Atkinson, Miller, Tsarin B-sake zagayowar: abin da gaske yake nufi

VTG turbochargers a cikin injunan VW a zahiri an gyara rakarorin dizal.

Atkinson da Miller kullun ana haɗa su tare da haɓaka aiki, amma sau da yawa babu bambanci tsakanin su. Wataƙila ba shi da ma'ana, saboda canje-canjen biyu sun zo ne zuwa falsafar asali - ƙirƙirar matsi daban-daban da ƙimar faɗaɗawa a cikin injin mai bugun bugun jini. Tun da waɗannan sigogi suna kama da geometric a cikin injin na yau da kullun, sashin mai yana fama da haɗarin bugun mai, yana buƙatar raguwa a cikin rabon matsawa. Duk da haka, idan za'a iya samun rabon haɓaka mafi girma ta kowace hanya, wannan zai haifar da mafi girman matakin "fitar da" makamashi na fadada iskar gas kuma zai ƙara ƙarfin injin. Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa, a cikin tarihi kawai, James Atkinson ko Ralph Miller ba su ƙirƙiri tunaninsu don neman inganci ba. A cikin 1887, Atkinson kuma ya ɓullo da wani haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin crank wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa (ana iya samun kamanni a yau a cikin injin Infiniti VC Turbo), wanda aka yi niyya don guje wa haƙƙin mallaka na Otto. Sakamakon hadadden kinematics shine aiwatar da zagayowar bugun jini guda hudu a lokacin juyi daya na injin da wani bugun fistan yayin matsawa da fadadawa. Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, za a aiwatar da wannan tsari ta hanyar buɗe bawul ɗin ci na dogon lokaci kuma kusan ba tare da togiya ana amfani da shi a cikin injina tare da na'urorin lantarki na al'ada ba (ba tare da yuwuwar cajin wutar lantarki na waje ba), kamar na Toyota. da Honda. A matsakaita zuwa babban gudu wannan ba matsala bane saboda shigar kutse yana da inertia kuma yayin da piston ya koma baya yana ramawa don dawo da iska. Duk da haka, a cikin ƙananan gudu, wannan yana haifar da aikin injiniya marar ƙarfi, sabili da haka irin waɗannan raka'a suna haɗuwa tare da tsarin matasan ko kuma ba su amfani da zagayowar Atkinson a cikin waɗannan hanyoyin. Saboda wannan dalili, ana sha'awar dabi'a da bawul ɗin sha a al'ada ana ɗaukar zagayowar Atkinson. Duk da haka, wannan ba daidai ba ne, saboda ra'ayin fahimtar nau'o'i daban-daban na matsawa da fadadawa ta hanyar sarrafa matakan bude bawul na Ralph Miller ne kuma an ba da izini a 1956. Duk da haka, ra'ayinsa ba shi da nufin cimma mafi girman inganci, da kuma rage yawan matsawa da kuma yin amfani da man fetur mai ƙananan octane a cikin injunan jirgin sama. Miller ya ƙirƙira tsarin don rufe bawul ɗin ci a baya (Early Intake Valve Closure, EIVC) ko kuma daga baya (Late Intake Valve Closure, LIVC), da kuma rama ƙarancin iska ko don kiyaye iska ta dawo cikin nau'ikan abun ciki, compressor. ana amfani da shi.

Yana da ban sha'awa a lura cewa irin wannan injin ɗin na asymmetric-phase wanda ke gudana akan wani daga baya, wanda aka ayyana a matsayin "tsarin sake zagayowar Miller", injiniyoyin Mercedes ne suka ƙirƙira shi kuma an yi amfani da shi a cikin injin komputa na silinda 12 na motar wasanni W 163. tun 1939. kafin Ralph Miller ya jadadda gwajin sa.

Samfurin samfurin farko wanda yayi amfani da zagayen Miller shine 6 Mazda Millenia KJ-ZEM V1994. Bawul ɗin shan abincin ya rufe daga baya, ya dawo da wasu iska zuwa kayan abinci masu yawa, tare da rage matsewar kusan ana amfani dashi kuma ana amfani da compressor na Lysholm don riƙe iska. Don haka, girman fadada ya ninka kashi 15 cikin ɗari fiye da yadda ake matsawa. Asarar da aka samu ta matsewar iska daga piston zuwa compressor ana biya ta ingantaccen aikin injin na ƙarshe.

Lokaci mai zuwa da wuri dabarun dabarun suna da fa'idodi daban-daban a cikin halaye daban-daban. A ƙananan kaya, rufewa daga baya yana da fa'idar cewa yana ba da bawul ɗin buɗewa mai buɗewa mai sauƙi kuma yana kula da hargitsi mafi kyau. Yayin da kaya ke ƙaruwa, fa'idar tana canzawa zuwa ƙulli a baya. Koyaya, wannan ya zama mara tasiri sosai a cikin sauri saboda rashin isasshen lokacin cikawa da matsin lamba mai ƙarfi kafin da bayan bawul din.

Audi da Volkswagen, Mazda da Toyota

A halin yanzu, Audi da Volkswagen suna amfani da irin wannan hanyoyin a cikin na'urorin su na 2.0 TFSI (EA 888 Gen 3b) da 1.5 TSI (EA 211 Evo), waɗanda sabon 1.0 TSI ya haɗu kwanan nan. Koyaya, suna amfani da fasahar bawul ɗin shigarwa kafin rufewa inda iska mai faɗaɗa ke sanyaya bayan bawul ɗin ya rufe a baya. Audi da VW suna kiran tsarin B-cycle bayan injiniyan kamfanin Ralph Budak, wanda ya tsaftace tunanin Ralph Miller kuma ya yi amfani da su ga injunan da ke da turbo. Tare da rabo na matsawa na 13: 1, ainihin rabon shine kusan 11,7: 1, wanda a cikin sa yana da matuƙar girma don ingantaccen injin ƙonewa. Babban rawar a cikin wannan duka ana yin ta ta hanyar hadaddiyar hanyar buɗe bawul mai rikitarwa tare da juzu'i masu canzawa da bugun jini, wanda ke haɓaka vortex da daidaitawa gwargwadon yanayi. A cikin injunan B-cycle, matsin lamba yana ƙaruwa zuwa mashaya 250. Microcontrollers suna sarrafa ingantaccen tsari na canjin lokaci da sauyawa daga tsarin B zuwa tsarin Otto na al'ada a ƙarƙashin babban nauyi. Bugu da kari, injinan lita 1,5 da 1 suna amfani da turbochargers mai sauyawa mai saurin juyawa. Sanyin iska da aka riga aka matsa yana ba da yanayin yanayin zafin jiki fiye da matsi mai ƙarfi kai tsaye a cikin silinda. Ba kamar babbar fasahar Porsche ba BorgWarner VTG turbochargers da aka yi amfani da su don ƙarin samfura masu ƙarfi, raka'a jigogi masu canzawa na VW wanda kamfanin guda ɗaya ya kirkira ana iya canza injin turbines kaɗan don injin dizal. Wannan yana yiwuwa ne saboda gaskiyar cewa, saboda duk abin da aka bayyana ya zuwa yanzu, matsakaicin zafin iskar gas bai wuce digiri 880 ba, wato, dan kadan ya fi na injin dizal, wanda ke nuni da babban inganci.

Kamfanonin Jafananci suna rikitar da daidaiton kalmomin. Ba kamar sauran injinan Mazda Skyactiv gas ɗin ba, Skyactiv G 2.5 T turbo ne kuma yana aiki akan ɗimbin ɗimbin nauyi da rpm a cikin sake zagayowar Miller, amma Mazda kuma yana haifar da sake zagayowar da sassan su na Skyactiv G na dabi'a ke aiki. Toyota yana amfani da D1.2 4 -T (8NR-FTS) da 2.0 D4-T (8AR-FTS) a cikin injin injin su na turbo, amma Mazda, a gefe guda, yana ayyana su a matsayin iri ɗaya ga duk injinan sa da aka ƙaddara don samfuran matasan da sabon ƙarni Dynamic Force. motoci. tare da cikawar yanayi a matsayin "aiki akan sake zagayowar Atkinson". A kowane hali, falsafar fasaha iri ɗaya ce.