Mota mai amfani da hasken rana. Ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi

A cikin neman sauran hanyoyin samar da makamashi, kamfanonin motoci suna saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin kirkire-kirkire. Godiya ga wannan, duniyar mota ta karɓi ingantattun motocin lantarki, da kuma rukunin makamashi masu ƙarfafar hydrogen.

Game da injinan hydrogen, mun riga kwanan nan yayi magana... Bari mu ɗan ƙara mai da hankali kan motocin lantarki. A cikin fasali na yau da kullun, wannan mota ce mai babbar batir (kodayake akwai su supercapacitor model), wanda aka caje shi daga samarda wutar lantarki ta gida, haka kuma a tashar tashar mai.

La'akari da cewa caji ɗaya, musamman a lokacin sanyi, bai isa ba na dogon lokaci, injiniyoyi suna ƙoƙari su wadata motar da ƙarin tsarin don tattara makamashi mai amfani wanda aka saki yayin motsin motar. Don haka, tsarin farfadowa yana tattara kuzarin karfi daga tsarin taka birki, kuma lokacin da motar ke tafiya, kangon yana aiki kamar janareta.

Wasu samfuran suna sanye da injin konewa na ciki, wanda ke aiki kawai azaman janareta, ko da motar tana tuƙi ko a'a. Misalin irin waɗannan motocin shine Chevrolet Volt.

Akwai wani tsarin da zai baku damar samun makamashin da ake buƙata ba tare da hayaki mai cutarwa ba. Waɗannan sune hasken rana. Ya kamata a yarda cewa an dade ana amfani da wannan fasaha, misali, a kumbo, da kuma samar da tashoshin wutar lantarki da makamashinsu.

Me za ku ce game da yiwuwar amfani da wannan fasaha a cikin motocin lantarki?

Babban halayen

Solarungiyar hasken rana tana aiki bisa ƙa'idar sauya makamashin haskenmu zuwa wutar lantarki. Domin motar ta sami damar motsawa a kowane lokaci na rana, dole ne a tara makamashi a cikin batirin. Wannan tushen wutar dole ne ya samar da wutar lantarki mai mahimmanci ga sauran masu amfani da suke da muhimmanci don tuki lafiya (misali, goge goge da fitilun wuta) da kuma ta'aziyya (alal misali, dumama wurin fasinja).

Kamfanoni da yawa a Amurka sun fara yin amfani da wannan fasahar a cikin shekarun 1950. Koyaya, wannan matakin mai amfani bai yi nasara ba. Dalilin kuwa shi ne rashin batir masu ƙarfin gaske. Saboda wannan, motar lantarki ba ta da ikon ajiyar wuta kaɗan, musamman a cikin duhu. An jinkirta aikin har zuwa mafi kyawu.

A cikin shekaru 90, sun sake sha'awar fasahar, saboda ya zama mai yiwuwa ƙirƙirar batura tare da haɓaka ƙwarewa. Godiya ga wannan, samfurin zai iya tattara ƙarin makamashi, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi yayin motsi.

Ci gaban sufuri na lantarki yana ba da damar amfani da cajin da kyau. Bugu da kari, kowane kamfanin mota yana da sha'awar rage yawan kuzari ta hanyar rage ja daga watsawa, iska mai zuwa, da sauran dalilai. Wannan yana ba ka damar haɓaka ajiyar wutar lantarki a caji ɗaya ta fiye da kilomita ɗaya. Yanzu wannan tazarar ana auna ta da kilomita dari da yawa.

Hakanan, ci gaba da sauye-sauye marasa nauyi na jiki da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun taimaka mai kyau a cikin wannan. Wannan yana rage nauyin abin hawa, yana tasiri tasirin saurin abin hawa. Duk waɗannan cigaban cigaban ana amfani dasu a cikin motocin hasken rana.

Injin da aka girka a kan irin waɗannan motocin sun cancanci kulawa ta musamman. Waɗannan su ne samfuran gogewa. Irin waɗannan gyare-gyaren suna amfani da abubuwa masu maɗaukaki na musamman waɗanda ke rage juriya birgima kuma suna ƙara ƙarfin tashar wutar lantarki.

Wani zaɓi wanda ke da tasiri mafi yawa shine amfani da ƙafafun keɓaɓɓu. Don haka tashar wutar lantarki ba za ta bata makamashi ba don shawo kan juriya daga abubuwan watsawa daban-daban. Wannan maganin zai zama mai amfani musamman ga motar da ke da nau'in shuka na lantarki.

Sabon ci gaba ya ba da izinin amfani da injin wutar lantarki a kusan kowane abin hawa mai kafa huɗu. Wannan gyare-gyaren batir ne mai sassauƙa. Zai iya sakin wutar lantarki yadda yakamata kuma ya ɗauki nau'ikan tsari da yawa. Godiya ga wannan, ana iya shigar da wutar lantarki a sassa daban-daban na motar.

Ana yin cajin baturi daga allon, wanda galibi yana saman motar, tunda rufin yana da tsari mai faɗi kuma yana ba ku damar sanya abubuwan a kusurwar dama zuwa hasken rana.

Menene motocin hasken rana

Kusan kowane kamfani yana haɓaka ingantattun motoci masu amfani da hasken rana. Anan akwai wasu ayyukan motar da muka riga muka kammala:

• Motar lantarki ta Faransa tare da irin wannan tushen wutar ita ce Venturi Eclectic. An kirkiro ra'ayin a cikin 2006. Motar tana sanye da injin wuta wanda zai iya daukar karfin 22. Matsakaicin saurin sufuri shine 50 km / h, wanda kewayon kewayawa yakai kilomita hamsin. Maƙerin yana amfani da janareto na iska azaman ƙarin tushen makamashi.
• Astrolab Eclectic wani ci gaba ne na wannan kamfanin na Faransa, wanda aka samar dashi ta hanyar hasken rana. Abinda motar ta kera shi ne cewa tana da jiki a bude, kuma kwamitin yana kusa da kewayen direban da fasinjan sa. Wannan yana kiyaye tsakiyar nauyi kusa da ƙasa kamar yadda ya yiwu. Wannan samfurin yana haɓaka zuwa 120 km / h. Baturin kansa yana da babban ƙarfin kuma yana tsaye kai tsaye ƙarƙashin faren rana. Ofarfin shigarwa 16 kW.
• Mota mai amfani da hasken rana ta Dutch don duka dangin - Stella. Wani rukuni na ɗalibai ne suka haɓaka samfurin a cikin 2013. Motar ta sami sifa mai zuwa, kuma jikin an yi ta ne da aluminium. Matsakaicin iyakar da mota zata iya rufewa ya kai kimanin kilomita 600.
• A cikin 2015, wani samfurin aiki, Immortus, wanda aka kirkira ta EVX Ventures daga Melbourne, Ostiraliya. Wannan motar lantarki mai kujeru biyu ta sami madaidaiciyar hasken rana, wanda girmansa yakai santimita 2286. A lokacin rana, motocin zasu iya yin tafiya tsawon yini ba tare da yin caji a wani tazara ba. Don samar da makamashi ga cibiyar sadarwar jirgin, ana amfani da baturi mai ƙarfin 10 kW / h kawai. A cikin rana mai giragizai, motar tana da ikon rufe nisan kilomita 399, har ma da aƙalla gudun 59 km / h. Kamfanin yana shirin ƙaddamar da samfurin a cikin jerin, amma iyakance - kusan ɗari ne kawai. Kudin irin wannan motar zai zama kusan dala dubu 370.
• Wata motar da ke amfani da wannan nau'in makamashi tana nuna kyakkyawan sakamako, har ma da motar motsa jiki. Tsarin Green GT na Solar World GT yana da karfin doki 400 da kuma iyakokin gudu na kilomita 275 a kowace awa.
• A cikin 2011, gasa tsakanin motocin masu amfani da hasken rana ta gudana. Kamfanin Tokai Challenger 2 ne ya lashe shi, motar lantarki ta kasar Japan wacce ke amfani da hasken rana. Motar tana da nauyin kilogram 140 kawai kuma tana saurin zuwa 160 km / h.

Halin yanzu

A cikin 2017, kamfanin Jamus na Sono Motors ya gabatar da samfurin Sion, wanda ya riga ya shiga jerin. Kudin sa daga 29 USD. wannan motar lantarki ta karɓi bangarorin hasken rana kusan a duk faɗin jikin mutum.

Motar tana hanzarta zuwa 100 km / h. a cikin dakika 9, kuma iyakar gudu shine kilomita 140 / awa. Baturin yana da damar 35 kW / h da ikon ajiyar kilomita 255. Solarungiyar hasken rana tana ba da ƙaramar caji (na yini ɗaya a rana, batirin zai sake yin caji don ya rufe kusan kilomita 40), amma ba za a iya tuƙa motar da wannan ƙarfin kawai ba.

A cikin 2019, injiniyoyin Dutch daga Jami'ar Eindhoven sun ba da sanarwar fara tattara oda kafin a samar da fitaccen littafin Lightyear. A cewar injiniyoyin, wannan ƙirar ta ƙunshi sigogin ingantacciyar motar lantarki: babban kewayon caji ɗaya da ikon tara isasshen makamashi don doguwar tafiya.

Wasu daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar sun yi aiki don Tesla da sauran sanannun kamfanonin kera motoci waɗanda ke da hannu dumu-dumu cikin ƙirƙirar ingantattun motocin lantarki. Godiya ga wannan ƙwarewar, ƙungiyar ta sami nasarar ƙirƙirar mota tare da babbar ajiyar wutar lantarki (dangane da saurin hawa, wannan siginar ya bambanta daga kilomita 400 zuwa 800).

Kamar yadda kamfanin ya yi alkawarin, motar zata iya tafiyar kusan kilomita dubu 20 a shekara ne kawai ta hanyar amfani da hasken rana. Wannan bayanan ya jawo hankalin masu sha'awar mota da yawa, godiya ga abin da kamfanin ya sami damar jawo hankalin kusan Euro miliyan 15 a cikin saka hannun jari kuma ya tattara kusan ɗari kafin umarni a cikin gajeren lokaci. Gaskiya ne, farashin irin wannan motar yakai euro dubu 119.

A cikin wannan shekarar, kamfanin kera motoci na kasar Japan ya sanar da gwajin wata babbar motar kasar, Prius, wacce ke dauke da hasken rana. Kamar yadda wakilan kamfanin suka yi alƙawarin, injin ɗin zai sami bangarori masu siririn gaske, waɗanda ake amfani da su a sararin samaniya. Wannan zai ba da damar inji ta kasance mai zaman kanta daga filogi da soket yadda ya kamata.

Zuwa yau, sananne ne cewa ana iya sake yin kwalliyar a yanayin rana don kilomita 56 kawai. Bugu da ƙari, motar na iya tsayawa a cikin filin ajiye motoci ko tuƙi a kan hanya. A cewar babban injiniyan sashen, Satoshi Shizuki, ba za a saki samfurin a cikin jerin nan ba da jimawa ba, saboda babban abin da ke kawo cikas ga wannan shi ne rashin iya samar da ingantacciyar kwayar hasken rana ga wani mai mota.

Ribobi da fursunoni na motoci masu amfani da hasken rana

Don haka, mota mai amfani da hasken rana ita ce motar lantarki iri ɗaya, kawai tana amfani da ƙarin tushen wutar lantarki - hasken rana. Kamar kowane motar lantarki, irin wannan abin hawa yana da fa'idodi masu zuwa:

• Babu fitarwa, amma kawai a cikin yanayin amfani da wutar lantarki kawai;
• Idan ana amfani da injin konewa na ciki kawai a matsayin janareto, wannan shima yana da kyakkyawan tasiri kan abota ta muhalli na sufuri. Unitungiyar wutar lantarki ba ta fuskantar yawan caji, saboda abin da MTC ke ƙonewa yadda ya kamata;
• Ana iya amfani da kowane ƙarfin baturi. Abu mafi mahimmanci shine motar zata iya ɗauke ta;
• Rashin hadaddun kayan aikin inji na tabbatar da tsawon rayuwar motar;
• Babban ta'aziyya yayin tuki. Yayin aiki, tashar wutar lantarki ba ta yin kugi, haka kuma ba ta rawar jiki;
• Babu buƙatar neman man da ya dace da injin;
• Ci gaban zamani yana tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi wanda aka saki a kowace safara, amma ba amfani dashi a cikin motocin al'ada.

Duk rashin dacewar motocin lantarki, motocin masu amfani da hasken rana suna da abubuwan rashin amfani kamar haka:

• Hasken rana yayi tsada sosai. Zaɓin kasafin kuɗi yana buƙatar babban yanki na fallasa zuwa hasken rana, kuma ana amfani da ƙananan gyare-gyare a cikin kumbon sama jannati, kuma suna da tsada sosai ga masu sha'awar mota na yau da kullun;
• Motoci masu amfani da hasken rana basu da karfi da sauri kamar na fetur ko na dizal. Kodayake wannan kari ne ga amincin wannan jigilar - za a sami karancin matukan jirgi a kan hanyoyin da ba sa ɗaukar ran wasu da mahimmanci;
• Kula da irin waɗannan motocin ba zai yiwu ba, tunda hatta tashoshin sabis na hukuma ba su da kwararrun da suka fahimci irin waɗannan abubuwan shigarwa.

Waɗannan sune manyan dalilan da yasa ko kwafin aiki suka kasance cikin rukunin ra'ayi. A bayyane, kowa yana jiran wanda zai kashe makudan kudade da gangan don abubuwa su tafi. Wani abu makamancin haka ya faru yayin kamfanoni da yawa suna da samfurin motoci na lantarki. Koyaya, har sai kamfanin Elon Musk ya ɗauki nauyin duka, babu wanda ya so ya kashe kuɗinsu, amma ya yanke shawarar bin hanyar da aka riga aka doke.

Ga taƙaitaccen bayani game da irin wannan abin hawa, Toyota Prius:

Kai! Toyota Prius akan hasken rana!