Gwajin fitar da man mota: biodiesel PART 2

Kamfanoni na farko da suka ba da garanti ga injunan su na biodiesel sune masana'antun aikin gona da na sufuri kamar Steyr, John Deere, Massey-Ferguson, Lindner da Mercedes-Benz. Bayan haka, an ba da fa'ida sosai ga rabe -raben albarkatun mai kuma yanzu ya haɗa da motocin sufuri na jama'a da taksi a wasu biranen.

Rashin jituwa kan bayarwa ko kaucewa daga garanti daga masana'antun mota dangane da dacewa da injina don yin aiki da biodiesel yana haifar da matsaloli da rashin fahimta da yawa. Misalin irin wannan rashin fahimtar ita ce lokuta da yawa yayin da mai kera tsarin mai (akwai irin wannan misali tare da Bosch) baya bada garantin amincin abubuwan da aka hada shi yayin amfani da biodiesel, da kuma kamfanin kera mota, sanya irin abubuwanda suka dace a cikin injina , yana ba da irin wannan garantin ... Matsaloli na ainihi a cikin irin wannan rikice-rikicen A wasu lokuta, suna farawa tare da bayyanar lahani waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da nau'in man da aka yi amfani da shi.

A sakamakon haka, ana iya tuhume shi da zunubai waɗanda babu laifi a cikinsu, ko akasin haka - barata lokacin da suke. A yayin da ake korafi, masana'antun (wanda VW misali ne na yau da kullun a Jamus) a mafi yawan lokuta suna wanke hannayensu da ƙarancin ingancin man fetur, kuma babu wanda zai iya tabbatar da haka. A ka'ida, masana'anta na iya nemo kofa koyaushe kuma su guje wa alhakin duk wani lahani da ya yi iƙirarin haɗa shi a cikin garantin kamfanin. Daidai don kauce wa rashin fahimta da jayayya irin wannan a nan gaba, injiniyoyin VW sun ƙera na'urar firikwensin matakin man fetur (wanda za'a iya gina shi a cikin Golf V) don tantance nau'i da ingancin man fetur, wanda, idan ya cancanta, yana nuna buƙatar gyara a. lokacin. Injin allurar mai wanda ke sarrafa hanyoyin da ke cikin injin.

Amfanin

Kamar yadda muka riga muka ambata, biodiesel baya dauke da sinadarin sulphur, domin ya kunshi na halitta ne gaba daya kuma daga baya aka sarrafa kitse. A gefe guda, kasancewar sulfur a cikin man dizal na gargajiya yana da amfani saboda yana taimakawa sa mai cikin abubuwan da ke cikin wutar lantarki, amma a daya bangaren, yana da illa (musamman ga tsarin dizal na zamani), tunda yana samar da sinadarin sulphur da kuma acid wanda yake cutarwa ga kananan abubuwan shi. Sinadarin sulphur na man dizal a Turai da sassan Amurka (California) ya ragu ƙwarai a cikin recentan shekarun nan saboda dalilan muhalli, wanda hakan ba makawa ya ƙara tsadar mai. Hakanan kayan sa mai na lubricating suma sun lalace tare da raguwar abun da ke cikin sulphur, amma wannan rashin dacewar ana biyan sa cikin sauki ta hanyar ƙarin abubuwan ƙari da biodiesel, wanda a wannan yanayin ya zama abin al'ajabi mai ban al'ajabi.

Biodiesel an hada shi gaba daya da paracaric hydrocarbons tare da madaidaiciya da kuma rassan links kuma ba ya dauke da aromatic (mono - da polycyclic) hydrocarbons. Kasancewar karshen (barga kuma, sabili da haka, low-cetane) mahadi a cikin mai na man dizal shine ɗayan manyan dalilan rashin ƙonewar wuta a cikin injuna da sakin ƙarin abubuwa masu cutarwa a cikin hayaƙi, kuma saboda wannan dalili ne adadin cetane na biodiesel ya fi na daya kyau. man dizal. Nazarin ya nuna cewa saboda kayyadaddun sinadarai, da kuma kasancewar iskar oxygen a cikin kwayoyin halittar biodiesel, tana konewa gaba daya, kuma abubuwan cutarwa da aka saki yayin konewa sun ragu sosai (duba Tebur).

Aikin injunan gas

Dangane da yawancin binciken da aka gudanar a Amurka da wasu ƙasashen Turai, amfani da biodiesel na dogon lokaci yana rage lalacewa na abubuwan silinda idan aka kwatanta da lokuta lokacin da ake amfani da dizal na al'ada tare da ƙarancin sulfur. Saboda kasancewar iskar oxygen a cikin kwayoyin halittarsa, biofuel yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfin kuzari idan aka kwatanta da dizal ɗin mai, amma iskar oxygen iri ɗaya yana ƙara haɓakar hanyoyin konewa kuma kusan gaba ɗaya yana rama ƙarancin abun ciki na makamashi. Adadin iskar oxygen da ainihin siffar ƙwayoyin methyl ester suna haifar da ɗan bambanci a cikin lambar cetane da abun ciki na makamashi na biodiesel dangane da nau'in kayan abinci. A cikin wasu daga cikinsu, amfani yana ƙaruwa, amma ƙarin alluran man da ake buƙata don samar da wutar lantarki ɗaya yana nufin ƙananan yanayin yanayin aiki, da haɓakar haɓakar sa. A tsauri sigogi na engine aiki a kan mafi na kowa a Turai biodiesel man fetur samar daga rapeseed (abin da ake kira "fasaha" rapeseed, genetically modified da kuma m abinci da abinci), su ne daidai da na man dizal. Lokacin amfani da danyen sunflower tsaba ko amfani da mai daga fryers gidan cin abinci (waɗanda su kansu cakuda mai daban-daban), akwai matsakaicin 7 zuwa 10% digo a cikin iko, amma a yawancin lokuta raguwa na iya zama mafi girma. babba. Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa injunan biodiesel sau da yawa suna guje wa haɓakar ƙarfi a matsakaicin nauyi - tare da ƙimar har zuwa 13%. Ana iya bayyana wannan ta gaskiyar cewa a cikin waɗannan nau'o'in rabo tsakanin oxygen kyauta da man fetur da aka yi amfani da shi ya ragu sosai, wanda, bi da bi, yana haifar da lalacewa a cikin ingantaccen tsarin konewa. Koyaya, biodiesel yana jigilar iskar oxygen, wanda ke hana waɗannan mummunan tasirin.

Matsalolin

Duk da haka, bayan yawan bita da shawarwari, me yasa biodiesel ba zai zama babban kayan aiki ba? Kamar yadda muka ambata a baya, dalilan da ke haifar da hakan na farko sune na yau da kullun da kuma tunanin mutum, amma dole ne a kara wasu bangarorin fasaha.

Tasirin wannan burbushin mai akan sassan injuna, kuma musamman kan abubuwanda ke cikin tsarin abinci, har yanzu ba'a tabbatar dashi ba, duk da yawan karatu a wannan yankin. An bayar da rahoton kararraki inda amfani da sinadarai masu yawa na biodiesel a cikin cakuda ya haifar da lalacewa da saurin narkewar bututun roba da wasu robobi masu taushi, gasket da gasket wadanda suka zama masu danko, laushi da kumbura. A ka'ida, yana da sauki magance wannan matsalar ta maye gurbin bututun da kayan roba, amma har yanzu ba a bayyana ba ko masu kera motoci za su kasance a shirye don irin wannan jarin.

Kayan abinci na biodiesel daban-daban suna da kaddarorin jiki daban-daban a ƙananan yanayin zafi. Saboda haka, wasu nau'in biodiesel sun fi dacewa don amfani da su a cikin hunturu fiye da wasu, kuma masu sana'a na biodiesel suna ƙara kayan haɓaka na musamman ga man fetur wanda ke rage yanayin girgije kuma yana taimakawa wajen farawa da sauƙi a kwanakin sanyi. Wata babbar matsala ta biodiesel ita ce karuwar matakin nitrogen oxides a cikin iskar gas na injin da ke aiki akan wannan man.

Kudin samar da biodiesel ya dogara da farko akan nau'in kayan abinci, ingancin girbi, ingancin masana'antar samarwa da, sama da duka, tsarin harajin mai. Misali, saboda karya harajin da aka yi niyya a Jamus, biodiesel ya ɗan ɗan rahusa fiye da dizal na al'ada, kuma gwamnatin Amurka ta ƙarfafa amfani da biodiesel a matsayin mai a cikin sojoji. A cikin 2007, za a gabatar da kayan aikin biofuels na ƙarni na biyu ta amfani da yawan shuka azaman kayan abinci - a cikin wannan yanayin tsarin da ake kira biomass-to-liquid (BTL) wanda Choren ke amfani da shi.

Tuni akwai tashoshi da yawa a cikin Jamus inda za'a iya cike mai mai tsafta, kuma kayan aikin cikewar suna da izini ta kamfanin injiniyan SGS a Aachen, kuma kamfanin canzawa na Aetra daga Paderborn yana ba su duka masu gidajen mai da kuma ɗaiɗaikun mutane. amfani. Dangane da daidaitawar motoci na motoci, an sami ci gaba sosai a wannan yanki a cikin recentan shekarun nan. Idan har zuwa jiya yawancin masu amfani da mai sun kasance masu zaman dizal daga shekaru tamanin, yau injina masu amfani da allura kai tsaye suna canzawa zuwa man kayan lambu, har ma da waɗanda ke amfani da allurar injina masu mahimmanci da hanyoyin Rail Rail. Buƙatar kuma tana ƙaruwa, kuma a kwanan nan kasuwar Jamusanci na iya bayar da sauye-sauye masu dacewa ga duk motoci tare da injina waɗanda ke aiki bisa ƙa'idar ƙone kansu.

Kamfanoni masu mahimmanci waɗanda ke shigar da kayan aiki masu kyau suna mamaye wurin. Koyaya, mafi ban mamaki juyin halitta yana faruwa ne a cikin mai ɗaukar makamashin kanta. Duk da haka, farashin mai yana da wuya ya sauka ƙasa da cent 60 a kowace lita, babban dalilin wannan mashigar shi ne cewa ana amfani da abinci iri ɗaya wajen samar da biodiesel.

binciken

Biodiesel har yanzu man fetur ne mai cike da cece-kuce da shakku. Masu adawa da shi dai na zarginsa da gurbatattun layukan mai da layukan mai, da gurbatattun kayan karafa da gurbatattun famfunan mai, kuma kamfanonin motoci sun nisanta kansu daga hanyoyin muhalli, watakila don su samu natsuwa. Dokokin doka don tabbatar da wannan man fetur, wanda babu shakka yana da ban sha'awa saboda dalilai da yawa, har yanzu ba a amince da su ba.

Duk da haka, kada mu manta cewa ya bayyana a kasuwa kwanan nan - kusan ba fiye da shekaru goma ba. Wannan lokacin ya mamaye ƙarancin farashi na man fetur na yau da kullun, wanda ba zai haifar da saka hannun jari a ci gaban fasaha da haɓaka abubuwan more rayuwa don ƙarfafa amfani da shi ba. Ya zuwa yanzu, babu wanda ya yi tunani game da yadda za a zana dukkan abubuwa na injin man fetur tsarin domin su ne gaba daya m ga harin m biodiesel.

Sai dai kuma abubuwa na iya canzawa sosai da kuma ban mamaki - tare da hauhawar farashin mai a halin yanzu da karancinsa, duk da bude kofofin kasashe da kamfanoni na kungiyar OPEC, dacewar wasu hanyoyin kamar su biodiesel na iya fashe a zahiri. Sannan masu kera motoci da kamfanonin mota za su ba da garantin da ya dace don samfuran su lokacin da ake mu'amala da madadin da ake so.

Kuma da sannu mafi kyau, saboda ba da daɗewa ba za a sami wasu hanyoyin. A ra'ayina na kaskantar da kai, nan ba da jimawa ba dies da dinz din za su zama wani bangare na kayan, wanda za a sayar da shi a gidajen mai a tsarin "dizal na gargajiya". Kuma wannan zai zama farkon ...

Camilo Holebeck-Biodiesel Raffinerie Gmbh, Austria: “Duk motocin Turai da aka kera bayan shekara ta 1996 na iya gudanar da aiki lami lafiya a kan biodiesel. Daidaitaccen man dizal da masu amfani ke cikawa a Faransa ya ƙunshi kashi 5 cikin ɗari, yayin da a Jamhuriyar Czech abin da ake kira “Bionafta ya ƙunshi 30% na man ƙanshi”.

Terry de Vichne, Amurka: “Lowarancin dizal mai wanda yake da ƙarancin mai ya rage maƙarƙashiya da halin manne wa sassan roba. Kamfanonin mai na Amurka sun fara kara man gas domin inganta mai. Kamfanin na Shell yana kara 2% biodiesel, wanda ke dauke da iskar oxygen da kuma rage hayaki mai cutarwa. Biodiesel, a matsayin kwayar halitta, roba za ta shanye shi, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan an maye gurbinsa da wasu polymer. ”

Martin Styles, mai amfani da Ingila: “Bayan ya tuka motar Volvo 940 (tare da injin VW mai lita 2,5) akan injin da aka kera a gida, injin ya tarwatse na kilomita 50. Babu walwala da annuri a kaina! Bawul ɗin ci da shaye -shaye sun kasance masu tsabta kuma allurar ta yi aiki mai kyau akan bencin gwajin. Babu alamun lalata ko ƙura a kansu. Sanyewar injin yana cikin iyakokin al'ada kuma babu alamun ƙarin matsalolin man. ”