi-link back) sulhu ne, kuma don haka ba shine mafi kyawun mafita ga kowace hanya ba, balle yanayin tuki daban-daban. Amma a BMW suna da maganin da ake kira Dynamic Damper Control wanda motar gwajin ba ta da shi.

Don haka kar ku yi mamakin cewa yayin ɗaukar hoto, 'mu' 535i sun lanƙwasa yayin da muka 'matse' shi ta hanyar lanƙwasa (hey, mun sadaukar da kanmu don kyakkyawan hoto kuma), kuma da wuya, amma da wuya, girgiza abun cikin rayuwa. . kadan a kan hanya mara kyau. Rufewar sauti shine mafi girman daraja, kamar yadda rediyo mai magana shida.

Ana ba da matsayin tuƙin ta wurin wurin zama mai daidaitawa a cikin kowane kwatance, madaidaicin matuƙin jirgin ruwa da matattarar hanzari a haɗe zuwa diddige. ... hmmm, idan munce dama, ba zamu rasa ba.

Abin da kawai ya ɓace shine sanyaya da tausa, kuma duk wani abu (madaidaicin wurin zama, daidaita madaidaicin baya, tallafin gefe, matattarar aiki) yakamata ya zama abin tsoro ga mahalarta. Farin fata yana da matukar damuwa ga datti kuma kowane mataki akan darduma masu duhu ana gane su nan da nan. Tabbas, a BMW, ba za mu iya rasa babban abin dubawa da ake kira iDrive ba.

Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata mun soki cewa kuna buƙatar zama aƙalla guru na kwamfuta don magance rikitattun zaɓaɓɓu a cikin motocin zamani, tare da sababbi waɗannan matsalolin ba su wanzu. Masu haɓakawa sun sanya ƙirar ta zama mai sauƙi, bayyananniya kuma an tsara don abokan ciniki masu fushi (musamman tsofaffi, waɗanda galibi sune manyan masu siyan waɗannan motocin limousines). ... a, kuma nice. Don sauƙin aiki, an haɗa ƙarin maɓallan (lakabi) guda bakwai, amma a kan kuɗin ɗaya, an 'yantar da na'ura wasan bidiyo daga maɓallan da yawa a duk inda hannu mai motsi yake.

Kuma don kammala karatun martaba cikakke, bari in jawo hankalin ku zuwa babban allo mai inganci mai inci 10 (diagonal 2 cm!), Wanda kusan ya fi girman allo girma a ofishina na gida. Ba a taɓa taɓawa ba, amma godiya ga sauƙin iDrive lever, ba ma rasa shi.

Tabbas, motocin da aka tanada yawanci suna da maɓallan da yawa, kuma gwajin BMW 535i ba banda bane. A kan sitiyarin fata na fata, mun sami maɓallan da yawa don rediyo, tarho da kula da zirga -zirgar jiragen ruwa, kuma a gefen hagu a ƙarƙashin sitiyarin mun shigar da kunna na'urori waɗanda ke sauƙaƙa rayuwar direba.

BMW da aka gwada yana da sarrafa jirgin ruwa mai aiki, wanda ke daidaita madaidaicin saiti zuwa abin hawa a gaba, don haka yana hanzarta zuwa saiti da aka saita, haka kuma birki a cikin taron jama'a, fitilun da za a iya daidaitawa, gargadin makafin mota da gargadin canjin da ba a zata ba. Idan direba ya canza layi ba tare da faɗakarwa ba, tsarin yana gano alamun layi kuma yana gargadin direban motsi ta hanyar girgiza sitiyarin a hankali.

Duk da yake sarrafa tafiye-tafiye mai aiki, fitilolin mota masu daidaitawa da faɗakar da makaho ba kawai na'urori da aka ba da shawarar ba, muna ɗan shakka game da gargaɗin canjin layin kwatsam. Wataƙila wannan ya sami karɓuwa musamman daga waɗancan ’yan kasuwa waɗanda suke tuƙi da gaske, in ba haka ba Slovenia ba ta da yawa don wannan. Koyaya, kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu aiki da gargaɗin canjin layi sune kayan aikin koyarwa na gaske, kamar yadda suke gargaɗi yawancin direbobin Slovenia game da tuƙi mara kyau.

Gudanar da zirga -zirgar jiragen ruwa mai aiki yana buƙatar wani tazara daga abin hawa a gaba don abin hawa zai iya yin jinkiri a zahiri idan aka sami raguwar sauri. Kodayake ana iya saita nesa mai aminci don tsarin, har yanzu yana (daidai da haka!) Babba, wanda sauran direbobi ke amfani da shi kuma suna "tsalle" cikin ramin da ke gabanka. Kuma kula da zirga -zirgar jiragen ruwa yana rage motar a duk lokacin da wani ya shiga ta. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa galibi yakan faru cewa koyaushe kuna kan layi akan hanyoyin mu, saboda ba duk direbobi bane ke da ra'ayin nesa mai aminci, don haka tsarin baya iya aiki yadda yakamata.

Hakanan yana tare da canjin layin da ba a shirya ba: alamun jujjuyawar mu sun fi yin ado, don haka irin wannan tsarin koyaushe zai yi muku gargaɗi game da haɗari, tunda bai “fahimta ba” cewa ba ma amfani da siginar juyawa yayin canza hanyoyin. Yi hakuri muna magana. Amma kar a ɗauka cewa Petica ba za ta iya biyan ƙarin ƙarin kayan masarufi ba.

A cikin gwajin, alal misali, babu tsinkaya a kan gilashin iska (Nunin Hankali), taimakon hangen dare (Hasken dare), taimakon kyamara (Surround View, kawai muna da na ƙarshe), tsarin ajiye motoci na gefe, an riga an ambata iko chassis damping control). ...

Amma yana da kaya masu tsada da yawa, har ma ba dole ba. Dubi jerin kuma kuyi mamaki: akan $ 400, na kasance memba na ɗakin karatu na gida tsawon rayuwata, don haka zan iya barin fitilun karatu sama da bencin baya; ko kuma a ƙarƙashin $ 600 don buɗe wutar lantarki da rufe akwati (wanda zai iya zama da sauri); ko makamancin haka don hasken sama, wanda, ga babban kwandishan, ya fi jan hankali fiye da taimako. ...

A cikin sabon Petica, dole ne mu lura da ingantaccen tsaro (55 bisa dari mafi ƙarfi saboda amfani da ƙarfe mai ƙarfi, jakunkuna huɗu da jakunkuna na labule, ESP mai sauyawa ko BMW DSC, kazalika da riga aka ambata jakunkuna masu aiki, masu kyau fitilolin mota, kula da zirga -zirgar jiragen ruwa.), Inganci (Ingantaccen Dynamics yana nufin cewa motar tana da madaidaicin iska don ingantacciyar iska, tana da injin injin tattalin arziƙi don tuƙi mai sauƙi, ingantaccen watsawa, nauyi mai nauyi godiya ga aluminium, sarrafa wutar lantarki, da sabuntawa lokacin hanzari ko birki. .!) da martaba ...

A halin yanzu ya fi 550i tsayi kawai, kuma da alama za a buɗe M5 nan ba da daɗewa ba, amma gaskiya, ban ga dalilin da zai sa in kasa gamsuwa da wannan injin na tilasta lita XNUMX na zamani ba. A cewar mazauna yankin, za su ce tana tashi sama kamar roka, ko kuma yin sumame kamar limousine na shugaban ƙasa, cewa yana iya yin sauri da sauri ko kuma ba a jin sa! Direba ne kawai ya kamata ya san yadda za a fitar da shi da abin da yake samu. Amma duk da dimbin na'urorin lantarki da ke cikin motar, abin ya faru da ni cewa wani direba mai sada zumunci a kan hanya ya gargade ni da in tuka tare da rufe murfin.

Tabbas, masu sha'awar a cikin kamfaninmu sun manta da rufe gidan injin gabaɗaya, kuma na'urar kayan aiki, tare da fitilu masu yawa da faɗakarwa, ba su san komai game da shi ba. Ga dalilin da ya sa gaskiya ne: BMW 535i mota ce mai daraja ta farko tare da direba mai kyau, ƙididdiga. Sannan zai iya amfani da cikakkiyar damar da aka ba shi a kan tire da masu injina da na'urorin lantarki na BMW suka ba shi. Ciki har da tsarin daidaitawa na DSC, wanda ke da tabbacin 400 Nm da tartsatsi 300 a ƙafafun baya. Tare da mu, ESP BMW babu shakka aikin mako ne, tunda ba mu bar shi ba. To, sai dai muguwar juyi da ba kasafai muka yi ba inda muka ba shi hutu muka yi amfani da kwarewarsa.

Fuska da fuska: Dusan Lukic

Waɗannan Beamvies galibi suna da ban haushi. Tabbas, ga gasar. Har ila yau, sun yi nasarar ƙirƙirar motar da ke da ban sha'awa game da zane (akalla ra'ayoyin sun bambanta a kan siffarta), wanda ke iyaka a kan aikin injiniya ko fasaha. Man fetur mai turbocharged ya ƙunshi halayen da injin sedan na wasanni ya kamata ya kasance da shi, watsawa yana da kyau, iyakokin tuƙi akan telepathy, chassis shine cikakkiyar haɗakar wasanni da ta'aziyya. Kuma ina zaune a bayan motar da kyau fiye da na zamanin da. Mafi kyawun ajin wannan hips? A ganina, babu shakka.

Nawa ne kudin kayan gwajin mota?

Fentin karfe - 1.028 Yuro.

Fata na Dakota - Yuro 2.109

8-gudun atomatik watsa - 2.409 Yuro

Tukin motsa jiki na fata - Yuro 147

19-inch alloy ƙafafun tare da taya - 2.623 Yuro

Buɗewa ta atomatik da rufe murfin akwati - Yuro 588

Rear view kamara - 441 Tarayyar Turai

Gilashin rufin - 577 Yuro

Ta'aziyya gaban kujeru tare da lantarki daidaitawa - 2.371 Yuro

Ski jakar - 105 Yuro

Tsarin jigilar kayayyaki masu tsayi - 525 EUR

Zafafa gaban kujeru - 399 Tarayyar Turai

Fineline itace ciki - 556 Tarayyar Turai

Hasken karatu na baya BMW - 420 EUR

Ayyukan haske mai yaduwa - Yuro 294

Wutar lantarki - Yuro 283

Taimakon yin kiliya gaba da baya - Yuro 850

Xenon fitilolin mota - Yuro 976

Daidaitacce fitilolin mota - 472 Yuro

Kunnawa da kashewa ta atomatik na babban katako - 157 EUR

Gargadi idan akwai canjin layin da ba da niyya ba - 546 EUR

Taimakon canjin layi - Yuro 651

Gudanar da tafiye-tafiye mai aiki - Yuro 1.626

Tsarin kewayawa ƙwararrun - Yuro 2.634

Shirye-shiryen wayar motar motar Bluetooth - 672 EUR

Tsarin magana na HiFi - Yuro 619

Kebul na USB - Yuro 315

BMW Mutum mai goge tint - 546 EUR

Alyosha Mrak, hoto: Aleш Pavleti.

BMW 535i

Bayanan Asali

Talla: BMW GROUP Slovenia
Farashin ƙirar tushe: 52.300 €
Kudin samfurin gwaji: 78.635 €
Ƙarfi:225 kW (306


KM)
Hanzari (0-100 km / h): 6,1 s
Matsakaicin iyaka: 250 km / h
Amfani da ECE, sake zagayowar: 12,5 l / 100km
Garanti: Garanti na shekara 2, garantin wayar hannu na shekaru 5, garanti na varnish na shekaru 3, garanti na tsatsa na shekaru 12.

Kudin (har zuwa kilomita 100.000 ko shekaru biyar)

Ayyuka na yau da kullun, ayyuka, kayan: an haɗa shi cikin farashin motar €
Man fetur: 14.925 €
Taya (1) 2.133 €
Inshorar tilas: 5.020 €
CASCO INSURANCE ( + B, K), AO, AO +6.390


(
Yi lissafin kudin inshorar mota
Sayi sama .54.322 0,54 XNUMX (farashin km: XNUMX


)

Bayanin fasaha

injin: 6-Silinda - 4-bugun jini - in-line - turbo petrol - longitudinally saka a gaba - bore da bugun jini 89,6 × 84 mm - gudun hijira 2.979 cm? - matsawa 10,2: 1 - matsakaicin iko 225 kW (306 hp) a 5.800 rpm - matsakaicin saurin piston a matsakaicin ƙarfin 16,2 m / s - takamaiman iko 75,5 kW / l (102,7 hp / l) - Matsakaicin ƙarfin 400 Nm a 1.200-5.000 rpm - 2 camshafts a cikin kai (sarkar) - 4 bawuloli a kowace silinda - Allurar man dogo na yau da kullun - Turbocharger mai cirewa - Cajin mai sanyaya iska.
Canja wurin makamashi: injin yana tafiyar da ƙafafun baya - watsawa ta atomatik 8-gudun - gear rabo I. 4,714; II. 3,143 hours; III. 2,106 hours; IV. 1,667 hours; v. 1,285; VI. 1,000; VII. 0,839; VIII. 0,667 - bambancin 2,813 - rims 8 J × 19 - Tayoyin gaba 245/40 R 19, baya 275/35 R19, kewayawa 2,04 m.
Ƙarfi: babban gudun 250 km / h - 0-100 km / h hanzari 6,1 s - man fetur amfani (ECE) 11,8 / 6,6 / 8,5 l / 100 km, CO2 watsi 199 g / km.
Sufuri da dakatarwa: sedan - ƙofofin 4, kujeru 5 - jiki mai goyan bayan kai - dakatarwa guda ɗaya ta gaba, maɓuɓɓugan ganye, raƙuman giciye masu magana guda uku, stabilizer - axle mai haɗawa da yawa na baya, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, masu ɗaukar girgiza telescopic, stabilizer - birki na gaba (tilastawa sanyaya) , Rear fayafai (tilas sanyaya), ABS, ikon tutiya, ikon tuƙi, raya dabaran tutiya (na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa), ikon tuƙi,


2,9 karkatarwa tsakanin matsanancin maki.
taro: fanko abin hawa 1.775 kg - halatta jimlar nauyi 2.310 kg - halatta trailer nauyi tare da birki: 2.000 kg, ba tare da birki: 750 kg - halatta rufin lodi: 100 kg.
Girman waje: faɗin abin hawa 1.860 mm, waƙa ta gaba 1.600 mm, waƙa ta baya 1.627 mm, share ƙasa 11,9 m.
Girman ciki: Nisa gaban 1.520 mm, raya 1.550 mm - wurin zama tsawon gaban wurin zama 500-560 mm, raya wurin zama 540 mm - tuƙi dabaran diamita 390 mm - man fetur tank 70 l.
Akwati: An auna ƙarar akwati tare da daidaitaccen saitin AM na akwatunan Samsonite 5 (jimlar 278,5 L): wurare 5: akwati 1 (36 L), akwati 1 (85,5 L), akwatuna 2 (68,5 L), jakar baya 1 (20 l). l).

Ma’aunanmu

T = 10 ° C / p = 1.190 mbar / rel. vl. = 35% / Taya: Goodyear Excellence gaban 245/40 / R 19 Y, na baya 275/35 / R 19 Y / Matsayin Mileage: 2.109 km
Hanzari 0-100km:6,1s
402m daga birnin: Shekaru 14,3 (


161 km / h)
Matsakaicin iyaka: 250 km / h


(VI., VII. B VIII.)
Mafi qarancin amfani: 11,3 l / 100km
Matsakaicin amfani: 14,2 l / 100km
gwajin amfani: 12,5 l / 100km
Nisan birki a 130 km / h: 70,2m
Nisan birki a 100 km / h: 39,0m
Teburin AM: 39m
Hayaniya a 50 km / h a cikin kaya na 352dB
Hayaniya a 50 km / h a cikin kaya na 450dB
Hayaniya a 50 km / h a cikin kaya na 548dB
Hayaniya a 90 km / h a cikin kaya na 362dB
Hayaniya a 90 km / h a cikin kaya na 460dB
Hayaniya a 90 km / h a cikin kaya na 558dB
Hayaniya a 90 km / h a cikin kaya na 656dB
Hayaniya a 130 km / h a cikin kaya na 466dB
Hayaniya a 130 km / h a cikin kaya na 565dB
Hayaniya a 130 km / h a cikin kaya na 664dB
Hayaniya: 34dB
Kuskuren gwaji: babu kuskure

Gaba ɗaya ƙimar (363/420)

  • Kyakkyawar motar da ke tabbatar da aikace -aikacen abin da injiniyoyin zamani (injin, watsawa) da lantarki (musamman tsarin tsaro) ke iyawa. Abin takaici, yana kashe kuɗi, musamman lokacin kallon kayan haɗi.

  • Na waje (14/15)

    Ga wasu, yana kama da XNUMX, amma in ba haka ba kyakkyawa ne kuma mai ƙarfi.

  • Ciki (112/140)

    Dangane da roominess, ya rasa maki da yawa (don haka suna da GT), ingantaccen ergonomics da madaidaicin masana'antu. Ko girman gangar jikin ba ya fidda rai.

  • Injin, watsawa (62


    / 40

    Ana iya kiran injin ɗin lafiya a matsayin injin ɗin shekara, da kuma watsawa ta atomatik. Chassis, duk da haka, yana ba da kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tsakanin ta'aziyya da jin daɗi lokacin ƙetare.

  • Ayyukan tuki (64


    / 95

    Kyakkyawan pedals da lever gear, matsayi mai kyan gani akan hanya. Ana jin ƙima yayin tuƙi mai ƙarfi!

  • Ayyuka (33/35)

    Ba za mu iya zarge shi da komai ba, kawai yana da 550i kuma - wata rana - M5.

  • Tsaro (36/45)

    Akwai kayan aiki da yawa, kuma a cikin jerin kayan haɗin za ku iya samun ƙarin.

  • Tattalin Arziki

    Matsakaicin yawan amfani da mai (har yanzu ana buƙatar sake kunna wutar walƙiya 300), in mun gwada babban farashin kayan aiki da garantin matsakaici.

Muna yabawa da zargi

injiniya (aiki, gudana mai santsi)

gearbox

amsawar ikon tuƙi

Kayan aiki

raya drive

babban allo da iDrive

kujeru, matsayin tuki

ta'aziyya

umarnin aiki na lantarki da rayarwa

Farashin

amfani da mai

kujeru masu haske

nauyi a guiwa steered bends

ƙarin madaidaicin wurin zama na baya don irin wannan babbar mota

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